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MA Ritgerð Hamingja, Velferð Og Sálfræðilegur Auður

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MA Ritgerð Hamingja, Velferð Og Sálfræðilegur Auður MA ritgerð Félagsráðgjöf til starfsréttinda Hamingja, velferð og sálfræðilegur auður Sjónarhorn sálfræði, AA samtakanna og félagsráðgjafar Lora Elín Einarsdóttir Leiðbeinandi Jóna Margrét Ólafsdóttir Félagsvísindasvið Hamingja, velferð og sálfræðilegur auður Sjónarhorn sálfræði, AA samtakanna og félagsráðgjafar Lora Elín Einarsdóttir 271284-4039 Lokaverkefni til MA-gráðu í félagsráðgjöf til starfsréttinda Leiðbeinandi: Jóna Margrét Ólafsdóttir Félagsráðgjafardeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Desember 2013 Hamingja, velferð og sálfræðilegur auður. Sjónarhorn sálfræði, AA samtakanna og félagsráðgjafar. Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA gráðu í félagsráðgjöf til starfsréttinda og er óheiMilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt neMa Með leyfi rétthafa. © Lora Elín Einarsdóttir, 2013 Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, Ísland, 2013 Útdráttur Þessi rannsókn fjallar uM hamingju, velferð og sálfræðilegan auð frá sjónarhorni jákvæðrar sálfræði, AA sjálfshjálparsamtakanna og félagsráðgjafar. MarkMið rannsóknarinnar er að svara því hvað rannsóknir benda til þess að hafi Mest áhrif á velferð og hvort AA samtökin og félagsráðgjöf leggi áherslu á þessa söMu þætti. Umfjöllunin byggir að Miklu leyti á kenningu sálfræðinganna Ed Diener og Robert Biswas-Diener um helstu áhrifaþætti velferðar en kenningin er í raun samantekt á niðurstöðuM rannsókna undanfarinna áratuga á viðfangsefninu. SamkvæMt kenningunni eru Mikilvægustu áhrifaþættir hamingjunnar tilhneiging fólks til að sjá það jákvæða í aðstæðuM og atburðuM, styðjandi og sterk sambönd, uppbyggilegar ákvarðanir, lífsstefna og lífstilgangur, andleg viðhorf og upplifun andlegra tilfinninga, fjárhagslegt öryggi, að fá líkamleguM þörfuM sinnt og meðfæddir eiginleikar. Leiðbeiningar AA samtakanna til að ná bata frá alkóhólisMa seM birtar eru í bók samtakanna Tólf reynsluspor og tólf erfðavenjur voru innihaldsgreindar út frá kenningu Diener og Biswas-Diener. Innihaldsgreiningin leiddi í ljós að AA samtökin leggja áherslu á söMu atriði og Diener og Biswas-Diener, fyrir utan áhrif Meðfæddra eiginleika. Aðferðir, kenningar og siðareglur félagsráðgjafa voru þá skoðaðar Með hliðsjón af helstu þáttuM kenningar Diener og Biswas-Diener. Sá samanburður leiddi í ljós að félagsráðgjafar leggja áherslu á alla söMu þætti og kenning Diener og Biswas-Diener. 3 Abstract This study provides an overview of three different approaches to happiness, well-being and psychological wealth. The aiM of the study was to coMpare the approaches of positive psychology with those of the fellowship of Alcoholics AnonyMous (AA) and the social work profession’s. Diener’s and Biswas-Diener’s theory on psychological wealth was used to coMpare the different approaches. According to the theory, the crucial factors influencing well-being are; positively interpreting events, having strong and supportive relationships, Making wise choices, having Meaning and direction in life, the presence of spirituality, having basic physical needs Met and genetic factors. To coMpare these factors to AA’s approach, AA’s book Twelve steps and twelve traditions was content analyzed using the factors of the theory as theMes. The factors of the theory were then coMpared to theories, ethical guidelines and Methods commonly used in social work. Both AA’s and social work’s approach to increase peoples well-being eMphasizes all the same factors as the theory on psychological wealth, with the exception of the effects of genetic or inborn qualities, which AA does not discuss in its book Twelve steps and twelve traditions. 4 Formáli Eftirfarandi rannsókn var framkvæMd á tíMabilinu septeMber til nóveMber 2013 og fjallar uM velferð frá sjónarhorni jákvæðrar sálfræði, AA sjálfshjálparsamtakanna og félagsráðgjafar. Rannsóknin er 30 eininga lokaverkefni í Meistaranámi til starfsréttinda í félagsráðgjöf við Félagsráðgjafardeild Háskóla Íslands. Leiðbeinanda MínuM, Jónu Margréti Ólafsdóttur, aðjúnkt við Félagsráðgjafardeild Háskóla Íslands, þakka ég fyrir góða ráðgjöf, leiðsögn og hvatningu. ÖðruM kennuruM deildarinnar og samneMenduM vil ég einnig þakka fyrir samfylgd og handleiðslu gegnuM allt námið. Sérstakar þakkir fá jarðeðlisfræðingurinn Einar Kjartansson, heiMspekingurinn Ylfa Björg Jóhannesdóttir, lýðheilsufræðingurinn Brynja Ásdís Einarsdóttir og Markaðsfræðingurinn Steinar Þór Oddsson fyrir yfirlestur, stuðning og hvatningu. 5 Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur ..................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 4 Formáli ........................................................................................................................ 