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Helarctos Malayanus) 2008] Status and distribution of Malayan Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) ... 1339 STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MALAYAN SUN BEAR (HELARCTOS MALAYANUS) IN NORTH-EASTERN STATES, INDIA N.P.S. CHAUHAN AND LALTHANPUIA Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehra Dun (Uttaraakhand). Introduction doubtful in this region. In most of these areas, the species was reported to be The Malayan Sun bear (Helarctos extinct. According to the report of Servheen malayanus) is the smallest in size and (1999), there were no Sun bears in India least known bear species. Sun bear is one in the 1990s. The Sun bear is now found in of the most neglected large mammals in South-East Asia from Burma (Maynmar), India. This is the only tropical bear species eastward through Laos, Thailand, inhabiting lowland tropical rain forests Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia throughout much of South-East Asia and Brunei (Servheen, 1999) and India (Servheen, 1999). Due to increase in human (Chauhan and Jagdish Singh, 2005a). But populations, loss, degradation and information on the status, distribution, fragmentation of forests, Sun bear ecology, behaviour and ranging pattern of populations have sharply declined to low Sun bear has been lacking. The paper levels in most of its range. They were found presents the available information on in the forest of Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, status and distribution of this species, Bangladesh, Kampuchea, Southern China, population threats and gives Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia and the recommendations for conservation and islands of Sumatra and Borneo (Servheen, management of this species in the country. 1993). There were also reports of occurrence of Sun bears on the island of Study Area Java (Greve, 1892; Cuvier, 1834; Fishcher, 1829). In India, the historic distribution of In North-East India, the study has Sun bear was in the tropical rainforest been conducted in the states of Arunachal habitats in the North-eastern region Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and (Cowan, 1972; Gee, 1967; Higgins, 1932; Mizoram. Arunachal Pradesh shares Prater, 1980). Even there were reports of international boundaries with Bhutan, its occurrence in this region during sixties China, Myanmar to West, North-East, and seventies. Sun bears were also North and East respectively and the state reported to occur in places like eastern has boundaries with Assam and Nagaland. Tibet and Sichuan, China (Lydekker, 1906 Nagaland is another mountainous state. and Meijaard, 1997) and the upper The Naga hills are the most prominent Chitwan District in Nepal (Wroughton, physiographic feature of this state. The 1916). Thereafter, Sun bear population state is bound in the North by Assam and rapidly declined, and its occurrence became Arunachal Pradesh. The average elevation 1340 Indian Forester [October, varies from 250 m to 3,000 m amsl. involved in hunting and sale of bear body Nagaland supports a fascinating parts were directly interviewed and combination of flora and fauna. Manipur information on nature and extent of illegal lies between longitudes 93.03oE and trade taking place in the state was 94.78oE and 23.80oN and 25.68oN. Manipur collected. Secondary data on occurrence of has a geographical area of 22,327 km2. Sun bear was also collected from the forest Ninety per cent of its geographical area is department range offices. Discussions were covered by hills and the remaining area is also held with the forest officials and a small valley. The state shares borders protected area managers in this regard. with Myanmar, Nagaland, Cachar District of Assam and Mizoram. There are five Results districts, namely, Senapati, Tamenglong, Churchandpur, Chandel and Ukhrul. Status and distribution : From the surveys Manipur is exceedingly rich in natural conducted so far in the Arunachal Pradesh, resources with a vast and varied fauna Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram states, heritage. Mizoram is situated between 92o Sun bear showed patchy distribution. In 15' and 93o 29' E longitudes and 21o 57' and some areas adjoining Myanmar, Sun bears 24o 30' N latitudes, bordering Myanmar in were reported to be sighted a few times by the East and South, Bangladesh in the villagers and indirect signs were also West, and Tripura, Manipur and Assam in recorded. The status and distribution of the North. The main forest types in these Sun bears depend on the extent of states are Tropical semi-evergreen forest, availability of lowland forest habitats and Tropical moist deciduous forest, Sub- biotic pressures. Due to conversion of tropical wet hill forest, wet temperate lowland forests in to agricultural areas, forest, moist temperate forest, sub-alpine plantations and human habitation and forest, moist alpine forest and bamboo heavy resource competition, most of the forests. suitable Sun bear habitats got degraded and fragmented. Methods Co-existence of sloth bear with Sun The study was conducted in the states bear has also been reported