T: Final Country Report: Grenada Grenada

FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: FINAL COUNTRY REPORT: GRENADA GRENADA

December 2009 December 2009

仮 201 Grenada Grenada

Country Profile Country Profile Geographic coordinates 12o 07’ N, 61o 40’ W (This is the location of the centre of the Island) Geographic coordinates 12o 07’ N, 61o 40’ W (This is the location of the centre of the Island) Total area 344 sq km Total area 344 sq km Land area 344 sq km Land area 344 sq km Water area 0 sq km (Marine boundaries not yet delimited) Water area 0 sq km (Marine boundaries not yet delimited) Length of Coastline 251 km Length of Coastline 251 km Shelf Area 629 sq km Shelf Area 629 sq km Territorial Sea 4,504 sq km Territorial Sea 4,504 sq km Claimed EEZ 20.285 sq km Claimed EEZ 20.285 sq km Highest point (m) 840 (Mount Saint Catherine) Highest point (m) 840 (Mount Saint Catherine) Climate tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds. Climate tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds. Natural hazards lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to Natural hazards lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November. November. Population 90,739 (July 2009 est.) Population 90,739 (July 2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.468% (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.468% (2009 est.) Rate Rate Life Expectancy at birth total population: 65.95 years Life Expectancy at birth total population: 65.95 years Languages English (official), some vestigial French patois Languages English (official), some vestigial French patois Ethnic Mix black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East Indian Ethnic Mix black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian Work force 42,250 (22,679 male; 19,571 female) - Agriculture 33%, Industry 17%, Work force 42,250 (22,679 male; 19,571 female) - Agriculture 33%, Industry 17%, Other 50% Other 50% Unemployment 12.5% (2000) Unemployment 12.5% (2000) GDP (PPP) $1.161 billion (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) $1.161 billion (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 0.3% (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 0.3% (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $12,900 (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) $12,900 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Eastern Caribbean Dollars (EC$); 1US$ = EC$2.68 Currency Unit Eastern Caribbean Dollars (EC$); 1US$ = EC$2.68 Area of Mangrove Forests Area of Mangrove Forests Percent of Mangrove Percent of Mangrove Forests Protected Forests Protected Per Capita Food Supply 32 kg/person Per Capita Food Supply 32 kg/person from Fish/Fishery Products from Fish/Fishery Products (2000) (2000) Exports $38 million (2006); bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, Exports $38 million (2006); bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mac clothing, mac Sources: CIA World Factbook – Grenada (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Grenada. Sources: CIA World Factbook – Grenada (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Grenada.

仮 203 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism EU European Union EU European Union FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FD Fisheries Department FD Fisheries Department FMP Fisheries Management Plan FMP Fisheries Management Plan GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GOG Government of Grenada GOG Government of Grenada IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MPA Marine Protected Area MPA Marine Protected Area MT Metric Ton MT Metric Ton OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States TIP Trip Interview Program TIP Trip Interview Program TSV Taura Syndrome Virus TSV Taura Syndrome Virus UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Development Program VIF Venezuelan Investment Fund VIF Venezuelan Investment Fund

仮 204 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE # PAGE # 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 12 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 12 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 12 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 12 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources 20 Management of Fishery Resources 20 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management 21 Approaches to Fisheries Management 21 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Alternative Livelihoods 21 Alternative Livelihoods 21 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and Management Plans 22 Management Plans 22 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Management Objectives 25 Development Management Objectives 25 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 25 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 25 3.4 Current Levels of Catch and Effort by Species 29 3.4 Current Levels of Catch and Effort by Species 29 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4.1 Aquaculture Development Component 35 4.1 Aquaculture Development Component 35 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objective 35 and Development Objective 35 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 35 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 35 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 35 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 35 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 36 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 36 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement 37 Stock Enhancement 37 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 37 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 37 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 38 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 38 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 38 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 38 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 39 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 39 5.4 Information Dissemination 40 5.4 Information Dissemination 40 5.5 Past Projects in Fisheries Data Management 40 5.5 Past Projects in Fisheries Data Management 40 5.6 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information 5.6 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information System 41 System 41 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 42 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 42 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 43 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 43 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the Workshop 46 Workshop 46 REFERENCES 50 REFERENCES 50

仮 205 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Grenada is an archipelagic sovereign state consisting of the island of Grenada and several of the Grenada is an archipelagic sovereign state consisting of the island of Grenada and several of the southern Grenadines. Three islands are inhabited: Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique. southern Grenadines. Three islands are inhabited: Grenada, Carriacou and Petit Martinique. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and St. Vincent and the Grenadines. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the British Commonwealth of Nations.and member of OECS. the British Commonwealth of Nations.and member of OECS.

The contribution of fisheries to the national economy has been increasing at an annual average of The contribution of fisheries to the national economy has been increasing at an annual average of EC$25.5 million from 2003 to 2009 which is equivalent to 2.8% of GDP. Although relatively EC$25.5 million from 2003 to 2009 which is equivalent to 2.8% of GDP. Although relatively small, the contribution of the industry to employment, food security, poverty alleviation and small, the contribution of the industry to employment, food security, poverty alleviation and nutrition is very significant. The industry employs 3,000 persons which represent 10% of the nutrition is very significant. The industry employs 3,000 persons which represent 10% of the work force. Additionally, the per caput supply of fresh fish is 16 kg. The industry experienced an work force. Additionally, the per caput supply of fresh fish is 16 kg. The industry experienced an average annual growth rate of 14.4% over the same period, except for 2004 when there was a average annual growth rate of 14.4% over the same period, except for 2004 when there was a decrease of 16.2%, mostly attributable to the passage of hurricane Ivan which struck the Island decrease of 16.2%, mostly attributable to the passage of hurricane Ivan which struck the Island on 7th September of the same year. on 7th September of the same year.

Artisanal/Small-scale Fisheries Development: 1950-present Artisanal/Small-scale Fisheries Development: 1950-present Prior to the 1950s most of the fishing in Grenada and the Grenadines was of a subsistence nature Prior to the 1950s most of the fishing in Grenada and the Grenadines was of a subsistence nature and targeted mainly the inshore coastal areas. Four major fisheries were noted in the early and targeted mainly the inshore coastal areas. Four major fisheries were noted in the early 1940s: the flyingfish and associated large pelagic fishery (caught using the ’ligne dormante’ or 1940s: the flyingfish and associated large pelagic fishery (caught using the ’ligne dormante’ or by trolling); the directed large pelagic fishery; the beach seine fishery for small coastal pelagics, by trolling); the directed large pelagic fishery; the beach seine fishery for small coastal pelagics, and the hand-line fishery for demersal species; the latter operated mainly off the Grenadines. and the hand-line fishery for demersal species; the latter operated mainly off the Grenadines. Already in the early 1940s 1980s, depletion of inshore stocks (reef fish) was noted, particularly Already in the early 1940s 1980s, depletion of inshore stocks (reef fish) was noted, particularly in the Leeward Islands, and development of the pelagic offshore and deep water fisheries was in the Leeward Islands, and development of the pelagic offshore and deep water fisheries was

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 1 1

仮 207 proposed. Indications are that the vessels during the 1940s were all powered either by wind proposed. Indications are that the vessels during the 1940s were all powered either by wind (sail) or oars. A significant change occurred after World War II when inexpensive inboard (sail) or oars. A significant change occurred after World War II when inexpensive inboard gasoline engines were imported from Europe and fitted on double-enders or whalers and pirogue gasoline engines were imported from Europe and fitted on double-enders or whalers and pirogue type boats. type boats. During the late 1950s to the early 1960s the government provided loans of up to During the late 1950s to the early 1960s the government provided loans of up to US$25,000 to encourage mechanization of the fleet This was done to increase efficiency and US$25,000 to encourage mechanization of the fleet This was done to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the fleet with respect to catch and income of fishers. In fact, Grenada was cited effectiveness of the fleet with respect to catch and income of fishers. In fact, Grenada was cited as the most advanced in vessel mechanization throughout the Windward Islands. In 1953, fish- as the most advanced in vessel mechanization throughout the Windward Islands. In 1953, fish- pots were introduced and the Fisheries Department commenced experimentation with outriggers pots were introduced and the Fisheries Department commenced experimentation with outriggers to catch large pelagics by trolling and gillnets to catch flyingfish. Prior to this time, dipnets were to catch large pelagics by trolling and gillnets to catch flyingfish. Prior to this time, dipnets were used to catch flyingfish. By the end of the 1950s, gillnets were adopted by the fleet. Beach used to catch flyingfish. By the end of the 1950s, gillnets were adopted by the fleet. Beach seines, handlines and fish-pots were popular throughout the 1960s. The only exports were some seines, handlines and fish-pots were popular throughout the 1960s. The only exports were some 2.7 - 3.6 mt of crustaceans (i.e., lobsters) annually in the early 1960s. 2.7 - 3.6 mt of crustaceans (i.e., lobsters) annually in the early 1960s. Beach seining activity was concentrated on the west and north coasts of Grenada and Beach seining activity was concentrated on the west and north coasts of Grenada and some 15-20 landing areas were used. There was a distinct separation in the area of operation of some 15-20 landing areas were used. There was a distinct separation in the area of operation of different fleet types: small row-boats in the handline and pot fishery close inshore at 10-15 different fleet types: small row-boats in the handline and pot fishery close inshore at 10-15 fathoms; ‘whalers’ because the design was similar to boats used to catch whales up to the 1960s fathoms; ‘whalers’ because the design was similar to boats used to catch whales up to the 1960s in Grenada and also to those used in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Using handlines and pots in Grenada and also to those used in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Using handlines and pots further offshore (10-15 miles) at 30-40 fathoms (they also utilized ‘troll’ lines when going to and further offshore (10-15 miles) at 30-40 fathoms (they also utilized ‘troll’ lines when going to and from the fishing grounds); ‘sloops’ used both handlines and troll lines. These vessels from the fishing grounds); ‘sloops’ used both handlines and troll lines. These vessels concentrated on demersal species and fished further up the Grenadines. There were also directed concentrated on demersal species and fished further up the Grenadines. There were also directed lobster and conch fisheries off the south and north coasts of Grenada. lobster and conch fisheries off the south and north coasts of Grenada. By 1969, another government loan scheme was implemented, which provided duty free By 1969, another government loan scheme was implemented, which provided duty free loans on engines, gear and fishing equipment. This was done to reduce the input cost to fishing loans on engines, gear and fishing equipment. This was done to reduce the input cost to fishing which allowed for development of the fleet and industry, and also to make fish more affordable which allowed for development of the fleet and industry, and also to make fish more affordable to the population. The motorization of the fleet extended the fishing grounds and increased the to the population. The motorization of the fleet extended the fishing grounds and increased the fishing time, especially with the reduction in travel time to and from fishing grounds. Vessels fishing time, especially with the reduction in travel time to and from fishing grounds. Vessels were better equipped to withstand unfavorable sea conditions, which increased the number of were better equipped to withstand unfavorable sea conditions, which increased the number of possible fishing days. A change in species composition caught was also evident, as vessels possible fishing days. A change in species composition caught was also evident, as vessels previously targeting hind, grouper and various reef fish switched, once mechanized, to large previously targeting hind, grouper and various reef fish switched, once mechanized, to large pelagics. There was a distinct preference for motorized boats by younger fishers while older ones pelagics. There was a distinct preference for motorized boats by younger fishers while older ones continued to target inshore demersal and reef resources. continued to target inshore demersal and reef resources. During the 1970s, the industry was still characterized by small artisanal vessels and During the 1970s, the industry was still characterized by small artisanal vessels and traditional fishing gear. Fish was sold at beaches, in markets or in villages by vendors; traditional fishing gear. Fish was sold at beaches, in markets or in villages by vendors; processing was limited. In the 1980s Grenada granted foreign fishing licenses to seven US processing was limited. In the 1980s Grenada granted foreign fishing licenses to seven US longliners to fish for large pelagics in Grenada’s their EEZ; five operated out of Grenada; an longliners to fish for large pelagics in Grenada’s their EEZ; five operated out of Grenada; an unspecified number of locally-based vessels were also licensed. By the end of the 1970s, semi- unspecified number of locally-based vessels were also licensed. By the end of the 1970s, semi- industrial longliners targeting tuna and swordfish were introduced; capable of ice storage, they industrial longliners targeting tuna and swordfish were introduced; capable of ice storage, they made fishing trips of several days. Between 1986-1989 a major decrease in landings of large made fishing trips of several days. Between 1986-1989 a major decrease in landings of large pelagic species was observed. pelagic species was observed. Fisheries development in the 1980s was a result of significant government investment Fisheries development in the 1980s was a result of significant government investment and subsidy of the industry, which contributed to the ‘dependency syndrome’ of the industry. and subsidy of the industry, which contributed to the ‘dependency syndrome’ of the industry. The highlight of this period was the investment of US$7.1 million dollars (loan and grant The highlight of this period was the investment of US$7.1 million dollars (loan and grant provided by IFAD and VIF) under the Artisanal Fisheries Development Project in 1982. This provided by IFAD and VIF) under the Artisanal Fisheries Development Project in 1982. This development provided for expansion and development of the longline fleet through a credit development provided for expansion and development of the longline fleet through a credit facility to fishermen on concessionary terms; improvement in shore-based infrastructure – facility to fishermen on concessionary terms; improvement in shore-based infrastructure – construction and rehabilitation of fish market and fishermen locker rooms with facilities for cold construction and rehabilitation of fish market and fishermen locker rooms with facilities for cold storage, ice making, fish handling and retail; outlet for sale of fishing gears and equipment; and storage, ice making, fish handling and retail; outlet for sale of fishing gears and equipment; and promotion of fish marketing and quality assurance. In 1991 JICA donated eight longliners (10.9 promotion of fish marketing and quality assurance. In 1991 JICA donated eight longliners (10.9 Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 2 2

