Selective Annotated Bibliography of Books, Theses and Dissertations on Myanmar Ethnic Groups (Shan and Kayin) Compiled by Ni Ni Naing The Library Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan 2016 Selective Annotated Bibliography of Books, Theses and Dissertations on Myanmar Ethnic Groups (Shan and Kayin) Compiled by Ni Ni Naing Published by The Library Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University 46, Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 660-8501, Japan Copyright Ni Ni Naing Librarian, Universities’ Central Library, University of Yangon, Myanmar Visiting Research Fellow, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University Selective Annotated Bibliography of Books, Theses and Dissertations on Myanmar Ethnic Groups (Shan and Kayin) Map of Myanmar Source: Own draft based on http://www.freemap.jp/ Author’s Introduction Ni Ni Naing, Librarian, Universities’ Central Library, University of Yangon, Myanmar. In 1993, B.Sc (Mathematics), Yangon University of Distance Education, Yangon. In 1997, DLIS (Diploma of Library and Information Studies), University of Yangon. In 2000, M.A. (Library and Information Studies), University of Yangon, Myanmar. In 2002, MRes (Library and Information Studies),University of Yangon, Myanmar. In 2006, MACS (Master of Art Christian Studies),Myanmar Institute of Theology, Yangon. In 2010, Diploma in English, University of Yangon, Myanmar. Universities’ Central Library, University of Yangon, Myanmar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to the Professor Dr. Yasuyuki Kono, Director of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University, for giving me a great chance as a visiting research scholar of CSEAS to compile the Selective Annotated Bibliography of Books, Theses and Dissertations on Myanmar Ethnic Groups (Shan and Kayin). Special thanks to Dr. Mikiko Ohno, Chief Librarian/Assistant Professor of CSEAS and all the staff at the library, namely, Imai Yoshiko, Furuta Yasuko, Nakano, Hirako, Suga Megumi, Nishioka Yoshiko and Wada Michihiro for their kindness, great help and cooperation. I am deeply grateful to all the staff at the International Office, General Affair Section and Accounting Section for their valuable assistance to make my life easier in Kyoto. Thanks are due to those individuals and institutions that availed their personal documents and allow me to use their libraries. I particularly acknowledge the Universities’ Central Library, University of Yangon Library, University of Mandalay Library and National Library and CSEAS Library in Kyoto, Japan. I am indebted to Sayagyi Dr. Thaw Kaung, retired Librarian, Universities’ Central Library, who encouraged me to do this bibliography and Daw Ah Win, Vice President (1), Myanmar Library Association, who has recommended me to participant in the fellowship. I am thankful to the Minister of the Ministry of Education and Chief Librarian and Librarians from Universities’ Central Library for granting me to participate in the fellowship. This bibliography could not have undertaken without the hardwork of my colleges; Daw Cho Cho Myint, Daw Yin Win Htike, Daw Phyo Zar Chi Oo, Daw Khin La Pyayt Win and all my staff of circulation section at Universities’ Central Library and the generous support of my friends at Universities’ Central Library and the University of Yangon Library in Myanmar. Finally, I would like to all the staff of CSEAS in Kyoto for their friendliness, care and concern, made my stay in Kyoto a very pleasant and memorable one. ii ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to inform the reader and researchers for the relevance, accuracy of the sources on Myanmar ethnic groups. There are a large number of sources on various ethnic groups in Myanmar, such as Shan, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine, Kachin, etc. Among them, Shan and Kayin ethnic groups are the largest in Myanmar. So, this research provides access to scholars who are studying and doing research on these two ethnic groups. The selective annotated bibliography of books, theses and dissertations on these two Myanmar ethnic groups collected the records of their geography, history, politics, economics, religion, social affairs and their culture and customs. This paper collected required data from Universities’ Central Library, University of Yangon Library, National Library and CSEAS (Center for Southeast Asian Studies) Library. The study will also review reliable information of each ethnic group for all users. It will also become a useful reference source to all students, researchers and historians who are interested in their research needs. iii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACTS iii LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS v Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background History 1 1.2 Aims of the Research 6 1.3 Scope of the Research 6 1.4 Method of the Research 7 1.5 Arrangement of the Research 7 2 THESES / DISSERTATIONS 9 2.1 Kayin (Karen) 9 2.1.1 Diploma 9 2.1.2 Master 11 2.1.3 Master of Research 21 2.1.4 Dissertations 24 2.2 Shan 29 2.2.1 Diploma 29 2.2.2 Master 30 