in some areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur but this needs to be confirmed. In and Mizoram during 2002-2008. Arunachal Pradesh, direct and indirect Information on status and distribution of evidences of Sun bear in some parts of the Sun bear was collected in well designed Namdapha Tiger Reserve were reported. questionnaire formats through survey of There is probability of occurrence of Sun different villages. People were interviewed bears in Mouling National Park (NP), and information on the status, distribution, Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Dibang direct and indirect sightings, habitats, WLS and Kamlang WLS. Occurrence of human-Sun bear conflicts, non-timber Sun bears is also confirmed in Fakim WLS forest produce collection by the villagers and Intanki WLS in Nagaland. In and hunting activities was collected in the Mizoram, evidences of Sun bear presence questionnaire formats, and cross checked have been found in Thorangtlang WLS, with the data of the Forest Department. Sairep Reserve Forest and Khawnglung During village survey, some of the people WLS in Lunglei District and Ngengpui 2008] Status and distribution of Malayan Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) ... 1341 WLS and Phawngpui NP in Lawngtlai Sun bears were reported to be sighted District. In Aizawl and Serchhip districts, and indirect evidences were observed in Sun bear has been found to occur in the the forest areas adjoining to villages: New vicinity of Tawi WLS (Table 1, Fig. 1). Tusom, Mapum Siroy hill, Siroy, Tolloi, There were also evidences of Sun bear New Wahong, Yangoudokpi, Ramphei, occurrence in Murlen WLS and Dampa Skipe Kugua, Sambui Kopuhaphung, Tiger Reserve in Mizoram. Khankhui, Chamu Kholaphu, Phungyar Phungyar, Kachai, Ngainga and Konkan Presence of Sun bears has been Thana in Ukhrul District (Table 2). confirmed in the Chandel and Ukhrul Occurrence of Sun bear was reported to be districts of Manipur, but it showed patchy high in New Tusom, Mapum Siroy hill, distribution. Both direct and indirect Siroy, Tolloi, Sambui Kopuhaphung and evidences (scats, claw marks and foot Chamu Kholaphu forest areas, and prints) of Sun bears were observed by occurrence was rare in rest of the villages. inhabitants of these areas. Out of 264 In Chandel District, Sun bear was reported respondents, 17.4% confirmed the presence to be present in the forest areas adjoining of Sun bear by direct sighting, 34.8% by the Khonomphai, Yangoubung, T. indirect evidences, 10.2 % by both direct Yangnom, Langol Khunou, Langol sighting and indirect evidences and 37.6% Khamlang, New Shijang, Chasan could not tell about its presence or absence. Tengnoupal, New Maipi, Kampang A few cubs were kept in villages. Sun bear Khullen, Machi, Machi Uyuiphi, Kambang relative abundance seemed to be higher in Khunou, Narum Mangkot, Lamphoupasna, Chandel forests than Ukhrul District. Kwatha, Kwatha Maru, Kwatha Table 1 Protected area with confirmed or probability of occurrence of Malayan Sun bear in North-eastern states. Sl. State Protected area Area (km2) No. 1 Arunachal Pradesh Mouling NP 483.0 2 Mehao WS 281.5 3 Dibang WS 4,149.0 4 Kamlang WS 783.0 5 Namdapha NP* 1,985.2 6 Nagaland Fakim WS* 6.4 7 Intanki NP* 202.2 8 Manipur Yangoupokpi Lokchao WS* 184.8 9 Mizoram Murlen NP* 200.0 10 Phawngpui Blue Mountain NP* 50.0 *PA with confirmed occurrence 1342 Indian Forester [October, Fig. 1 Occurrence of Sun bear in North-eastern states of India Warkhong, Kwatha Lamnamung, Kwatha other wild animals and sale of the body Khongangpokpi, Maipi Mongsang, T. parts. Poaching for illegal trade of bear Bongmol, Maojang and Chajang villages body parts was very high. Hunting of Sun (Table 2). Occurrence of Sun bear was bear for food, sale of body parts and sale of reported to be high in Kampang Khullen, young ones captured when the mothers Machi Uyuiphi, Kambang Khunou, were killed has reached to an alarming Kwatha, Kwatha Warkhong, Kwatha proportion throughout its range in Ukhrul Lamnamung and Kwatha Khongangpokpi and Chandel districts of Manipur. forest areas, and in rest of the village forest areas, its occurrence was rare. Bears in captivity : There were two adult Sun bear in the Imphal zoo in Manipur. While surveying forest areas and About two years back, a sub-adult Sun villages, the respondents observed 87 bear was brought in the zoo at Aizawl, specimens (hunted bear or natural death) Mizoram, but it died after few days of Sun bear and Black bear, 91 gall (personal communication with Chief bladders, 68 skins, 69 bones, 87 nails and Wildlife Wardens). 22 jaws in the Ukhrul and Chandel districts during the last 7-8 years. Many of the Legal status : Sun bear is protected under people in these villages were reported to Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife be involved in illegal hunting of bears and (Protection) Act 1972 (Amended in 2003, 2008] Status and distribution of Malayan Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) ... 1343 Table 2 Occurrence of Malayan Sun bear in forests adjacent to villages of Ukhrul and Chandel districts, Manipur State.
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