Ediciones HL Max Nettlau La Anarquía a Través De Los Tiempos

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Ediciones HL Max Nettlau La Anarquía a Través De Los Tiempos Max Nettlau La Anarquía a través de los tiempos 2006 Ediciones HL Se recomienda la reproducción total o parcial de este texto difunde libremente Contacto: [email protected] hormigalibertaria.blogspot.com www.espora.org/hormigalibertaria Ediciones HL 6 Max Nettlau Libertad y anarquía: sus más antiguas manifestaciones a la propiedad privada, no sólo la codicia de posesión, sino también la y las concepciones libertarias hasta 1789 necesidad, la voluntad de una independencia asegurada, han debido impulsarlos a ello. Una historia de la idea anarquista es inseparable de la historia de todos los Los pensadores anarquistas integrales de esos antiguos tiempos, si los desarrollos progresivos y de las aspiraciones hacia la libertad, ambiente hubo, son desconocidos, pero es característico que todas las mitologías han propicio en que nació esta comprensión de vida libre propia de los conservado la memoria de rebeliones, e incluso de luchas nunca terminadas, anarquistas y garantizable sólo por una ruptura completa de los lazos de una raza de rebeldes contra los dioses más poderosos. Son los Titanes que autoritarios, siempre que al mismo tiempo los sentimientos sociales dan el asalto al Olimpo, Prometeo desafiando a Zeus, las fuerzas sombrías (solidaridad, reciprocidad, generosidad, etc.) estén bien desarrollados y que en la mitología nórdica provocan el crepúsculo de los dioses, es el tengan expansión libre. Esta comprensión se manifiesta de innumerables diablo que en la mitología cristiana no cede nunca y lucha a toda hora y en maneras en la vida personal y colectiva de individuos y de grupos, cada individuo contra el buen Dios, ese Lucifer rebelde que Bakunin comenzando por la familia, ya que la convivencia humana no sería posible respetaba tanto, y muchos otros. Si los sacerdotes, que manipulaban esos sin ella. Al mismo tiempo la autoridad, sea tradición, costumbre, ley, relatos tendenciosos en el interés conservador, no han eliminado esos arbitrariedad, etc., ha puesto desde la humanización de los animales que atentados peligrosos a la omnipotencia de sus dioses, es que las tradiciones forman la especie humana, su garra de hierro sobre un gran número de que tenían por base han debido estar tan arraigadas en el alma popular que interrelaciones, hecho que sin duda procede de una animalidad más antigua no se han atrevido a ello y sólo se contentaron con desnaturalizar los hechos, todavía, y la marcha hacia el progreso que se hace indudablemente a través insultando a los rebeldes, o bien han imaginado más tarde interpretaciones de las edades, es una lucha por la liberación de esas cadenas y obstáculos fantásticas para intimidar a los creyentes, como sobre todo la mitología autoritarios. Las peripecias de esa lucha son tan variadas, la lucha es tan cristiana con su pecado original, la caída del hombre, su redención y el cruel y ardua que relativamente pocos hombres han llegado todavía a la juicio final, esa consagración y apología de la esclavitud de los hombres, de comprensión anarquista más arriba descrita, y aquellos incluso que luchaban las prerrogativas de los sacerdotes como mediadores, y esa postergación de por libertades parciales no los han comprendido más que rara e las reivindicaciones de justicia para el último término imaginable, para el fin insuficientemente y en cambio han tratado a menudo de conciliar sus nuevas del mundo. Por consiguiente, si no hubiese habido siempre rebeldes libertades con el mantenimiento de antiguas autoridades, ya quedasen ellos atrevidos y escépticos inteligentes, los sacerdotes no se habrían tomado tanto mismos al margen de ese autoritarismo, o creyesen útil la autoridad y capaz trabajo. de mantener y de defender sus nuevas libertades. En los tiempos modernos La lucha por la vida y la ayuda mutua estaban quizás inseparablemente tales hombres sostenían la libertad constitucional o democrática, es decir entrelazadas en esos antiguos tiempos. ¿Qué es la ayuda mutua sino la lucha libertades bajo la custodia del gubernamentalismo. De igual modo en el por la vida colectiva, protegiéndose así una colectividad contra un peligro terreno social esa ambigüedad produjo el estatismo social, un socialismo que aplastaría a los aislados? ¿Qué es la lucha por la vida sino un individuo impuesto autoritariamente y desprovisto por eso de lo que, según los que reúne un mayor número de fuerzas o capacidades triunfando sobre otro anarquistas, le da su verdadera vida, la solidaridad, la reciprocidad, la que reúne una cantidad más pequeña? El progreso se hizo por generosidad, que sólo florecen en un mundo de libertad. independencias e individualizaciones fundadas en un medio de sociabilidad Antiguamente, pues, el reino de la autoridad fue general, los