仮 208 m long with 70Hp inboard diesel engine and cold storage of 2.4 cubic meters) to the Grenada m long with 70Hp inboard diesel engine and cold storage of 2.4 cubic meters) to the Grenada government; fishing with them began in 1992. This initiative promoted and popularized the use government; fishing with them began in 1992. This initiative promoted and popularized the use of larger boats (36-50 feet) with inboard engines and the development of the tuna fishery. By the of larger boats (36-50 feet) with inboard engines and the development of the tuna fishery. By the mid-1990s almost the entire west coast pirogue trolling fleet, without any modifications to vessel mid-1990s almost the entire west coast pirogue trolling fleet, without any modifications to vessel design or power, converted to longlining. Use of outboards resulted in high operating costs, design or power, converted to longlining. Use of outboards resulted in high operating costs, which prompted the government to formulate in 1994 a “Fishing Vessel Modernization Plan” which prompted the government to formulate in 1994 a “Fishing Vessel Modernization Plan” aimed at encouraging fishers to convert to more economical inboard engines. The fleet aimed at encouraging fishers to convert to more economical inboard engines. The fleet modernization plan, also placed emphasis on increasing vessel sizes to appropriate length and modernization plan, also placed emphasis on increasing vessel sizes to appropriate length and technology consistent to the development of capacity among fishermen. Moreover, the policy at technology consistent to the development of capacity among fishermen. Moreover, the policy at that time was to focus on providing a high quality tuna for the niche (“high-end”) export market. that time was to focus on providing a high quality tuna for the niche (“high-end”) export market. However, the low overall volume of production by Grenadian longline fleet as compared to the However, the low overall volume of production by Grenadian longline fleet as compared to the US fleet is the reason for the higher prices for Grenadian-caught tuna compared to that caught by US fleet is the reason for the higher prices for Grenadian-caught tuna compared to that caught by the US fleet, comprised of larger vessels which stay at sea longer. the US fleet, comprised of larger vessels which stay at sea longer. According to the FD there are forty-five (45) fish landing sites around the islands [about According to the FD there are forty-five (45) fish landing sites around the islands [about thirty-five (35) on mainland Grenada]. Five (5) [Grenville, Melville Street, Gouyave, Sauteurs thirty-five (35) on mainland Grenada]. Five (5) [Grenville, Melville Street, Gouyave, Sauteurs and Hillsborough] are primary landing sites with fish market and port facilities; three (3) and Hillsborough] are primary landing sites with fish market and port facilities; three (3) [Victoria, Waltham and Duquesne] also have fish markets, but no port facility; thirty-seven (36) [Victoria, Waltham and Duquesne] also have fish markets, but no port facility; thirty-seven (36) are secondary landing sites (beaches/bays without infrastructure) and one (1) tertiary landing site are secondary landing sites (beaches/bays without infrastructure) and one (1) tertiary landing site at Grand Mal where two of the three fish processing plants are located. Primary landing sites are at Grand Mal where two of the three fish processing plants are located. Primary landing sites are strategically located so as to provide a variety of functions – fish marketing, cold storage, ice strategically located so as to provide a variety of functions – fish marketing, cold storage, ice making, berthing of vessels and also act as a focal point to facilitate fisheries management in making, berthing of vessels and also act as a focal point to facilitate fisheries management in gathering fisheries data and conducting surveys. gathering fisheries data and conducting surveys. The main landing sites categorised by percentage of landings are Grenville (25%), Gouyave The main landing sites categorised by percentage of landings are Grenville (25%), Gouyave (22%), Carriacou and Petite Martinique (18%), Grand Mal (12%), Melville Street (11%), other (22%), Carriacou and Petite Martinique (18%), Grand Mal (12%), Melville Street (11%), other secondary sites (8%), Victoria (2%), Duquesne and Sauteurs (1% each). secondary sites (8%), Victoria (2%), Duquesne and Sauteurs (1% each).

仮 209 The figure below shows the distribution and characteristics of the main fish landing sites: The figure below shows the distribution and characteristics of the main fish landing sites: FIGURE 1: FIGURE 1: Distribution and Characteristics of Distribution and Characteristics of Main Landing Sites Main Landing Sites

仮 210

The data included for vessels and fishers from the registration should not be sued for the reasons The data included for vessels and fishers from the registration should not be sued for the reasons advanced in this section of the report. advanced in this section of the report.

More reliable data will be supplied as attachment to this report. More reliable data will be supplied as attachment to this report.

仮 211

TABLE 1: TABLE 1: BOATS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST BOATS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST GRENADA, 2000 GRENADA, 2000 HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS Grenada Yacht Club Grenada St. George's Town 27 Grenada Yacht Club Grenada St. George's Town 27 Lagoon Road Grenada St. George's Town 50 Lagoon Road Grenada St. George's Town 50 Melville Street Grenada St. George's Town 63 Melville Street Grenada St. George's Town 63 Beausejour Grenada West coast 15 Beausejour Grenada West coast 15 Carenage Grenada West coast 89 Carenage Grenada West coast 89 Cherry Hill Grenada West coast 13 Cherry Hill Grenada West coast 13 Darvey Grenada West coast 3 Darvey Grenada West coast 3 Dragon Bay Grenada West coast 1 Dragon Bay Grenada West coast 1 Duquesne Grenada West coast 28 Duquesne Grenada West coast 28 Fontenoy Grenada West coast 14 Fontenoy Grenada West coast 14 Gouyave Grenada West coast 187 Gouyave Grenada West coast 187 Grand Anse Grenada West coast 27 Grand Anse Grenada West coast 27 Grand Mal Grenada West coast 70 Grand Mal Grenada West coast 70 Grand Roy Grenada West coast 15 Grand Roy Grenada West coast 15 Halifax Harbour Grenada West coast 1 Halifax Harbour Grenada West coast 1 Happy Hill Grenada West coast 3 Happy Hill Grenada West coast 3 Harvey Vale Grenada West coast 23 Harvey Vale Grenada West coast 23 Marigot Grenada West coast 5 Marigot Grenada West coast 5 Mollinerre Grenada West coast 1 Mollinerre Grenada West coast 1 Palmiste Grenada West coast 1 Palmiste Grenada West coast 1 Victoria Grenada West coast 37 Victoria Grenada West coast 37 Waltham Grenada West coast 22 Waltham Grenada West coast 22 Woodford Bay Grenada West coast 1 Woodford Bay Grenada West coast 1 Belmont Grenada South coast 23 Belmont Grenada South coast 23 Brizan Grenada South coast 2 Brizan Grenada South coast 2 Calivigny Grenada South coast 6 Calivigny Grenada South coast 6 Calliste Grenada South coast 38 Calliste Grenada South coast 38 Fort Jeudy Grenada South coast 11 Fort Jeudy Grenada South coast 11 L'Anse Aux Epines Grenada South coast 9 L'Anse Aux Epines Grenada South coast 9 Morne Rouge Grenada South coast 2 Morne Rouge Grenada South coast 2 Point Salines Grenada South coast 1 Point Salines Grenada South coast 1 Prickly Bay Grenada South coast 1 Prickly Bay Grenada South coast 1 True Blue Grenada South coast 12 True Blue Grenada South coast 12 Westerhall Grenada South coast 16 Westerhall Grenada South coast 16 Woburn Grenada South coast 26 Woburn Grenada South coast 26 Levera Grenada North coast 16 Levera Grenada North coast 16 Sauteurs Grenada North coast 71 Sauteurs Grenada North coast 71 Conference Bay Grenada East Coast 1 Conference Bay Grenada East Coast 1 Content Grenada East Coast 2 Content Grenada East Coast 2 Corinth Grenada East Coast 4 Corinth Grenada East Coast 4 Crochu Bay Grenada East Coast 2 Crochu Bay Grenada East Coast 2 Grenville Grenada East Coast 271 Grenville Grenada East Coast 271 La Poterie Grenada East Coast 1 La Poterie Grenada East Coast 1 La Sagesse Grenada East Coast 3 La Sagesse Grenada East Coast 3 LaTante Grenada East Coast 1 LaTante Grenada East Coast 1 Mahot Grenada East Coast 2 Mahot Grenada East Coast 2 Marquis Grenada East Coast 2 Marquis Grenada East Coast 2 Petite Bacaye Grenada East coast 17 Petite Bacaye Grenada East coast 17 Requin Grenada East coast 8 Requin Grenada East coast 8 Soubise Grenada East coast 7 Soubise Grenada East coast 7 Grenada Unknown 70 Grenada Unknown 70 Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 6 6

