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A Palaeopathological, Demographic, Isotopic and Comparative Analysis of the Post-Medieval St Gertrude Church Cemetery Population in Riga, Latvia

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A Palaeopathological, Demographic, Isotopic and Comparative Analysis of the Post-Medieval St Gertrude Church Cemetery Population in Riga, Latvia Durham E-Theses Living outside the city gates: a palaeopathological, demographic, isotopic and comparative analysis of the post-medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery population in Riga, Latvia PETERSONE-GORDINA, ELINA How to cite: PETERSONE-GORDINA, ELINA (2018) Living outside the city gates: a palaeopathological, demographic, isotopic and comparative analysis of the post-medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery population in Riga, Latvia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12608/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Elina Petersone-Gordina Living outside the city gates: a palaeopathological, demographic, isotopic and comparative analysis of the post-medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery population in Riga, Latvia Abstract This research is based on 721 skeletons excavated from the complex site of the St Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia, dating from the 15th - 17th centuries AD. The main aims of the analysis were to assess several aspects of physical health and diet of the local population and help to identify whether the people buried in two mass graves represent a different “population” group. To achieve these aims, both macroscopic and biogeochemical (isotopic) skeletal analyses were conducted. The equal distribution of prevalence of dental disease suggest a similar diet in terms of the proportion of carbohydrates for the whole population. Adult dietary isotope analysis for 96 individuals does not reveal context-specific differences in values. Incremental dentine analysis for 19 children shows that non-adults in one of the mass graves experienced nutritional stress towards the end of their lives. Similar dietary profiles of some children from both mass graves suggest that they were members of the same community. Strontium isotope analysis for the same 19 children does not yield significantly different enamel ratios between the contexts and suggests that most children buried in the cemetery were likely from Riga. The analysis of evidence for compromised physical health shows that co- occurrence of cribra orbitalia and linear enamel hypoplasia may have predisposed children in the mass graves to higher frailty. Comparison of St Gertrude’s cemetery population and other contemporary Baltic cemetery populations shows no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of dental disease. Stature estimates show that men in high-status groups were significantly taller than those buried in St Gertrude’s cemetery, while similar differences were not observed in women. The scarcity of bioarchaeological research in Eastern Europe and the need for detailed and comparable data from the region makes this project an important contribution for future population health studies in this region and beyond. Living outside the city gates: a palaeopathological, demographic, isotopic and comparative analysis of the post-medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery population in Riga, Latvia Elina Petersone-Gordina PhD Thesis Department of Archaeology Durham University 2018 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii Statement of copyright ............................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 4 1.1 Historical Background ................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Hypotheses, Research questions and aims and objectives of the research ................. 9 1.2.1 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Research questions ............................................................................................ 10 1.2.3 Aims and objectives of the research ................................................................... 11 1.3 Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 12 1.4 Importance of the research ........................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2. Demographic and palaeopathological analysis, adult stature, and isotope analysis ..................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Demographic analysis ............................................................................................... 17 2.2. Palaeopathological background................................................................................ 18 2.2.1 Dental attrition .................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Dental caries ...................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Periapical lesions ............................................................................................... 21 2.2.4 Periodontal disease ............................................................................................ 23 2.2.5 Antemortem tooth loss ........................................................................................ 24 2.2.6 Calculus ............................................................................................................. 25 2.2.7 Linear enamel hypoplasia ................................................................................... 26 2.2.8 Cribra orbitalia .................................................................................................... 27 2.2.9 Maxillary sinusitis and rib lesions ........................................................................ 30 2.2.10 Vitamin C and D deficiency ............................................................................... 33 2.2.11 Periosteal reactions on long bones ................................................................... 35 2.2.12 Summary of demographic and palaeopathological analysis .............................. 36 2.3 Adult stature .............................................................................................................. 37 2.4 Isotope analysis ........................................................................................................ 38 2.4.1 A brief overview of carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis ................................... 38 2.4.2 Strontium isotope analysis .................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3. Materials and Methods ........................................................................ 44 3.1 Materials ................................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Methods .................................................................................................................... 47 iii 3.2.1 Osteological methods ......................................................................................... 48 3.2.2 Palaeopathological methods ............................................................................... 49 3.2.3 Statistical analysis .............................................................................................. 54 3.2.4 Biogeochemical methods .................................................................................... 54 Chapter 4. Manuscript 1. Dental disease and dietary isotopes of individuals from St Gertrude Church cemetery, Riga, Latvia .................................................................. 57 Chapter 5. Manuscript 2. Investigating dietary life histories and mobility in children buried in St Gertrude Church cemetery, Riga, Latvia (15th – 17th centuries AD) .... 86 Chapter 6. Manuscript 3. Applying strontium isotope analysis to identify possible rural immigrants buried in the 17th century mass graves of the urban St Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia ............................................................................ 108 Chapter 7. Manuscript 4. Exploring differences in physical health and living conditions between populations buried in the 15th – 17th century St Gertrude Church cemetery in Riga, Latvia ......................................................................................... 128 Chapter 8. Manuscript 5. Oral health, evidence for compromised physical health in childhood, and adult stature reflected in the people buried in the post-medieval St Gertrude Church cemetery, Riga, Latvia (15th-17th century AD), and contemporary cemetery populations from Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia ...................................... 161 Chapter 9. Discussion and Conclusions
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