esfuerzos relativamente segura y elevada. Los grandes despotismos orientales no ambiguos, mixtos (la libertad por la autoridad) fueron raros, pero continuos, permitieron verdaderos progresos intelectuales, pero sí el ambiente del y una comprensión anarquista, al menos parcial y tanto más una integral, ha mundo griego, compuesto de autonomías más locales, y la primera floración debido ser muy rara, tanto porque exigía condiciones favorables para nacer, del pensamiento libre que conocemos fue la filosofía griega, que ha podido como porque fue cruelmente perseguida y eliminada por la fuerza o gastada, en el curso de los siglos, tener conocimiento de lo que pensaban en la India desamparada, nivelada por la rutina. Sin embargo, si de la promiscuidad y en China algunos pensadores, pero que ante todo hizo una obra tribal se llegó a la vida privada relativamente respetada de los individuos, no independiente, que ya los romanos, a quienes les interesaba tanto instruirse es sólo el resultado de causas económicas, sino que fue un primer paso de la en las fuentes griegas de la civilización, no pudieron comprender y continuar marcha de la tutela a la emancipación; y de sentimientos paralelos al y menos aún el mundo inculto del milenio de la edad media. antiestatismo de los hombres modernos, han pasado los hombres de esos Lo que se llama filosofía fueron al comienzo reflexiones todo lo tiempos antiguos a esta dirección. Desobediencia, desconfianza de la tiranía independientes que es posible de la tradición religiosa por individuos que y rebelión han impulsado a muchos hombres enérgicos a forjarse una dependían de su ambiente, y sacadas de observaciones más directas y, independencia que han sabido defender o han sucumbido. Otros supieron algunas, resultados de la experiencia; reflexiones por ejemplo sobre el sustraerse a la autoridad por su inteligencia y por capacidades especiales, y origen y la esencia de los mundos y de las cosas (cosmogenia), sobre la si en un tiempo dado los hombres pasaron de la no-propiedad ( accesibilidad conducta individual y sus mejoras deseables (moral), sobre la conducta general) y de la propiedad colectiva ( de la tribu o de los residentes locales) colectiva cívica y social (política social) y sobre un conjunto más perfecto La Anarquía a través de los tiempos 7 8 Max Nettlau en el porvenir y los medios de llegar a él (el ideal filosófico que es una religión, la religión natural, iluminó débilmente numerosos siglos de utopía, derivada de las opiniones que esos pensadores se han formado sobre crueldad y de ignorancia, y a su resplandor en fin se rehicieron los espíritus el pasado, el presente y la dirección de la evolución que creen haber y se comenzó a querer hacer realidades de esas abstracciones ideales. Ese es observado o que consideran útil y deseable). Las religiones se habían el primer gran servicio que la idea libertarla ha prestado a la humanidad: su formado antes aproximadamente de manera parecida, sólo que en ideal, tan enteramente opuesto al ideal del reino supremo y definitivo de la condiciones generales más primitivas, y la teocracia de los sacerdotes y el autoridad, es absorbido después en más de dos mil años y queda implantado despotismo de los Reyes y de los jefes corresponden a ese estadio. Esa en cada hombre honesto que sabe perfectamente que es eso lo que haría población de los territorios griegos, continente e islas, que se mantenía falta, por eséptico, ignorante o desviado que esté, a causa de intereses contra los despotismos vecinos, fundando una vida cívica, autonomías, particulares, en relación a la posibilidad, y sobre todo a la posibilidad federaciones, rivalizando en pequeños centros de cultura, produce también próxima, de realizaciones. esos filósofos que se elevaron sobre el pasado, que trataban de ser útiles a Pero se comprende también que la autoridad -Estado, propiedad, iglesia- sus pequeñas Repúblicas patrias y concebían sueños de progreso y de veló contra la popularización de esas ideas, y se sabe que la República y el felicidad general (sin atreverse o sin querer tocar a la esclavitud, claro está, Imperio romano y la Roma de los Papas hasta el siglo XV, imponían al lo que muestra cuan difícil es elevarse verdaderamente sobre el ambiente). mundo occidental un fascismo intelectual absoluto, con el despotismo De esos tiempos datan el gubernamentalismo de formas en apariencia oriental que renacía en bizantinos, y turcos y zarismo ruso (continuado más modernas, y la política, que tomaron el puesto del despotismo asiático virtualmente por el bolcheviquismo ruso) como complemento. Entonces, y de la arbitrariedad pura, sin reemplazarlos totalmente. Fue un progreso hasta el siglo XV y más tarde aún (Servet, Bruno, Vanini), el pensamiento semejante al de la revolución francesa y al del siglo XIX, comparados con el libre fue
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