European Integration and Defence: the Ultimate Challenge?
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A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army Written by Snezhana Stadnik
A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army Written by Snezhana Stadnik This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. A Comparative Historical Study of the Development of a European Army https://www.e-ir.info/2016/05/12/a-comparative-historical-study-of-the-development-of-a-european-army/ SNEZHANA STADNIK, MAY 12 2016 Has the Time Come? – A Comparative Historical Study of the Obstacles Facing the Development of a European Army Almost 70 years ago, a polity was created which instituted a legacy of peace among incessantly warring states. This remarkable feat, a collection of nation-states called the European Union (EU), has been the object of much research and observation. Starting off as an economic community, then growing into a new kind of federalist suprastate, 28 countries today have come together to participate in the blurring of national borders, achieving more success in market integration than foreign and security policy. This hybrid system of supranationalism and intergovernmentalism is incrementally evolving as decision-makers create and refine institutions and mechanisms to respond to needs, ultimately moving the Union forward. One such decision-maker, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, recently re-surfaced an important issue: the need for a European army.[1] This has not been the first time that an influential European official has called for such a development. Every decade, the issue is revisited, with German Chancellor Angel Merkel recently wishing for a European army on her birthday.[2] Despite many developments in defense and security policy in the last several decades, one thing remains certain: the same underlying reasons that historically precluded the development of a supranational European army remain relevant today. -
CODE of CONDUCT “ Our Reputation, Our Brand, and the Trust of Our Stakeholders Are Irreplaceable Assets We All Must Protect.”
CODE OF CONDUCT “ Our reputation, our brand, and the trust of our stakeholders are irreplaceable assets we all must protect.” Dear Colleagues, An important part of our job is to read and understand the Code and be familiar with Thank you for taking the time to review our Code resources for our questions or concerns. While our of Conduct. Code may not answer every question, it contains guidance and information about how to learn I am proud to lead this Company, knowing that we more. Speaking up is the Western Union way. I better the lives of our customers around the world encourage anyone with questions or concerns to every day. We operate in more than 200 countries speak up. and territories and our customers rely on us to help them succeed. The key to our growth is working together with integrity and succeeding in the right way. Western Union has a rich and diverse history. We I appreciate all you do to promote our shared have thrived for more than 167 years because values and adhere to our Code. Our Code is the of our determination to meet the needs of our cornerstone of our success. customers and evolve our way of working. Sincerely, Each of us has a responsibility to act ethically and with integrity. We all have a role in making sure our business is conducted in the right way and that we comply with our policies, our Code of Conduct, and the law. Our Code is the foundation for how we work, a statement of our principles, Hikmet Ersek and a guide for navigating issues and getting help. -
The European Union: Where Is It Now?
Duquesne Law Review Volume 34 Number 4 Conference Proceedings: The Duquesne University School of Law Instititue for Judicial Education's and the Supreme Court of Article 9 Pennsylvania Conference on Science and the Law 1996 The European Union: Where Is It Now? John P. Flaherty Maureen E. Lally-Green Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation John P. Flaherty & Maureen E. Lally-Green, The European Union: Where Is It Now?, 34 Duq. L. Rev. 923 (1996). Available at: https://dsc.duq.edu/dlr/vol34/iss4/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Duquesne Law Review by an authorized editor of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. The European Union: Where is it Now? Hon. John P. Flaherty* Maureen E. Lally-Green** TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................. 926 Part One: A Brief History Lesson .............. 927 A. The Late 1940's through 1958 ............. 928 1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GAAT) (1947) ..................... 928 2. Benelux Customs Convention (1948) ...... 928 3. Council of Europe (1948) ............... 929 4. Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) (1948) ............ 930 * BA Duquesne University; J.D. University of Pittsburgh; Justice, the Su- preme Court of Pennsylvania (to be elevated to the position of Chief Justice of Penn- sylvania, July 1996). ** B.S. Duquesne University; J.D. Duquesne University; Professor of Law, Duquesne University School of Law. Both authors have been instrumental in the development of an academic pro- gram between the Duquesne University School of Law and the Law School of Uni- versity College Dublin in Dublin, Ireland on the topic of the law of the European Union. -