2.2.3 Master of Research 53 2.2.4 Dissertations 56 3 BOOKS 72 3.1 Kayin (Karen) 72 3.2 Shan 126 4 CONCLUSION 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 182 INDEX 183 Author 183 Title 196 Subject 214 iv ABBREVIATIONS AFPFL Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League BIA Burma Independence Army CSEAS Center for Southease Asian Studies diss. Dissertation et.al. and others Fig. Figure Govt. Government KCO Karen Central Organization KMT Kuo-Min-Tang KNDO Karen National Defense Organization KNU Karen National Union KYO Kayin Youth Organization M.A Master of Arts MRes Master of Research n.d. no date NL National Library (Myanmar) Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy s.l. no place (of publication) s.n. no name (of publisher) SSPO Shan States Peasants Organization UCL Universities’ Central Library UYL University of Yangon Library - - - The same v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background History As Myanmar is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. It is composed of various ethnic nationalities each with its own history, culture and language. Various groups of people migrated south into the Irrawaddy- Chindwin, Sittang and Salween (Thanlwin) valleys from the China-Tibet region in the latter part of the first millennium, the Mon followed by the Tibeto-Burman and Tai - Shan races. There are 135 categories of national races in Myanmar. The main groups are Barmar, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine, and Shan.1 Among them, the Mon, Bamar, Shan and Rakhine, established their own kingdoms. The largest ethnic group, the Burmans, represents 68% of the population. The two second largest ethnic groups, the Shan and the Karen, make up 9% and 7% respectively. The remaining ethnic groups together represent 16% of the population. Burman The Bamar, or Burman, people are the majority ethnic group of Myanmar. They are of Sino-Tibetan origin and reside predominantly in the central plains near the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. According to population estimates, they compose 68% of the country’s total population. 2 The Bamar are predominately Theravada Buddhists. Their native language (Myanmar) is the official language of the country, and they dominate the government and military. Due to the ethnic group’s predominance, its members are often believed to have a social and political advantage over the country’s minority populations. Chin (or Zomi) The Chin people comprising many different sub-groups, is one of the major ethnic groups in Myanmar. They are of Tibeto-Burman origin and live in the north- 1 . U Shwe Ohn, Nyaung Shwe. Ma prui kvai nuiṅʻ so praññʻ thoṅʻcu . (Yangon, Nerīrī cā’aupʻ tuikʻ, 2014). 39 (hereafter cited as Shwe Ohn,) 2Ethnic Nationalities of Burma. (accessed 28.4.2016) available from www.oxfordburmaallian ce.org/ethnic-groups.html, (hereafter cited as Ethnic Nationalities of Burma.) 2 western Chin State, which separates Burma from India.3 They inhabit a vast mountain chain running up western Burma into Mizoram in north-east India. Kachin Of the several Tibeto-Burmese hill peoples inhabiting north-east Myanmar, it is the Kachin. Kachins have different sub-groups who inhabit the north-east region: the Jinghpaw, Maru, Lashi, Atsi, Nung-Rawang and Lisu. Kayah (Karenni) The Karenni, also known as the Red Karen is a subset of the Karen people. Together with the Mon, they are the oldest indigenous group in Myanmar, migrating from China in the 6th or 7th century.4 Karenni (or Kayah) state sits between Karen and Shan State. Mon The Mon people live mostly in Mon State, which is situated in the Southern part of Myanmar. Its borders are Bago (formerly Pegu) Region, Tanintharyi (formerly Tenasserim) Region and Karen State. The Mon is considered to be one of the first peoples in the Southeast Asia and the earliest one to settle in Myanmar.5 They were responsible for spreading Theravada Buddhism, the oldest school of the religion, in Burma and Thailand. Rakhine The Rakhine people or ‘Arakanese’ are the largest ethnic group in Rakhine State, formerly known as Arakan, which is found in the west of Myanmar, extending along the Bay of Bengal. They are predominantly Theravada Buddhists. Shan Most ethnic Shan live in Shan State in eastern Myanmar, but smaller Shan communities also live in Outside the limits of the Shan States, they occur far to the north in Hkamti: in Upper Chindwin: and throughout the plains of upper Burma 3 Martin Smith, Ethnic Groups in Burma (London: Anti-Slavery International, 1994), 36. (hereafter cited as Smith.). 4 Ethnic Nationalities of Burma. 5 Ibid 3 where, in Myitkyina and Katha, the people are largely Shan or Shan-Tayok: while in Lower Burma fragments of the race may still be traced in Taungoo, Thaton and seven Myeik.6 The Shan calls themselves “Tai” sometimes spelt “Dtai”.7 The former home of the Shans, or Tai, is believed to have been the country of the Yangtsi River in Ssu- ch’ uan of their origin nothing is known, though it is probable that in ancient times Yunnan was occupied by two races, the Tai and Mon, of whom the Mon lay furthest south.