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TABLE 1 (continued): TABLE 1 (continued): BOATS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST BOATS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST GRENADA, 2000 GRENADA, 2000 HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS Bogles Carriacou 9 Bogles Carriacou 9 Carriacou Carriacou 1 Carriacou Carriacou 1 Grand Bay Carriacou 2 Grand Bay Carriacou 2 Hillsborough Carriacou 31 Hillsborough Carriacou 31 Lauriston Carriacou 1 Lauriston Carriacou 1 L'Esterre Carriacou 37 L'Esterre Carriacou 37 Windward Carriacou 52 Windward Carriacou 52 Mt. Pleasant Carriacou 5 Mt. Pleasant Carriacou 5 Petite Martinique 74 Petite Martinique 74 Isle de Rhonde 4 Isle de Rhonde 4

The 2000 Fishing Boat Registry data for Grenada was analyzed to observe the range of The 2000 Fishing Boat Registry data for Grenada was analyzed to observe the range of home ports from which the boats operate and to try to determine the approximate numbers of home ports from which the boats operate and to try to determine the approximate numbers of fishing boats operating in Grenada. There is a legal requirement for Grenadian fishers to register fishing boats operating in Grenada. There is a legal requirement for Grenadian fishers to register their boats; which is based on the Fisheries Act of 1986 and Fisheries Regulations of 1987. . their boats; which is based on the Fisheries Act of 1986 and Fisheries Regulations of 1987. . In all, 1,537 boats registered in 2000. These figures are widely divergent from the figures In all, 1,537 boats registered in 2000. These figures are widely divergent from the figures provided by the Fisheries Division to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) provided by the Fisheries Division to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) at their Strategic Planning Retreat in September 2008. Table 2 below shows that over the two at their Strategic Planning Retreat in September 2008. Table 2 below shows that over the two decades between 1987 and 2007 the number of fishing boats in Grenada grew by 43% to 700. decades between 1987 and 2007 the number of fishing boats in Grenada grew by 43% to 700. The data from the 2000 Fishing Boat Registry reveals very many more boats than the FD The data from the 2000 Fishing Boat Registry reveals very many more boats than the FD represented to the ministry. (Explanation on the fishing boat registry reported by the authors: The represented to the ministry. (Explanation on the fishing boat registry reported by the authors: The fishing vessel registry contains vessels which were registered for over a decade. Therefore since fishing vessel registry contains vessels which were registered for over a decade. Therefore since the registry was not updated during this period, this means that many vessels which exited the the registry was not updated during this period, this means that many vessels which exited the fishery due to physical or economic conditions and not reported would therefore remain in the fishery due to physical or economic conditions and not reported would therefore remain in the registry in addition to new registrations added during the period. thereby inflating the actual registry in addition to new registrations added during the period. thereby inflating the actual number of vessels. number of vessels. TABLE 2: TABLE 2: Comparison of the Fisheries Sector, Grenada, 1987, 2007 Comparison of the Fisheries Sector, Grenada, 1987, 2007 1987 2007 1987 2007 Fishermen 1,200 1,500 Fishermen 1,200 1,500 Boats 490 700 Boats 490 700 Vendors 28 45 Vendors 28 45 Employment 1,500 3,000 Employment 1,500 3,000 Fish Processing Establishments 1 3 Fish Processing Establishments 1 3 Source: MAFF (2008) Source: MAFF (2008) The Grenada database of registered fishers was also analyzed to try to determine the approximate The Grenada database of registered fishers was also analyzed to try to determine the approximate numbers of fishers operating in Grenada. Table 3 below presents the analysis. The Fisheries numbers of fishers operating in Grenada. Table 3 below presents the analysis. The Fisheries Legislation provides for the registration of fishers and vessels; and also for the licensing of Legislation provides for the registration of fishers and vessels; and also for the licensing of vessels. Only 387 fishers registered, mostly from the St. George’s area (the area geographically vessels. Only 387 fishers registered, mostly from the St. George’s area (the area geographically closest to the Fisheries Department). No fishers from Carriacou or Petite Martinique registered. closest to the Fisheries Department). No fishers from Carriacou or Petite Martinique registered. These figures are also widely divergent from the figures provided by the Fisheries Division at the These figures are also widely divergent from the figures provided by the Fisheries Division at the 2008 MAFF Strategic Planning Retreat – but in the other direction: according to the FD, the 2008 MAFF Strategic Planning Retreat – but in the other direction: according to the FD, the

仮 213 number of fishers increased over the twenty years between 1987 and 2007 by 25% to reach 1,500 number of fishers increased over the twenty years between 1987 and 2007 by 25% to reach 1,500 – four times as many as those who registered with the FD. – four times as many as those who registered with the FD. The 2000 Fishing Boat Registry provides a way to estimate the number of fishers in Grenada in The 2000 Fishing Boat Registry provides a way to estimate the number of fishers in Grenada in that year. One of the pieces of information boat-owners had to provide when registering their that year. One of the pieces of information boat-owners had to provide when registering their fishing boats was the number of persons in their crew. The 1,537 boats reported having 1,554 fishing boats was the number of persons in their crew. The 1,537 boats reported having 1,554 crew in 2000 – quite close to the 2007 estimate of number of fishers the FD represented to the crew in 2000 – quite close to the 2007 estimate of number of fishers the FD represented to the ministry in 2008. Of course there could be duplications in the crew numbers; one person forming ministry in 2008. Of course there could be duplications in the crew numbers; one person forming part of different boat crews on different days. (Again, as explained earlier, the fishing vessel and part of different boat crews on different days. (Again, as explained earlier, the fishing vessel and fishermen registry would not provide a reliable estimate of the actual number of vessels and fishermen registry would not provide a reliable estimate of the actual number of vessels and fishers operating in the industry, for the reasons explained earlier. The information provide at the fishers operating in the industry, for the reasons explained earlier. The information provide at the 2008 MAFF Strategic Planning Retreat was obtained from a Rapid Assessment Census 2008 MAFF Strategic Planning Retreat was obtained from a Rapid Assessment Census conducted with Extension Officers. conducted with Extension Officers. TABLE 3: TABLE 3: FISHERS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST FISHERS REGISTERED BY HOME PORT BY ISLAND BY COAST GRENADA GRENADA HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS HOME PORT ISLAND COAST BOATS Carenage Grenada St. George's Town 63 Carenage Grenada St. George's Town 63 Grenada Yacht Club Grenada St. George's Town 17 Grenada Yacht Club Grenada St. George's Town 17 Lagoon Road Grenada St. George's Town 34 Lagoon Road Grenada St. George's Town 34 Melville Street Grenada St. George's Town 64 Melville Street Grenada St. George's Town 64 St. George's Grenada St. George's Town 2 St. George's Grenada St. George's Town 2 Beausejour Grenada West coast 12 Beausejour Grenada West coast 12 Brizan Grenada West coast 2 Brizan Grenada West coast 2 Cherry Hill Grenada West coast 9 Cherry Hill Grenada West coast 9 Dragon Bay Grenada West coast 1 Dragon Bay Grenada West coast 1 Fontenoy Grenada West coast 7 Fontenoy Grenada West coast 7 Gouyave Grenada West coast 2 Gouyave Grenada West coast 2 Grand Anse Grenada West coast 26 Grand Anse Grenada West coast 26 Grand Mal Grenada West coast 58 Grand Mal Grenada West coast 58 Mollinerre Grenada West coast 1 Mollinerre Grenada West coast 1 Calivigny Grenada South coast 3 Calivigny Grenada South coast 3 Lance Aux Epine Grenada South coast 4 Lance Aux Epine Grenada South coast 4 Belmont Grenada South coast 11 Belmont Grenada South coast 11 Calliste Grenada South coast 20 Calliste Grenada South coast 20 Clarkes Court Bay (Woburn) Grenada South coast 2 Clarkes Court Bay (Woburn) Grenada South coast 2 Island View Bay Grenada South coast 2 Island View Bay Grenada South coast 2 Morne Rouge Grenada South coast 1 Morne Rouge Grenada South coast 1 Mt.Pandy (beach) Grenada South coast 1 Mt.Pandy (beach) Grenada South coast 1 Mt.Pandy (Belmont) Grenada South coast 2 Mt.Pandy (Belmont) Grenada South coast 2 Prickley Bay Grenada South coast 1 Prickley Bay Grenada South coast 1 Southern Southern Coast Grenada South coast 1 Southern Southern Coast Grenada South coast 1 True Blue Grenada South coast 7 True Blue Grenada South coast 7 Woburn Grenada South coast 16 Woburn Grenada South coast 16 Corinth Grenada East coast 1 Corinth Grenada East coast 1 Fort Jeudy Grenada East coast 10 Fort Jeudy Grenada East coast 10 Grenville Grenada East coast 1 Grenville Grenada East coast 1 Westerhall Grenada East coast 1 Westerhall Grenada East coast 1 Grenada Unknown 5 Grenada Unknown 5

When the data in Tables 1 and 3 are rearranged and presented by Grenadian island/coast, one can When the data in Tables 1 and 3 are rearranged and presented by Grenadian island/coast, one can clearly see where the data gaps are. Grenadian law should require both boats and fishers to be clearly see where the data gaps are. Grenadian law should require both boats and fishers to be registered and licensed, even just to be able to keep track spatially of the numbers of them active registered and licensed, even just to be able to keep track spatially of the numbers of them active

