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Science^Llfn for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) DOE/ER-0670T RECEIVED WR2 5 896 Science^llfn for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) February 1996 United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Office of Health and Environmental Research Environmental Sciences Division DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi• bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer• ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, .or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom• mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. This report has been reproduced directly from die best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE Contractors from die Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from (615) 576-8401. Available to the public from die U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, (703) 487-4650. Primed with soy ink on recycled paper DOE/ER-0670T UC-402 Science Plan for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) February 1996 MAST United States Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Office of Health and Environmental Research Environmental Sciences Division Washington, DC 20585 DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT !§ UNLIMITED Executive Summary Executive Summary The purpose of this Atmospheric Radiation Measurement 4. How do radiative processes interact with dynamical and (ARM) Science Plan is to articulate the scientific issues hydrologic processes to produce cloud feedbacks that driving the ARM Program, and to relate them to DOE's regulate climate change? programmatic objectives for ARM, based on the experience and scientific progress gained over the past five years. The programmatic objectives of ARM call for measure• ments suitable for testing parameterizations over a suffi• ARM programmatic objectives are to: ciently wide variety of situations so as to span the range of climatologically relevant possibilities, fii order to accom• 1. Relate observed radiative fluxes and radiances in the plish this, highly detailed measurements of radiation and atmosphere, spectrally resolved and as a function of optical properties are needed both at the Earth's surface and position and time, to the temperature and composition inside the atmospheric column, and also at the top of the of the atmosphere, specifically including water vapor atmosphere. Among die most critical factors determining and clouds, and to surface properties, and sample the optical properties ofthe atmosphere is the distribution of sufficient variety of situations so as to span a wide liquid water and ice, i.e., clouds, within the atmospheric range of climatologically relevant possibilities. column. It follows that ARM must obtain sufficiently detailed measurements of the clouds and their optical 2. Develop and test parameterizations that can be used to properties. accurately predict the radiative properties and to model the radiative interactions involving water vapor and The primary observational method is remote sensing and clouds within the atmosphere, with the objective of other observations at the surface, particularly remote incorporating these parameterizations into general cir• sensing of clouds, water vapor and aerosols. It is impossible culation models. to meet ARM's objectives, however, without obtaining a large volume of detailed in situ measurements, some of The achievement of these programmatic objectives should which will have to be acquired from manned or unmanned lead to me improvement of the treatment of atmospheric aircraft; in addition, high-quality satellite observations are radiation in climate models, explicitly recognizing the needed to measure the top-of-the-atmosphere radiation. crucial role 'of clouds in influencing this radiation and the consequent need for accurate description of the presence To obtain the requisite in situ and surface-based remote- and properties of clouds in climate models. There are key sensing data, ARM is making measurements, over a period scientific issues which must be resolved in order to achieve of years, at three sites: these objectives. The primary scientific questions are as follows: • The Southern Great Plains (SGP) Site 1. What are the direct effects of temperature and atmos• • The Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) Site pheric constituents, particularly clouds, water vapor and aerosols on the radiative flow of energy through the • The North Slope of Alaska/Adjacent Arctic Ocean atmosphere and across the Earth's surface? (NSA/AAO) Site. 2. What is the nature ofthe variability of radiation and the These sites were selected from a longer list through a radiative properties of the atmosphere on climatically process of prioritization and resource allocation, in order to relevant space and time scales? provide opportunities to observe a wide range of climatologically important meteorological conditions, as 3. What are the primary interactions among the various summarized in DOE (1990). dynamic, thermodynamic, and radiative processes that determine the radiative properties of an atmospheric There are two primary strategies through which ARM plans column, including clouds and the underlying surface? to achieve its programmatic objectives and address its /;/ Science Plan for ARM Scientific Issues. The first is called the "Instantaneous The goal of the Instrument Development Program (IDP) of Radiative Flux" (IRF) strategy, which consists of collecting ARM is to bring existing research instrumentation to the data on the distribution of radiation and the radiatively advanced state of development required to allow routine, active constituents of the atmosphere and the radiative highly accurate operation in remote areas of the world, and properties of the lower boundary. The second involves the to develop new instrumentation as requirements are use of Single-Column Models (SCMs) to develop and test identified. cloud formation parameterizations. The evolving ARM IDP has combined components of basic ARM programmatic objectives will be achieved as the research into improved remote sensor system and testing of hypotheses leads to improved parameterizations techniques (i.e., cloud retrieval) development, and an for use in climate models. The activities of the IRF are engineering effort intended to provide within the Cloud and central to achieving the ARM Program objective of relating Radiation Testbed (CART) setting a kernel of instruments observed radiative fluxes in the atmosphere to the to adequately characterize the local atmosphere. Currently, temperature and composition of the atmosphere and to effort is directed toward placing these sensors at CART sites surface properties. Since the parameterizations of radiative and validating the analysis approaches. The next step is to processes play major roles in climate model forcing and develop the means to convert the CART remote sensor data feedback mechanisms, the radiative parameterizations stream into the types of derived data quantities that are developed by IRF studies will play essential functions in the necessary to comprehend the effects the clouds and clear development and testing of other parameterizations for atmosphere on the IRF and GCM-class radiative transfer predicting the distributions of properties that strongly affect models. atmospheric radiation. The IRF scientific questions being addressed with data from Among the several methods for testing general circulation the SGP are not really site-specific; the same questions models (GCM) parameterizations by comparison with could be addressed with data from the other two sites. The observations, the SCM approach has some unique site-specific scientific questions that the SCM strategy is advantages. SCM-based tests are inexpensive, and the addressing with SGP data include: results are not affected by errors arising from the other components of the model. Cloud Ensemble Models are a • What processes control the formation, evolution, and useful supplement to SCMs, and can be used in much the dissipation of cloud systems in the Southern Great Plains? same way with essentially the same data requirements. SCMs in conjunction with large eddy simulation (LES) and • In the Southern Great Plains, what relative roles do the cloud ensemble models (CEMs) can be used to investigate advection of air mass properties and variation in surface basic physical questions, develop cloud amount parameteri• characteristics play in cloud development? How do these zations, and evaluate the sensitivity of model results to roles vary with season and short-term climatic regime? parameter changes. In support of ARM, SCMs and CEMs will be particularly valuable for testing parameterizations • What aspects of cloud development are controlled by: the of cloud formation, maintenance, and dissipation. Low Level Jet; the return flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico during the winter and early spring months;
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