Training and Simulation
Food for thought 05-2021 Training and Simulation Written by AN EXPERTISE FORUM CONTRIBUTING TO EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTING TO FORUM AN EXPERTISE SINCE 1953 ARMIES INTEROPERABILITY the Research team of Finabel European Army Interoperability Center This study was written under the guidance of the Swedish presidency, headed by MG Engelbrektson, Commander of the Swedish Army. Special thanks go out to all ex- perts providing their insights on the topic, including but not limited too: MAJ Ulrik Hansson-Mild, Mr Henrik Reimer, SSG Joel Gustafsson, Mr Per Hagman, Robert Wilsson, MAJ Björn Lahger and SGM Anders Jakobsson.This study was drawn up by the Research team of Finabel over the course of a few months, including: Cholpon Abdyraeva, Paolo d'Alesio, Florinda Artese, Yasmine Benchekroun, Antoine Decq, Luca Dilda, Enzo Falsanisi, Vlad Melnic, Oliver Noyan, Milan Storms, Nadine Azi- hane, Dermot Nolan under the guidance of Mr Mario Blokken, Director of the Per- manent Secretariat. This Food for Thought paper is a document that gives an initial reflection on the theme. The content is not reflecting the positions of the member states but consists of elements that can initiate and feed the discussions and analyses in the domain of the theme. All our studies are available on www.finabel.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Data Utilisation, the Need for Standardisation and Obstacles 33 Cultural Interoperability 4 Introduction 33 Introduction 4 9. What is Data? 34 1. Exercises as Means to 10. Political Aspects: National Deter Opposition 5 Interests vs. Interoperability 34 2. Current Trends in SBT 13 11. Data Interoperability 3. -
Les Notes De L'ifri N° 4 the United States and the European Security
les notes de l’ifri n° 4 série transatlantique The United States and the European Security and Defense Identity in the New NATO Les États-Unis et l’Identité européenne de sécurité et de défense dans la nouvelle OTAN Philip Gordon Senior Fellow for US Strategic Studies and Editor of Survival, International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS, London) 1998 Institut français des relations internationales Le programme transatlantique est organisé avec le concours du German Marshall Fund of the United States. Cette publication a également reçu le soutien de la Délégation aux affaires stratégiques du ministère de la Défense L’Ifri est un centre de recherche et un lieu de débats sur les grands enjeux politiques et économiques internationaux. Dirigé par Thierry de Montbrial depuis sa fondation en 1979, l’Ifri a succédé au Centre d’études de politique étrangère créé en 1935. Il bénéficie du statut d’association reconnue d’utilité publique (loi de 1901). L’Ifri dispose d’une équipe de spécialistes qui mène des programmes de recherche sur des sujets politiques, stratégiques, économiques et régionaux, et assure un suivi des grandes questions internationales. © Droits exclusivement réservés, Ifri, Paris, 1998 ISBN 2-86592-061-5 ISSN 1272-9914 Ifri - 27, rue de la Procession - 75740 Paris Cedex 15 - France Tél.: 33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax : 33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Contents Les États-Unis et l’IESD dans la nouvelle OTAN (résumé en français) . 5 The United States and ESDI in the New NATO (summary in French) Introduction . 11 Introduction American Unilateralism After the Cold War . -
(2001/C 235 E/018) WRITTEN QUESTION E-3750/00 by Ioannis Marínos (PPE-DE) to the Council