仮 214 in the fishery. Licensing and registration of fishers and fishing vessels is a standard and globally- in the fishery. Licensing and registration of fishers and fishing vessels is a standard and globally- used fisheries management tool, which has not been employed in Grenada. used fisheries management tool, which has not been employed in Grenada. Having accurate and up-to-date information on where fishers are spatially distributed in Having accurate and up-to-date information on where fishers are spatially distributed in Grenada will guide those who would plan for the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, Grenada will guide those who would plan for the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. The density fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. The density of fishers in certain locations will guide where fishers’ organizations should be encouraged to of fishers in certain locations will guide where fishers’ organizations should be encouraged to form. form. In addition, it is only right for fishers to make an annual contribution towards the cost of In addition, it is only right for fishers to make an annual contribution towards the cost of management to produce healthy fish stocks from which they earn their livelihoods. (The above management to produce healthy fish stocks from which they earn their livelihoods. (The above section starting with “when” is misconstrued since the fisheries Legislation provides for section starting with “when” is misconstrued since the fisheries Legislation provides for registration of fishers and vessels; and also licensing of vessels. However, the lack of adequqte registration of fishers and vessels; and also licensing of vessels. However, the lack of adequqte financial and human resources is seriously impeding ongoing updating of both registries. financial and human resources is seriously impeding ongoing updating of both registries. TABLE 4: TABLE 4: Number of Registered Fishers and Boats Number of Registered Fishers and Boats by Location in Grenada by Location in Grenada LOCATION BOATS FISHERS LOCATION BOATS FISHERS Carriacou 138 0 Carriacou 138 0 Petite Martinique 74 0 Petite Martinique 74 0 Isle de Rhonde 4 0 Isle de Rhonde 4 0 Grenada East Coast 321 13 Grenada East Coast 321 13 Grenada North Coast 87 0 Grenada North Coast 87 0 Grenada South Coast 147 71 Grenada South Coast 147 71 Grenada West Coast 556 106 Grenada West Coast 556 106 St. George's Town 140 180 St. George's Town 140 180 TOTAL 1467 370 TOTAL 1467 370

Stakeholder Organzsations/FFOs Stakeholder Organzsations/FFOs There are nine (9) functional fishermen’s organizations in Grenada: seven (7) on the mainland, There are nine (9) functional fishermen’s organizations in Grenada: seven (7) on the mainland, one (1) on Carriacou, and one (1) on Petit Martinique; one of the mainland organizations is now one (1) on Carriacou, and one (1) on Petit Martinique; one of the mainland organizations is now defunct as it has been replaced by a co-operative: defunct as it has been replaced by a co-operative: TABLE 5: TABLE 5: FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS Name of Organization Location Approx. Members Name of Organization Location Approx. Members 1 St. John’s Fishermen Association (SJFA) Gouyave 20 1 St. John’s Fishermen Association (SJFA) Gouyave 20 2 Southern Fishermen Association (SFA) Grand Mal 25 2 Southern Fishermen Association (SFA) Grand Mal 25 3 Sauteurs Fishermen Cooperative (SFC1) Sauteurs 15 3 Sauteurs Fishermen Cooperative (SFC1) Sauteurs 15 4 Melville Street Fishermen Group (MSFG) St. George’s 22 4 Melville Street Fishermen Group (MSFG) St. George’s 22 5 Grenville Fishermen Association (GFA)1 Grenville 25 5 Grenville Fishermen Association (GFA)1 Grenville 25 6 Soubies Fishermen Cooperative (SFC2) Grenville 25 6 Soubies Fishermen Cooperative (SFC2) Grenville 25 7 Calliste Fishermen Cooperative (CFC1) Calliste 28 7 Calliste Fishermen Cooperative (CFC1) Calliste 28 8 Carriacou Fishermen Cooperative (CFC2) Carriacou 25 8 Carriacou Fishermen Cooperative (CFC2) Carriacou 25 9 Petite Martinique Fishermen Cooperative Petite Martinique 20 9 Petite Martinique Fishermen Cooperative Petite Martinique 20 10 Waltham Fishermen Cooperative St.Mark 27 10 Waltham Fishermen Cooperative St.Mark 27 TOTAL MEMBERS 232 TOTAL MEMBERS 232 Source: Grenada Fisheries Division (personal communication) Source: Grenada Fisheries Division (personal communication)

1 Now defunct. 1 Now defunct. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 9 9

仮 215 One can see that the fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively One can see that the fishers’ organizations are located in communities where there are relatively large numbers of fishers and boats; but one can also see that only a small fraction of the fishing large numbers of fishers and boats; but one can also see that only a small fraction of the fishing community joins up. community joins up. The Contribution of Fisheries to the Grenada Economy The Contribution of Fisheries to the Grenada Economy The Fisheries sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of Grenada. In 2005, it was The Fisheries sector makes a significant contribution to the economy of Grenada. In 2005, it was estimated that fish production contributed US$9,144,444 to the economy of Grenada, which estimated that fish production contributed US$9,144,444 to the economy of Grenada, which represented approximately 1.76% of the total 2006 GDP ($520,000,000) of the country. represented approximately 1.76% of the total 2006 GDP ($520,000,000) of the country. (Comment: don’t quite understand why the value and % of fisheries contribution to GDP in 2005 (Comment: don’t quite understand why the value and % of fisheries contribution to GDP in 2005 is compared to 2006. Authors need to explain this concept. is compared to 2006. Authors need to explain this concept.

THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN GRENADA THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN GRENADA The Grenadian Fisheries Department, a unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and The Grenadian Fisheries Department, a unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), oversees the fishing sector. An organogram of the Department is attached. Fisheries (MAFF), oversees the fishing sector. An organogram of the Department is attached. The authority charged with management and development of fisheries in Grenada is the Fisheries The authority charged with management and development of fisheries in Grenada is the Fisheries Division which is headed by a Chief Fisheries Officer. This Division is within the Ministry of Division which is headed by a Chief Fisheries Officer. This Division is within the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

The Division has sixteen technical staff, namely the Chief Fisheries Officer, one Quality Control The Division has sixteen technical staff, namely the Chief Fisheries Officer, one Quality Control Officer, one Assistant Biologist, one Enforcement Officer, four District Extension Officers, one Officer, one Assistant Biologist, one Enforcement Officer, four District Extension Officers, one technologist responsible for coordination of the Marine Protected Areas Programme and technologist responsible for coordination of the Marine Protected Areas Programme and technology, two Data Entry Clerks and two Refrigeration Technicians. Support staff includes one technology, two Data Entry Clerks and two Refrigeration Technicians. Support staff includes one Secretary and two Clerical Officers. Secretary and two Clerical Officers.

There is severe staff shortage in critical areas such as fisheries biology and data management. There is severe staff shortage in critical areas such as fisheries biology and data management. There is also thirty-three staff members based at seven District Fishery Centres around the state. There is also thirty-three staff members based at seven District Fishery Centres around the state.

Governance agencies/major stakeholders include Grenada Coast Guard and district police, Governance agencies/major stakeholders include Grenada Coast Guard and district police, Customs Department, Physical Planning Unit/Land Development Control Authority, Grenada Customs Department, Physical Planning Unit/Land Development Control Authority, Grenada Board of Tourism, Environmental Health Division of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance Board of Tourism, Environmental Health Division of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance (Planning and Development), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Grenada Ports Authority, Forestry (Planning and Development), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Grenada Ports Authority, Forestry Division, Grenada Bureau of Standards, and Produce Chemist Laboratory. Division, Grenada Bureau of Standards, and Produce Chemist Laboratory.

Non-governmental agencies include user group stakeholders such as Grenada Hotel and Tourism Non-governmental agencies include user group stakeholders such as Grenada Hotel and Tourism Association, Grenada Divers Association, Fishers Cooperatives and Associations, and Eco- Association, Grenada Divers Association, Fishers Cooperatives and Associations, and Eco- tourism providers such as dive operators. tourism providers such as dive operators.

One of the most important international agreements influencing fisheries management is the One of the most important international agreements influencing fisheries management is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982 (and its protocols). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982 (and its protocols). The UNCLOS process generated two pieces of legislation in 1988: the Territorial Waters Act, and the UNCLOS process generated two pieces of legislation in 1988: the Territorial Waters Act, and the Marine Boundaries Act, later consolidated and updated into the Grenada Territorial Sea and Marine Boundaries Act, later consolidated and updated into the Grenada Territorial Sea and Marine boundaries Act #25 of 1989. Earlier in 1986, the parent legislation, the Grenada Fisheries Marine boundaries Act #25 of 1989. Earlier in 1986, the parent legislation, the Grenada Fisheries Act #15 was passed and regulations SRO #9, 1987, became part of the Organization of Eastern Act #15 was passed and regulations SRO #9, 1987, became part of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Harmonized Laws. Caribbean States (OECS) Harmonized Laws.

仮 216 Organizational Chart of the Fisheries Division within the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry, Fisheries, Energy and Public Utilities: Jan 2008

CABINET Up to date ogonogram provided as attachment.

Minister of Agriculture

Permanent Secretary

Fisheries Officer Carriacou & Chief Fisheries Officer Secretary Petite Martinique Extension

Fisheries Officer / Quality Assurance Fisheries Officer I 仮 217 Administrative Assistant (1) Biologist (1)

Fisheries Officer II Fisheries Officer II Fisheries Officer Fisheries Officer II Fisheries Officer II Extension (1) MCS II Refrigeration Aquaculture (1) Assist. Biologist St. Andrew, St. Fisheries Technician (1) (1) David & St. Patrick Methodology (1)

Data Collector Contract Officer Extension (1) Assist. Refrigeration Technician (1) Extension (1) St. John & St. Mark St. George (1)

Fish Market Fish Market Fish Market Centres (4) Centre Staff (7) Centre (2) Staff (11) Staff (10)

Organizational Chart of the Fisheries Division within the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry, Fisheries, Energy and Public Utilities: Jan 2008

CABINET Up to date ogonogram provided as attachment.

Minister of Agriculture

Permanent Secretary

Fisheries Officer Carriacou & Chief Fisheries Officer Secretary Petite Martinique Extension

Fisheries Officer / Quality Assurance Fisheries Officer I Administrative Assistant (1) Biologist (1)

Data Collector Contract Officer Extension (1) Assist. Refrigeration Technician (1) Extension (1) St. John & St. Mark St. George (1)

Fish Market Fish Market Fish Market Centres (4) Centre Staff (7) Centre (2) Staff (11) Staff (10)

CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics The archipelagic state of Grenada contains about a dozen islands of which four are inhabited The archipelagic state of Grenada contains about a dozen islands of which four are inhabited (Grenada, Carriacou, Petite Martinique and Isle De Ronde). Most of the population of these (Grenada, Carriacou, Petite Martinique and Isle De Ronde). Most of the population of these islands live on or near the coast. The major coastal settlements in the state of Grenada with their islands live on or near the coast. The major coastal settlements in the state of Grenada with their populations as measured by the Grenada 2001 Population Census are: populations as measured by the Grenada 2001 Population Census are: TABLE 6: TABLE 6: POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, POPULATIONS OF THE MAIN COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, GRENADA, 2001 GRENADA, 2001 ISLAND PARISH SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL ISLAND PARISH SETTLEMENT MALE FEMALE TOTAL Grenada St. George St. George’s (town) 1,721 1,909 3,630 Grenada St. George St. George’s (town) 1,721 1,909 3,630 Grenada St. George Lance aux Epines 191 174 366 Grenada St. George Lance aux Epines 191 174 366 Grenada St. George Beausejour 75 91 166 Grenada St. George Beausejour 75 91 166 Grenada St. George Calliste 194 202 396 Grenada St. George Calliste 194 202 396 Grenada St. John Gouyave 1,268 1,201 2,469 Grenada St. John Gouyave 1,268 1,201 2,469 Grenada St. Mark Victoria 713 706 1,419 Grenada St. Mark Victoria 713 706 1,419 Grenada St. Patrick Sauteurs 339 368 707 Grenada St. Patrick Sauteurs 339 368 707 Grenada St. Andrew Grenville 707 734 1,441 Grenada St. Andrew Grenville 707 734 1,441 Carriacou Hillsborough 183 173 356 Carriacou Hillsborough 183 173 356 Carriacou Windward 252 216 468 Carriacou Windward 252 216 468 Petite Martinique 376 380 756 Petite Martinique 376 380 756 Source: Grenada Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. Source: Grenada Department of Statistics, 2001 Population Census. The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and when one The male populations of some of these coastal settlements are quite small, and when one compares the population data with the number of fishing boats in Table 1 above2, the importance compares the population data with the number of fishing boats in Table 1 above2, the importance of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent. of fishing to the local economy becomes apparent.