5 Efnisyfirlit .................................................................................................................... 7 Inngangur .................................................................................................................. 11 1 Hvað felst í velferð samkvæmt sálfræði? ............................................................... 15 1.1 UMfjöllunarefni þessa kafla .................................................................................. 15 1.2 Mikilvægi hamingju og velferðar .......................................................................... 15 1.3 Hvað felst í hugtakinu velferð? ............................................................................. 15 1.4 Hvað er jákvæð sálfræði? ..................................................................................... 17 1.4.1 Hugmyndafræðilegar rætur jákvæðrar sálfræði ........................................... 18 1.4.2 Hvað er jákvæð sálfræði ekki? ....................................................................... 19 1.5 GagnseMi jákvæðra tilfinninga ............................................................................. 19 1.6 Gagnrýni á jákvæða sálfræði ................................................................................ 21 1.7 Nokkrar nýlegar kenningar uM velferð ................................................................. 22 1.7.1 Kenning Tal Ben-Shahar ................................................................................. 23 1.7.2 Kenning Martin Seligman .............................................................................. 23 1.7.3 Kenning Ed Diener og Robert Biswas-Diener ................................................. 24 1.8 Sálfræðilegur auður .............................................................................................. 25 1.8.1 Lífsstefna og merking .................................................................................... 26 1.8.2 Sterk og styðjandi sambönd .......................................................................... 28 1.8.3 FjárHagur og fullnæging líkamlegra þarfa ..................................................... 31 1.8.4 Tilfinningar sem varða andlega upplifun ....................................................... 33 1.8.5 Meðfæddir eiginleikar ................................................................................... 34 1.8.6 Ákvarðanataka .............................................................................................. 35 1.8.7 Jákvæðni í athygli, túlkun og minni ............................................................... 36 1.9 Samantekt á nálgun jákvæðrar sálfræði til bættrar velferðar .............................. 38 2 AA Samtökin .......................................................................................................... 41 2.1 UMfjöllunarefni þessa kafla .................................................................................. 41 2.2 Gildi þess að taka nálgun AA samtakanna til skoðunar ........................................ 41 2.3 Hvað er AA? .......................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Bakgrunnur AA samtakanna ......................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Hvernig starfar AA? ....................................................................................... 43 7 2.4 Hvað felst í bataleið AA? ....................................................................................... 44 2.5 Samanburðar á nálgun AA samtakanna og kenningu Diener og Biswas-Diener til bættrar velferðar ................................................................................................ 45 2.5.1 Eigindleg aðferðarfræði ................................................................................. 46 2.5.2 InniHaldsgreining ........................................................................................... 46 2.5.3 Styrkleikar og veikleikar eigindlegra aðferða og inniHaldsgreiningar ........... 48 2.5.4 Siðferðileg álitamál ........................................................................................ 48 2.5.5 Takmarkanir rannsóknarinnar ....................................................................... 48 2.6 Niðurstöður innihaldsgreiningar á 12 reynslusporuM AA samtakanna ................ 49 2.6.1 Niðurstöður inniHaldsgreiningar á þemanu andleg upplifun ......................... 50 2.6.2 Niðurstöður inniHaldsgreiningar á þemanu sambönd ................................... 53 2.6.3 Niðurstöður inniHaldsgreiningar á þemanu jákvæðni ................................... 55 2.6.4 Niðurstöður inniHaldsgreiningar á þemanu framtíðarstefna ........................ 56 2.6.5 Niðurstöður inniHaldsgreiningar á þemanu fjárHagur og líkamlegar þarfir .
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