C 235 E/14 Official Journal of the European Communities EN 21.8.2001 (2001/C 235 E/018) WRITTEN QUESTION E-3750/00 by Ioannis Marínos (PPE-DE) to the Council (1 December 2000) Subject: Incorporation of the WEU within the EU On 13 November 2000, the Defence Ministers of the Western European Union (WEU) and the Foreign Ministers of the European Union met in Marseilles with the future of the WEU as the main topic on the agenda. At this joint ministerial session the decision was taken to incorporate the WEU’s activities within the EU, and this decision was ratified. As is well known, Turkey (together with other countries outside the European Union) participates in the WEU as an associate member and staff (both military and political) with Turkish nationality are involved in its activities. The same is true of Eurocontrol (the body responsible for air traffic control in Europe) in which Turkey participates as a full member and where Turks serve as senior and top-ranking administrative officials. The EU is moving towards a decision to absorb this body and create a new service along the lines of the above body to coordinate air traffic in our continent in a more efficient and organised manner. According to reports in the European press, this service will also be given responsibility for control over Member States’ F.I.R. areas which are currently reserved for defence purposes only and which are to be transferred to civil aviation. Could the Council provide information on the future status of officials of all types with nationality of countries -
Joint Force Quarterly Hans Binnendijk Patrick M
0115Cover1 8/4/97 11:01 AM Page 1 JFJOINTQ FORCE QUARTERLY RMA Essay Contest Interservice Competition NATO, EUROPEAN SECURITY,AND BEYOND Military Support to Spring The Nation 97 The Son Tay Raid A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL 0215Cover2 8/5/97 7:49 AM Page C2 Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war, not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur. —Guilio Douhet Cov 2 JFQ / Spring 1997 0315Prelims 8/4/97 1:28 PM Page 1 JFQ AWord from the I NATO’s consultative mechanisms have been a positive force for stability on the Continent and were central to the solution of bilateral problems among its Chairman members I NATO forces, policies, and procedures proved to be an essential and irreplaceable foundation for the coalition’s success in Operation Desert Storm ight years ago, as the Berlin Wall crum- I NATO forces from 15 allied nations—backed by bled and the Cold War began to fade, 22 other countries, including Russia—are keeping order in Bosnia-Herzegovina today, a peace brought about by two themes dominated media reports the force of NATO arms. about Europe. First, many pundits ar- Egued that while our hearts might remain in Eu- In the future, Europe will remain a center of rope our central strategic and economic interests wealth, democracy, and power. For the United would lie elsewhere in the future. For some, our States, it will remain a region of vital interest. Ac- focus would be primarily on the Middle East, for cording to our national security strategy, “Our ob- others on Latin America, and for still others on jective in Europe is to complete the construction the Asia-Pacific region. -
Jolyon Howorth & Vivien Schmidt
EU GLOBAL STRATEGY 50 ExperT Opinion Jolyon Howorth & Vivien Schmidt Visiting Professor of Political Science, Yale University Professor of International Relations, Boston University There is a danger in making the strategic review hope to achieve in the neighbourhood – including too complex. There is merit in recalling the par- the neighbours of the neighbours. The geograph- simonious interpretation of the world that has ic focus is important. The EU is a global trading inspired realists: system anarchy; the fundamen- actor and a key partner of the UN; but in terms tal role of states; the centrality of the distribution of the deployment of crisis management power, of power; balance of power. Indeed, power itself. it should not for the foreseeable future aspire to be anything other than a regional power. These basics remain the© crucialEU Institute forelements Security Studies, of 2015. inter | QN-AL-15-00X-2A-N- | ISBN 978-92-9198-258-5 | ISSN 2315-1129 | DOI 10.2815/77528 national relations. The currencies the EU prefers What might the EU hope to achieve in the neigh- – multilateralism, international law, international bourhood? Lucidity about the EU’s real leverage institutions, diplomacy, soft and smart power – is essential. If EU accession is not on the cards, have all come into their own since 1945 and they leverage is massively reduced. The most the EU have a vital role to play. But there should be no can hope to do in the southern neighbourhood is illusions: positive sum aspirations have not re- to assist local and regional political initiatives aimed placed zero-sum realities. -
Commentary European Army