2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements POLICY POLICY The GOG has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Grenada. (The foregoing The GOG has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Grenada. (The foregoing sentence is one of opinion rather than fact). In November 1996 the draft Plan for Managing the sentence is one of opinion rather than fact). In November 1996 the draft Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada received its latest revision (In fact the most up to date Strategic Marine Fisheries of Grenada received its latest revision (In fact the most up to date Strategic FMP was in 2002, which should be referenced by the authors. However, there was a draft FMP FMP was in 2002, which should be referenced by the authors. However, there was a draft FMP provided by CRFM based on the 2002 Plan which has not been concluded. This draft was provided by CRFM based on the 2002 Plan which has not been concluded. This draft was reviewed by the Fisheries Division, following which it would go through the consultative process reviewed by the Fisheries Division, following which it would go through the consultative process before forwarding to the fisheries Advisory Committee and Minister for approval) . The ten (10) before forwarding to the fisheries Advisory Committee and Minister for approval) . The ten (10) Objectives of Fisheries Management outlined therein are: Objectives of Fisheries Management outlined therein are: 1) Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional 1) Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet human nutritional needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals, especially to contribute to needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals, especially to contribute to foreign exchange earnings. foreign exchange earnings.

2 Each boat may have as many as four or five crew members, may supply three or more fish vendors and each player 2 Each boat may have as many as four or five crew members, may supply three or more fish vendors and each player in the industry may support two or three other family members. in the industry may support two or three other family members. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 12 12

仮 218 2) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process 2) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. concerning fisheries and coastal zone management. 3) Take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale 3) Take into account traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and indigenous people in development and management programs. artisanal fisheries and indigenous people in development and management programs. 4) Maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the 4) Maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, maximum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration relationships among species taking into consideration relationships among species 5) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gear and practises that minimize 5) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gear and practises that minimize waste in the catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species.. waste in the catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species.. 6) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities (especially 6) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities (especially foreign fishing). foreign fishing). 7) Protect and restore endangered marine species. 7) Protect and restore endangered marine species. 8) Preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive 8) Preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially coral reef ecosystems, estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other areas, especially coral reef ecosystems, estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other spawning and nursery areas. spawning and nursery areas. 9) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. 9) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. 10) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of 10) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of commercial importance to Grenada. commercial importance to Grenada. The second policy objective states that it will “ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into The second policy objective states that it will “ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process”,while the third states that it will “take into account” the policy and decision-making process”,while the third states that it will “take into account” traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and traditional knowledge and interests of local communities, small-scale artisanal fisheries and indigenous people. indigenous people. The following 14 general strategic objectives are outlined in the 2002 FMP The following 14 general strategic objectives are outlined in the 2002 FMP

GENERAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

1. Sustain and increase yields from fisheries resources for the purpose of 1. Sustain and increase yields from fisheries resources for the purpose of satisfying and enhancing human food consumption and in general contributing satisfying and enhancing human food consumption and in general contributing to the socio-economic options available to the Grenada community. to the socio-economic options available to the Grenada community.

2. Provide for recognition of the fishing industry as a key factor of production 2. Provide for recognition of the fishing industry as a key factor of production within an integrated national economy. within an integrated national economy.

3. Highlight Traditional Fisheries-based Knowledge as a contributor to both 3. Highlight Traditional Fisheries-based Knowledge as a contributor to both fishing community and national development fishing community and national development

4. Apply the concept of maximum sustainable yield in the management of 4. Apply the concept of maximum sustainable yield in the management of specific stocks and habitat and use as reference point in conservation and specific stocks and habitat and use as reference point in conservation and management programmes. management programmes.

5. Highlight and promote the approach of gear selectivity as a point of reference 5. Highlight and promote the approach of gear selectivity as a point of reference for managing the application of appropriate technology in targeting species for managing the application of appropriate technology in targeting species and stocks within the fisheries. and stocks within the fisheries.

6. Ensure that fisheries waters, fish stocks, habitat and sea space are protected 6. Ensure that fisheries waters, fish stocks, habitat and sea space are protected from misuse by either local or foreign fishers. from misuse by either local or foreign fishers.

仮 219 7. Ensure that various fisheries sector services providers are controlled and 7. Ensure that various fisheries sector services providers are controlled and facilitated for the socio-economic development of the Grenada community as a facilitated for the socio-economic development of the Grenada community as a whole. whole.

8. Ensure that all fish trade and fish production utilization activities are consistent 8. Ensure that all fish trade and fish production utilization activities are consistent with the UNFAO Code of Conduct for responsible fisheries and with with the UNFAO Code of Conduct for responsible fisheries and with international agreements such as CITES. international agreements such as CITES.

9. Promote the Eco-systems Approach to a management of stocks and habitat in 9. Promote the Eco-systems Approach to a management of stocks and habitat in the fishery waters of Grenada. the fishery waters of Grenada.

10. Apply the Co-management Approach to all the fisheries management and 10. Apply the Co-management Approach to all the fisheries management and development programmes. development programmes.

11. Establish and maintain a data and information system so as to facilitate 11. Establish and maintain a data and information system so as to facilitate management and development within the fisheries sector. management and development within the fisheries sector.

12. Promote an integrated, appropriately-scaled and cost effective physical 12. Promote an integrated, appropriately-scaled and cost effective physical fisheries infrastructure and also provide for human resource development fisheries infrastructure and also provide for human resource development within the sector. within the sector.

13. Ensure the security of the fishing fleet by facilitating Safety at Sea, ship to 13. Ensure the security of the fishing fleet by facilitating Safety at Sea, ship to shore communications support and with demarcation of marine boundaries shore communications support and with demarcation of marine boundaries defining the fishing zone. defining the fishing zone.

14. Establish and maintain human resource capabilities for conducting or 14. Establish and maintain human resource capabilities for conducting or facilitating needs-research with respect to fisheries management and facilitating needs-research with respect to fisheries management and development. development.

15. Cooperate with other nation states in the management of shared, straddling and 15. Cooperate with other nation states in the management of shared, straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. highly migratory fish stocks.

The Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada is still a draft, and the document The Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada is still a draft, and the document contains an outline of the process to be used to approve it. It is set out below: contains an outline of the process to be used to approve it. It is set out below:

仮 220

Fisheries Management Planning Process Fisheries Management Planning Process

FORMULATION/REVISION FORMULATION/REVISION

Fisheries Division formulates or revises Fisheries Division formulates or revises draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP)

APPRAISAL APPRAISAL

Fishery Advisory Committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP Fishery Advisory Committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP

PUBLIC REVIEW PUBLIC REVIEW

Draft FMP reviewed by persons involved in the fishing industry and Draft FMP reviewed by persons involved in the fishing industry and other stakeholders other stakeholders

APPROVAL APPROVAL

Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

Minister releases final FMP. Minister releases final FMP.

EVALUATION EVALUATION Periodic evaluation (at least once every five years) by Periodic evaluation (at least once every five years) by FD, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the public FD, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the public

This draft report was last revised in November 1996, and according to the planning process This draft report was last revised in November 1996, and according to the planning process diagram above it should be reviewed at least once every five years. Had it been approved, it diagram above it should be reviewed at least once every five years. Had it been approved, it would have missed at least two reviews already. would have missed at least two reviews already. The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for “persons involved in The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for “persons involved in the fishing industry and other stakeholders” to review the draft FMP at the same time as other the fishing industry and other stakeholders” to review the draft FMP at the same time as other members of the public before it goes to the Minister for approval. The fishers may justifiably feel members of the public before it goes to the Minister for approval. The fishers may justifiably feel that because of their special position and involvement they should have their own opportunity to that because of their special position and involvement they should have their own opportunity to give their comments. give their comments. The 1996 draft FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries The 1996 draft FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management management planning. In the fishery-specific management plans “co-management arrangements” is almost always a management option, but then in the action plan following it, no arrangements” is almost always a management option, but then in the action plan following it, no concrete action is proposed. At the end of the section, the meaning of “co-management concrete action is proposed. At the end of the section, the meaning of “co-management arrangements” is discussed thus: arrangements” is discussed thus:

仮 221 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FISHERIES MANAGEMENT OPTIONS OPTIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES OPTIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Co-Management  By involving stakeholders  Difficult to set-up initially; Co-Management  By involving stakeholders  Difficult to set-up initially; Arrangements directly in management requires multi-sectoral Arrangements directly in management requires multi-sectoral encourages self-regulation cooperation and agreement. encourages self-regulation cooperation and agreement. and reduces government and reduces government expenditures on enforcement. expenditures on enforcement.

Source: Fisheries Division (1996) Source: Fisheries Division (1996) The adoption of “co-management arrangements” is discussed as one option among many. The The adoption of “co-management arrangements” is discussed as one option among many. The foreseen advantage is that it will be cost-saving, while the predicted disadvantage is that it will foreseen advantage is that it will be cost-saving, while the predicted disadvantage is that it will require difficult initial negotiations. There does not seem to be any commitment or enthusiasm to require difficult initial negotiations. There does not seem to be any commitment or enthusiasm to go down this road, and no staffing or training preparations are recommended. go down this road, and no staffing or training preparations are recommended. In summary, the 1996 Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada does not pay In summary, the 1996 Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada does not pay sufficient attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and sufficient attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. Hopefully the activities of this JICA- other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. Hopefully the activities of this JICA- CRFM will see advances in this area. CRFM will see advances in this area. LEGISLATION LEGISLATION The Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) and Regulations (1987), which are based on the OECS The Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) and Regulations (1987), which are based on the OECS harmonized legislation, govern the activities of the Grenada Fisheries Department. harmonized legislation, govern the activities of the Grenada Fisheries Department. With respect to community involvement in fisheries management, the 1986 Fisheries Act calls With respect to community involvement in fisheries management, the 1986 Fisheries Act calls for: for: Section 2: The Chief Fisheries Officer to prepare and keep under review a Fisheries Section 2: The Chief Fisheries Officer to prepare and keep under review a Fisheries Management and Development Plan Management and Development Plan Section 3: The Chief Fisheries Officer shall consult with the local fishermen, local authorities, Section 3: The Chief Fisheries Officer shall consult with the local fishermen, local authorities, other persons affected by the fishery plan and with any Fishery Advisory Committee other persons affected by the fishery plan and with any Fishery Advisory Committee appointed under section 5. appointed under section 5. Section 5: Minister may appoint a Fishery Advisory Committee to advise on the management Section 5: Minister may appoint a Fishery Advisory Committee to advise on the management and development of fisheries. and development of fisheries. Section 11: Local fishing vessels must have a valid license. Section 11: Local fishing vessels must have a valid license. Section 19: The Minister may designate an area as a local fisheries management area, and may Section 19: The Minister may designate an area as a local fisheries management area, and may designate any local authority, fishermen’s co-operative of fishermen’s association or designate any local authority, fishermen’s co-operative of fishermen’s association or appropriate body representing fishermen in the area as the Local Management appropriate body representing fishermen in the area as the Local Management Authority for that area. Where there is no appropriate body representing fishermen in Authority for that area. Where there is no appropriate body representing fishermen in the area, the Minister may promote the formation of such a body. the area, the Minister may promote the formation of such a body. Section 20: The Local Management Authority shall make by-laws regulating the conduct of Section 20: The Local Management Authority shall make by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. They must be approved by the Minister. fishing operations in the designated area. They must be approved by the Minister. Section 21: The Minister may declare a fishing priority area. Section 21: The Minister may declare a fishing priority area. Section 23: The Minister may declare a marine reserve. Section 23: The Minister may declare a marine reserve. The Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) was passed a decade before the Plan for Managing the The Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) was passed a decade before the Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada, yet it contains more provisions for community participation in Marine Fisheries of Grenada, yet it contains more provisions for community participation in fisheries management than the FMP. The Act says that the CFO shall consult with the local fisheries management than the FMP. The Act says that the CFO shall consult with the local Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 16 16

仮 222 仮 222 fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional knowledge and interests. fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional knowledge and interests. Section 19 takes it further and allows local fishers’ organizations to actually manage a local Section 19 takes it further and allows local fishers’ organizations to actually manage a local fisheries management area, and Section 20 states that this local fishers’ organization shall make fisheries management area, and Section 20 states that this local fishers’ organization shall make by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. This gives local by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. This gives local fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. These provisions are not fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. These provisions are not being acted upon. being acted upon. The Grenada Fisheries Regulations 1987 explain the procedure for appointment of a Fisheries The Grenada Fisheries Regulations 1987 explain the procedure for appointment of a Fisheries Advisory Committee, and its composition: Advisory Committee, and its composition:

The 1987 regulations specify that the manager of the Artisanal fisheries organization shall be the The 1987 regulations specify that the manager of the Artisanal fisheries organization shall be the Deputy Chairman of the FAC, and that there should be at least three (3) professional fishers Deputy Chairman of the FAC, and that there should be at least three (3) professional fishers appointed to the FAC. If no other persons are appointed by the Minister under sub-section (e) appointed to the FAC. If no other persons are appointed by the Minister under sub-section (e) that would put fishers in the majority on the FAC. (Not too sure what is the intention of this that would put fishers in the majority on the FAC. (Not too sure what is the intention of this statement) statement) The 1987 regulations go on to describe the functions of the Fisheries Advisory Committee. The 1987 regulations go on to describe the functions of the Fisheries Advisory Committee.

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Should this FAC be in place it would put fishers in a strong position to participate in the Should this FAC be in place it would put fishers in a strong position to participate in the management of the fisheries of Grenada. management of the fisheries of Grenada. The 1987 Regulations are clear (Section 8) that a local fishing license means a fishing vessel The 1987 Regulations are clear (Section 8) that a local fishing license means a fishing vessel license and not a fisherman’s license. There is no mention in the 1986 Fisheries Act or the 1987 license and not a fisherman’s license. There is no mention in the 1986 Fisheries Act or the 1987 Fisheries Regulations of any requirement for fishers either to be registered or licensed. (This is Fisheries Regulations of any requirement for fishers either to be registered or licensed. (This is not quite accurate since the Fisheries Act, 1986, Section 40 (2) (e) sets out the authority for the not quite accurate since the Fisheries Act, 1986, Section 40 (2) (e) sets out the authority for the Minister to make regulations for registration and licensing of fishermen, fishing gear and other Minister to make regulations for registration and licensing of fishermen, fishing gear and other fishing appliances. However the Regulations of 1987 only provides for vessels to be licenced). fishing appliances. However the Regulations of 1987 only provides for vessels to be licenced). At present Grenada has three (3) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) under the Fisheries Act: At present Grenada has three (3) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) under the Fisheries Act:  Sandy Island Oyster Bed (Carriacou)  Sandy Island Oyster Bed (Carriacou)  Moliniere/Beausejour  Moliniere/Beausejour  Woburn/Clarke’s Court Bay  Woburn/Clarke’s Court Bay Their management is empowered under the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations Their management is empowered under the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001, which provides for: 2001, which provides for:  A Management Authority to manage all MPAs in Grenada  A Management Authority to manage all MPAs in Grenada  A Management Committee to advise the Management Authority  A Management Committee to advise the Management Authority According to the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001 the management According to the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001 the management Committee consists of: Committee consists of:

仮 224 4. Management Committee: (1) The Management Committee for Marine Protected 4. Management Committee: (1) The Management Committee for Marine Protected Areas consists of— Areas consists of— (a) a representative of the Ministry of Finance; (a) a representative of the Ministry of Finance; (b) a representative of the Ministry of Tourism; (b) a representative of the Ministry of Tourism; (c) a representative of the Board of Tourism; (c) a representative of the Board of Tourism; (d) a representative of the Ministry of Agriculture; (d) a representative of the Ministry of Agriculture; (e) a representative of the Science and Technology Council; (e) a representative of the Science and Technology Council; (f) a representative of the Grenada Coast Guard; (f) a representative of the Grenada Coast Guard; (g) a representative of the Grenada Ports Authority; (g) a representative of the Grenada Ports Authority; (h) a representative of the Marine and Yachting Association of (h) a representative of the Marine and Yachting Association of

Grenada; Grenada; (i) a representative of the Grenada Scuba Divers Association; (i) a representative of the Grenada Scuba Divers Association; (j) a representative of any non-governmental organization which (j) a representative of any non-governmental organization which has a specialized interest in marine or environmental matters, has a specialized interest in marine or environmental matters, Nominated by the respective body and appointed by the Minister. Nominated by the respective body and appointed by the Minister. It is interesting that no fishers or fishers’ organization is a member of this Management It is interesting that no fishers or fishers’ organization is a member of this Management Committee. However, the regulations do say that: Committee. However, the regulations do say that: (2) When making decisions about a particular area of water the (2) When making decisions about a particular area of water the Management Committee must invite a member of the local community in that Management Committee must invite a member of the local community in that area to attend the meeting. area to attend the meeting. The spirit of these 2001 Regulations are so different from the Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) and The spirit of these 2001 Regulations are so different from the Grenada Fisheries Act (1986) and Regulations (1987) enacted a decade before. Regulations (1987) enacted a decade before.

Other fisheries-related legislation: Other fisheries-related legislation:  Grenada Territorial Waters and Marine Boundaries Act (1990) - jurisdiction within the EEZ.  Grenada Territorial Waters and Marine Boundaries Act (1990) - jurisdiction within the EEZ.  Fishing Vessel Safety Regulations (1990) - safety-at-sea.  Fishing Vessel Safety Regulations (1990) - safety-at-sea.  Beach Protection Act (1979) - sand mining.  Beach Protection Act (1979) - sand mining.  Land development control Act (1990) - coastal development.  Land development control Act (1990) - coastal development.  Town and Country Planning Act - control of use of coastal zone.  Town and Country Planning Act - control of use of coastal zone.  Power Craft Ordinance (1987) - controls operations of motorized vessels in nearshore zone.  Power Craft Ordinance (1987) - controls operations of motorized vessels in nearshore zone.

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS While the concept of participation has been embraced by the Grenada Fisheries Act 1986 and While the concept of participation has been embraced by the Grenada Fisheries Act 1986 and Regulations 1987, its implementation lags far behind. The draft FMP does not reflect the Regulations 1987, its implementation lags far behind. The draft FMP does not reflect the approach of the legislation. The vast majority of Grenadian fishers are not members of an approach of the legislation. The vast majority of Grenadian fishers are not members of an association, and there is no mechanism for them to participate in fisheries management. (Cabinet association, and there is no mechanism for them to participate in fisheries management. (Cabinet on the advice of the Minister appointed a Fisheries Advisory Committee in 2009) There is no on the advice of the Minister appointed a Fisheries Advisory Committee in 2009) There is no staff member at the Fisheries Division trained in the formation and strengthening of fishers’ staff member at the Fisheries Division trained in the formation and strengthening of fishers’ organizations. Although the Act allows the Minister to create “local fisheries management areas”, organizations. Although the Act allows the Minister to create “local fisheries management areas”, and to designate any fishermen’s association as the Local Management Authority for that area, and to designate any fishermen’s association as the Local Management Authority for that area, he has not chosen to do so. Where a Management Committee for MPAs has been appointed, he has not chosen to do so. Where a Management Committee for MPAs has been appointed, fishers and fishers’ organizations have been excluded. fishers and fishers’ organizations have been excluded. In practice the FD has supported fishermen’s groups that are functional, providing assistance so In practice the FD has supported fishermen’s groups that are functional, providing assistance so that they do not become defunct. that they do not become defunct.

仮 225 There is much room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher There is much room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. fishery resources. All active fishing vessels in Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique are required to be All active fishing vessels in Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique are required to be registered using the OECS/CFRAMP Licensing and Registration System. If a fisherman is to be registered using the OECS/CFRAMP Licensing and Registration System. If a fisherman is to be registered, he has to be associated with a specific vessel. The license fee is minimal. A fishing registered, he has to be associated with a specific vessel. The license fee is minimal. A fishing license, which is legally required but is not enforced, is generally limited to those wishing to license, which is legally required but is not enforced, is generally limited to those wishing to access government tax and duty concessions. Not all operating fishing vessels are licensed access government tax and duty concessions. Not all operating fishing vessels are licensed according to law. according to law.