Commentary European army: a problematic dream? *This Commentary is written by Elisa Telesca and Sergio Caliva Rue de la Science 14, 1040 Brussels [email protected] + 32 02 588 00 14 European army: a problematic dream? Outline Historical background ....................................................................................................................... 2 The Pleven Plan and the European Defense Community ........................................................................ 2 Renewed efforts towards cooperation in European defence .................................................................... 2 Current debates ................................................................................................................................. 3 Juncker’s statements in 2015 ...................................................................................................................... 3 Macron vs. Trump ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Merkel as gamechanger ............................................................................................................................... 4 Parallel EU military initiatives: EI2 and PESCO ........................................................................... 5 Advantages and disadvantages of a European army ..................................................................... 6 Cons, obstacles and criticism of military integration: is a European army a needed -
HQ Eurocorps
26th Feb. 2015 Brussels Subcommittee on Security and Defence Lieutenant-general BUCHSENSCHMIDT Commander Eurocorps EUROCORPS, a tool for the European Union, NATO and UN Use it or lose it ! 1 EUROCORPS is an Army Corps Headquarters: Similar to its sister HRF HQs but also Unique in its kind Has reached a turning point in its existence. 2 CENTRAL LOCATION WITHIN HRF COMMUNITY 3 RAPIDLY DEPLOYABLE OPERATIONAL NRF 7 NRF 15 A UNIQUE STATUS 1992, La Rochelle : a political will Directly subordinated to CHODs and POL DIR 2009, Treaty of Strasbourg : Financial and legal autonomy A UNIQUE SUBORDINATION Common Committee (CoCo) Auditing Air Committee Eurocorps Committee Committee (AUDITCOM) (ECC) (ACEC) Naval Budget & Coordination Financial Info Info Board Committee (NCB) (BFC) ANs ANs Security Info Committee ANs Expert Groups (ECSC) HQ EC ECSAB Resources Board EC HQ Board A UNIQUE GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION European Parliament A European capital Council of Europe European Court of Human Rights Strasbourg Higher education center National School of Administration (ENA) University of Strasbourg Institute of Political Studies (IEP) Council of Europe 8 Force structure Total Eurocorps: Permanent XXX +/- 1100 HQ 400 X MN 700 MNCS MN II I I HQSPT Signal CIS MN DEU MN X DEU/FRA FGB Other TCN 5 000 Privileged Force generated Capabilities 9 A UNIQUE MULTINATIONAL STRUCTURE 5 6 Framework Nations Germany Belgium France Luxembourg Spain • Mastered multinationality • Responsibility and burden sharing • Lower cost for each nation 3 Associated Nations AN ENHANCED MULTINATIONALITY -
Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. -
The EU-NATO Syndrome: Spotlight on Transatlantic Realities
▌JCER Volume 3 • Issue 2 99 The EU-NATO Syndrome: Spotlight on Transatlantic Realities Hajnalka Vincze Abstract This article examines the relations between the European Union (EU) and NATO in light of both of the current, deeply unhealthy, state of the transatlantic relationship, and of its ongoing evolution. The first part is devoted to a retrospective outline of the links between European defence and the Atlantic system, which highlights the major constant features of these last sixty years, as well as the rupture points. Then, various issues, from the problem of the division of labour and the definition of the chain of command to coordination on the ground and arms procurement, are evoked as concrete examples where the same fundamental question marks emerge, again and again; all of them revolving around the concept of sovereignty – that of the Europeans vis-à-vis America. It is suggested in the article that current European dependence does not allow but superficial and/or temporary ‘progress’ in EU-NATO relations, just as is the case in the broader Euro-American relationship. As long as Europeans will not assume fully the objective of autonomy (i.e. freedom of decision and action, with all the commitments it would imply), their subjection will continue to generate increasing tensions, since this inherent imbalance is not only detrimental to Europe’s own interests, but it also excludes any reciprocity and prohibits any genuine partnership with the United States. CONTRARY TO THE TWO DOMINANT, ALBEIT DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSED, TYPES of forecasts that were both highly fashionable a few years ago, it appears more and more clearly that the headaches related to the EU-NATO conundrum are here to stay.