2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, 2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources The Fisheries Act (1986) and Regulations (1987) specify a requirement for a Fisheries Advisory The Fisheries Act (1986) and Regulations (1987) specify a requirement for a Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC) to be appointed by the Minister. Despite the legal requirement and the Committee (FAC) to be appointed by the Minister. Despite the legal requirement and the recognized need for it by the Fisheries Division, there is no FAC in place at present. (Cabinet recognized need for it by the Fisheries Division, there is no FAC in place at present. (Cabinet appointed a Fisheries Advisory Committee in 2009 on the advice of the Minister) A FAC appointed a Fisheries Advisory Committee in 2009 on the advice of the Minister) A FAC operated successfully for some time during the late 1980s but did not survive because of operated successfully for some time during the late 1980s but did not survive because of differences the fisher’s representatives had with government policy regarding foreign fishing. differences the fisher’s representatives had with government policy regarding foreign fishing. In the early 1990s, the fishers’ organizations in Grenada formed a National Fishermen's In the early 1990s, the fishers’ organizations in Grenada formed a National Fishermen's Association which was short-lived and is now defunct. Association which was short-lived and is now defunct. Communications with the fishing industry are now channelled through the individual Communications with the fishing industry are now channelled through the individual cooperatives and fishermen to extension officers, the Chief Fisheries Officer, extension officers cooperatives and fishermen to extension officers, the Chief Fisheries Officer, extension officers and the Ministry. This mechanism is going to put the FD out of touch with the vast majority of and the Ministry. This mechanism is going to put the FD out of touch with the vast majority of fishers, as only a small minority of fishers in Grenada are members of these organizations. (The fishers, as only a small minority of fishers in Grenada are members of these organizations. (The preceding sentence is one of opinion and not fact. While is need to strengthen fisher’s preceding sentence is one of opinion and not fact. While is need to strengthen fisher’s organisations at the local and national level, the vast majority of fishers are consulted regularly organisations at the local and national level, the vast majority of fishers are consulted regularly on issues of fisheries management and development. The Fisheries Division is currently on issues of fisheries management and development. The Fisheries Division is currently spearheading a regional initiative to strengthen fisher’s organisation at the local and national spearheading a regional initiative to strengthen fisher’s organisation at the local and national level) The FAC was appointed by Cabinet in 2009. level) The FAC was appointed by Cabinet in 2009. There does not appear to have been efforts to involve stakeholders other than direct resource- There does not appear to have been efforts to involve stakeholders other than direct resource- users. There has been little experimentation with other forms of participation in the management users. There has been little experimentation with other forms of participation in the management of fishery resources such as community enforcement and participatory monitoring. In many of fishery resources such as community enforcement and participatory monitoring. In many respects, fisheries management in Grenada is still “top-down”. Although indirect resource-users respects, fisheries management in Grenada is still “top-down”. Although indirect resource-users are usually consulted on issues of fisheries management and development. With respect to are usually consulted on issues of fisheries management and development. With respect to community enforcement and participatory monitoring, the Division is also encouraging these community enforcement and participatory monitoring, the Division is also encouraging these approaches. However, this is largely dependent on the strength of fisher’s organizations. approaches. However, this is largely dependent on the strength of fisher’s organizations. At present each of Grenada’s three (3) MPAs has a steering committee made up of At present each of Grenada’s three (3) MPAs has a steering committee made up of representatives of stakeholder groups, which is responsible for its management, namely: representatives of stakeholder groups, which is responsible for its management, namely:  Fishers’ organizations  Fishers’ organizations  The Fisheries Division  The Fisheries Division  The Port Authority  The Port Authority  The Police  The Police  The Sports Divers  The Sports Divers  The board of Tourism  The board of Tourism

仮 226  Various NGOs  Various NGOs These steering committees meet monthly, and the stakeholder representatives take their These steering committees meet monthly, and the stakeholder representatives take their responsibility seriously. responsibility seriously. However, the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001 which govern the However, the Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001 which govern the management of these MPAs, does not provide for co-management of MPAs, and these steering management of these MPAs, does not provide for co-management of MPAs, and these steering committees have no legal status. According to the 2001 Regulations only the Management committees have no legal status. According to the 2001 Regulations only the Management Committee (one committee for all Grenada’s MPAs) has the authority to manage. Committee (one committee for all Grenada’s MPAs) has the authority to manage. The solution would seem to be for the Management Committee to enter into a The solution would seem to be for the Management Committee to enter into a management agreement with each steering committee. One possibility for a pilot project under management agreement with each steering committee. One possibility for a pilot project under this JICA-CRFM project is to prepare these management agreements, and to train the this JICA-CRFM project is to prepare these management agreements, and to train the stakeholders to fulfill the obligations they would impose upon them. (The Management stakeholders to fulfill the obligations they would impose upon them. (The Management Committee appointed by Cabinet in 2008 recognized this shortcoming and has now signed the Committee appointed by Cabinet in 2008 recognized this shortcoming and has now signed the first co-management agreement between the MC and the Sandy Island/Oyster Bed MPA first co-management agreement between the MC and the Sandy Island/Oyster Bed MPA Management Board to manage this MPA. This is the model that the MC committee intends to Management Board to manage this MPA. This is the model that the MC committee intends to adopt for other MPAs. Furthermore, the MC also recognizes the need to review and update the adopt for other MPAs. Furthermore, the MC also recognizes the need to review and update the 2001 MPA Regulations). 2001 MPA Regulations).

2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National- and Community-Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management Approaches to Fisheries Management Since national- and community-level participatory approaches to fisheries management Since national- and community-level participatory approaches to fisheries management are at a rudimentary stage, they have not yet had the opportunity to be effective. There is scope are at a rudimentary stage, they have not yet had the opportunity to be effective. There is scope for deeper initiatives to be undertaken under the Master Plan being developed. for deeper initiatives to be undertaken under the Master Plan being developed. The FD has provided loans for the fishers to retool and to purchase equipment, but by- The FD has provided loans for the fishers to retool and to purchase equipment, but by- and-large the fishers are not paying back their loans. The artisanal fishery sector is heavily and-large the fishers are not paying back their loans. The artisanal fishery sector is heavily subsidized, and the FD has become a welfare organization. The future has to be to break down subsidized, and the FD has become a welfare organization. The future has to be to break down the dependency syndrome, and for the fishers to take control of their role in the fishing industry. the dependency syndrome, and for the fishers to take control of their role in the fishing industry. However,Grenada fishery is largely artisanal and small scale and therefore requires support in However,Grenada fishery is largely artisanal and small scale and therefore requires support in infrastructure, technology, credit etc. However, the institutional arrangements for providing infrastructure, technology, credit etc. However, the institutional arrangements for providing direct assistance to fishers such as credit need to be improved. direct assistance to fishers such as credit need to be improved.

2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues related to Participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues related to Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and Introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and Introduction of Alternative Livelihoods Alternative Livelihoods Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are Baseline workshops were held with government staff and the community. The results are presented in the Chapter 6 of this report. presented in the Chapter 6 of this report.

仮 227 CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and Management Plans Management Plans Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Fishery Management Plan (FMP) The Fisheries Act requires the implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for The Fisheries Act requires the implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for Grenadian fisheries. Accordingly, a FMP was drafted and published in November 1996 under Grenadian fisheries. Accordingly, a FMP was drafted and published in November 1996 under the title Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada. The 1996 FMP has several the title Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada. The 1996 FMP has several objectives, but in respect of management of pelagic fisheries we can distinguish six main ones: objectives, but in respect of management of pelagic fisheries we can distinguish six main ones: (1) Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet nutritional needs, as well as (1) Develop and increase the potential of marine living resources to meet nutritional needs, as well as social, economic, and development goals, especially to contribute to foreign exchange earnings; social, economic, and development goals, especially to contribute to foreign exchange earnings; (2) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process concerning (2) Ensure that the fishing industry is integrated into the policy and decision-making process concerning fisheries and coastal zones management; fisheries and coastal zones management; (3) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gears and practices that minimize waste in catch (3) Promote the development and use of selective fishing gears and practices that minimize waste in catch of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species; of target species and minimize by-catch of non-target species; (4) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities (especially foreign (4) Ensure effective monitoring and enforcement with respect to fishing activities (especially foreign fishing); fishing); (5) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. (5) Promote scientific research with respect to fisheries resources. (6) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of commercial (6) Cooperate with other nations in the management of shared or highly migratory stocks of commercial importance to Grenada. importance to Grenada. The Fisheries Division is the main agency that is legally responsible to implement fisheries The Fisheries Division is the main agency that is legally responsible to implement fisheries development and management plans in Grenada. In 2008 the Fisheries Division published a development and management plans in Grenada. In 2008 the Fisheries Division published a “Corporate Plan” where it defined: “Corporate Plan” where it defined:  Its vision: “Attain sustainable utilization of the living resources of Grenada for the  Its vision: “Attain sustainable utilization of the living resources of Grenada for the benefit of current and future generations”; benefit of current and future generations”;  Its mission: “Promote effective management and development within the fisheries  Its mission: “Promote effective management and development within the fisheries sectors;” sectors;”  Its scope of work:  Its scope of work: o Monitor the range of fish stocks and habitats; o Monitor the range of fish stocks and habitats; o Regulate the operations of users; o Regulate the operations of users; o Surveillance of activity of fishing units; o Surveillance of activity of fishing units; o Initiate and facilitate the development of sector through the application of o Initiate and facilitate the development of sector through the application of appropriate technologies, human resource development and improvement in appropriate technologies, human resource development and improvement in fisheries infrastructure; fisheries infrastructure; o Collaborate with regional and international institutions on matters of fisheries o Collaborate with regional and international institutions on matters of fisheries management and development; management and development; o Promote co-management and community-based management of fisheries o Promote co-management and community-based management of fisheries resources among stakeholders. resources among stakeholders. o Provide technical support to enhance efficiency within the sector; o Provide technical support to enhance efficiency within the sector;

仮 228  Current keys issues that need to be addressed, such as:  Current keys issues that need to be addressed, such as: o Conservation and management of threatened species such as conch, lobsters o Conservation and management of threatened species such as conch, lobsters and the inshore pelagic stocks which are harvested using inappropriate fishing and the inshore pelagic stocks which are harvested using inappropriate fishing gears and methods. gears and methods. o Access to affordable vessel insurance to provide for the replacement of the o Access to affordable vessel insurance to provide for the replacement of the fleet after damage/losses following accidents at sea and natural disasters. fleet after damage/losses following accidents at sea and natural disasters. o Increasing total fish production from the pelagic fishery by expansion of the o Increasing total fish production from the pelagic fishery by expansion of the pelagic fleet through the use of appropriate technology on the west as well as pelagic fleet through the use of appropriate technology on the west as well as the east coast; in addition promoting the deployment and use of Fish the east coast; in addition promoting the deployment and use of Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). Aggregating Devices (FADs). o Strengthening of fisherfolk organizations to increase benefits to fishers and o Strengthening of fisherfolk organizations to increase benefits to fishers and enable their participation in co-management and community-based enable their participation in co-management and community-based management initiatives; management initiatives; o Strengthening data management and basic research capacities to facilitate o Strengthening data management and basic research capacities to facilitate effective management. effective management. Note that the Fisheries Division is currently revising the FMP, but this draft was not provided to Note that the Fisheries Division is currently revising the FMP, but this draft was not provided to us. us. Legislation Legislation The “Grenada Fisheries Act 1986” is the parent law that addresses the development and The “Grenada Fisheries Act 1986” is the parent law that addresses the development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Grenada. management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Grenada. This Act is based on the OECS harmonized legislation, and thus provides for: This Act is based on the OECS harmonized legislation, and thus provides for: (1) Creating plan for the development and management of fisheries; (1) Creating plan for the development and management of fisheries; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations; (3) Licensing fishing activities; (3) Licensing fishing activities; (4) Regulating the processing of fishing products; (4) Regulating the processing of fishing products; (5) Regulating the exportation of fishing products; (5) Regulating the exportation of fishing products; (6) Regulating scientific/research operations and institutions; (6) Regulating scientific/research operations and institutions; (7) Preserving marine resources by prohibiting the use of explosive, poison and other noxious substances (7) Preserving marine resources by prohibiting the use of explosive, poison and other noxious substances to capture fishes; and by establishing marine protected areas; to capture fishes; and by establishing marine protected areas; (8) Appointing Fisheries Officers and creating a “Fisheries Advisory Committee;” (8) Appointing Fisheries Officers and creating a “Fisheries Advisory Committee;” (9) Entering into arrangement/agreements with other countries. (9) Entering into arrangement/agreements with other countries. This Act gives the Minister responsible for fisheries the authority to create new regulations to This Act gives the Minister responsible for fisheries the authority to create new regulations to “promote the management and development of fisheries, so as to ensure the optimum utilization “promote the management and development of fisheries, so as to ensure the optimum utilization of the fisheries resources in the fishery waters for the benefit of Grenada.” Under this framework, of the fisheries resources in the fishery waters for the benefit of Grenada.” Under this framework, several regulations have been created: several regulations have been created:  Supplies (Control) (Prices) (Amendment) Regulations, 1987: these regulations generally classify fish  Supplies (Control) (Prices) (Amendment) Regulations, 1987: these regulations generally classify fish by species and regulate their prices on the retail and whole sale markets; Note that retailed fish prices by species and regulate their prices on the retail and whole sale markets; Note that retailed fish prices had been deregulated since 1993 . had been deregulated since 1993 .  Fisheries (Fishing Vessel Safety) Regulations 1990: these regulations make provisions for controlling  Fisheries (Fishing Vessel Safety) Regulations 1990: these regulations make provisions for controlling fishing vessels and dealing with safety-at-sea issues. fishing vessels and dealing with safety-at-sea issues.  Fisheries (Amendment Regulations)1996;  Fisheries (Amendment Regulations)1996;  Fisheries (Amendment) Act 1999;  Fisheries (Amendment) Act 1999;  Fish and Fishery Product Regulations 1999;  Fish and Fishery Product Regulations 1999;  Fisheries (Amendment) Regulation 2001;  Fisheries (Amendment) Regulation 2001;  Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001: these regulations make provisions for operating  Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001: these regulations make provisions for operating marine reserves, marine sanctuaries, marine parks and marine historical parks in Grenadian waters. marine reserves, marine sanctuaries, marine parks and marine historical parks in Grenadian waters.  Another revision of the Fisheries Regulations was planned for 2008, and was supposed to address  Another revision of the Fisheries Regulations was planned for 2008, and was supposed to address issues concerning marine protected areas, conservation, safety-at-sea and the operation of fishing issues concerning marine protected areas, conservation, safety-at-sea and the operation of fishing vessels (commercial and recreational). This revision has not yet been implemented. vessels (commercial and recreational). This revision has not yet been implemented.

仮 229 Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations Agencies Agencies  The Fisheries Management Unit of the Fisheries Division: typically all fisheries  The Fisheries Management Unit of the Fisheries Division: typically all fisheries officers employed by the division are considered as “enforcement officers” of officers employed by the division are considered as “enforcement officers” of fisheries regulations; fisheries regulations;  The Marine Police Unit/Coastguard of the “Royal Grenada Police Force.” Note that  The Marine Police Unit/Coastguard of the “Royal Grenada Police Force.” Note that in Grenada the Coastguard belongs to the Marine Police Unit and enforces all fishing in Grenada the Coastguard belongs to the Marine Police Unit and enforces all fishing regulations at sea. regulations at sea. Level of enforcement Level of enforcement The level of enforcement is very poor in general. Problems are: The level of enforcement is very poor in general. Problems are: o Financial resource limitations: high cost of fuel is one of the most important o Financial resource limitations: high cost of fuel is one of the most important constraints; constraints; o Limited financial and human resources (motor vehicles, vessels and personnel) to o Limited financial and human resources (motor vehicles, vessels and personnel) to control Illegal Unregulated and Unreported Fishing (IUUF) in Grenadian waters; control Illegal Unregulated and Unreported Fishing (IUUF) in Grenadian waters; o Practically, there are no mechanisms to compel fishermen to get fishing licenses. o Practically, there are no mechanisms to compel fishermen to get fishing licenses. However, withholding of services such as concessions and rebates are used as However, withholding of services such as concessions and rebates are used as incentives. incentives. Level of compliance Level of compliance The level of compliance depends on the management measures being enforced; for example: The level of compliance depends on the management measures being enforced; for example: o Voluntary compliance is very good in terms of respecting the closed season imposed o Voluntary compliance is very good in terms of respecting the closed season imposed in the lobster fishery; in the lobster fishery; o Voluntary compliance is very poor, in terms of obtaining fishing licenses to exploit o Voluntary compliance is very poor, in terms of obtaining fishing licenses to exploit marine resources. Hence, illegal fishing is very problematic in Grenada waters. marine resources. Hence, illegal fishing is very problematic in Grenada waters. Needs in training and funding Needs in training and funding o Funds to improve collaboration between countries for enforcing fishing regulations o Funds to improve collaboration between countries for enforcing fishing regulations and reducing illegal fishing; and reducing illegal fishing; o Funds to improve knowledge on IUUF level in Grenada waters. o Funds to improve knowledge on IUUF level in Grenada waters. Management Policy Strategy Management Policy Strategy Although not systematically implemented, some regulations are currently applied to: Although not systematically implemented, some regulations are currently applied to:  Small coastal pelagic fishery:  Small coastal pelagic fishery: o Control of mesh size of seines; o Control of mesh size of seines;  Lobster fishery:  Lobster fishery: o Closed season; o Closed season; o Minimum-size limits; o Minimum-size limits; o Restriction on fishing gears; o Restriction on fishing gears; o Restriction on taking berried or molting individuals; o Restriction on taking berried or molting individuals; o Ban on landing dead lobsters. o Ban on landing dead lobsters.  Conch fishery:  Conch fishery: o Size restrictions: minimum shell length and meat weight; harvesting only o Size restrictions: minimum shell length and meat weight; harvesting only flared lip conchs permitted. flared lip conchs permitted.

Currently there are no regulations controlling the exploitation of large pelagics, such as wahoo, Currently there are no regulations controlling the exploitation of large pelagics, such as wahoo, dolphinfish, and king mackerel. However, it is expected that new draft FMP will address issues dolphinfish, and king mackerel. However, it is expected that new draft FMP will address issues

仮 230 concerning the regulations of these species where applicable. Further, the Fisheries Division is concerning the regulations of these species where applicable. Further, the Fisheries Division is promoting the development of a regional FMP for those species. promoting the development of a regional FMP for those species.

3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and Development and Management Objectives Development and Management Objectives Since the 1980’s the government has made investments in developing and managing Since the 1980’s the government has made investments in developing and managing Grenada’s pelagic fisheries. Today Grenada has one of the best pelagic fleets operating in the Grenada’s pelagic fisheries. Today Grenada has one of the best pelagic fleets operating in the Caribbean, and has had much success in realizing its goals and objectives of developing fishing Caribbean, and has had much success in realizing its goals and objectives of developing fishing technology to increase the productivity and efficiency of its fleets, to meet the nutritional needs technology to increase the productivity and efficiency of its fleets, to meet the nutritional needs of its people. For example the increasing use of inboard engines has significantly decreased the of its people. For example the increasing use of inboard engines has significantly decreased the cost of fishing operations.The introduction of artisanal longlines and semi-industrial longlines cost of fishing operations.The introduction of artisanal longlines and semi-industrial longlines has led to significant increases in fishing productivity. However, whether these new fishing has led to significant increases in fishing productivity. However, whether these new fishing methods have significantly contributed to decrease by-catch of non-target species is not known, methods have significantly contributed to decrease by-catch of non-target species is not known, because to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to assess this aspect of the pelagic because to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to assess this aspect of the pelagic fisheries. Also, by-catch information was not often reported in the catch data provided by the fisheries. Also, by-catch information was not often reported in the catch data provided by the Fisheries Division. Fisheries Division. However, Grenada seriously lags behind in realizing its management goals and objectives, However, Grenada seriously lags behind in realizing its management goals and objectives, particularly concerning the monitoring of the pelagic fisheries resources, the enforcement of particularly concerning the monitoring of the pelagic fisheries resources, the enforcement of fishing regulations, and the evaluation of pelagic stocks. Indeed, illegal local and foreign fishing fishing regulations, and the evaluation of pelagic stocks. Indeed, illegal local and foreign fishing activities are wide-spread, and most fishers do not carry a fishing license. Further, management activities are wide-spread, and most fishers do not carry a fishing license. Further, management measures recommended by the FMP are not really implemented in practice. Finally, research is measures recommended by the FMP are not really implemented in practice. Finally, research is not a priority of the government of Grenada; as a result the Fisheries Division does not comply not a priority of the government of Grenada; as a result the Fisheries Division does not comply with its regional agreements in terms of conducting stock assessments on some of its exploited with its regional agreements in terms of conducting stock assessments on some of its exploited fish populations. As Grenada possesses one of the best historical catch and effort data sets, issues fish populations. As Grenada possesses one of the best historical catch and effort data sets, issues concerning stock assessment research should be top priority in any future project concerned with concerning stock assessment research should be top priority in any future project concerned with the development of a sustainable coastal pelagic fisheries in CARICOM states. the development of a sustainable coastal pelagic fisheries in CARICOM states.

3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics FISHERIES CHARACTERISTICS FISHERIES CHARACTERISTICS Exploited Species Exploited Species Table 7 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic Table 7 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic fisheries in Grenada. The pelagic fisheries resources of Grenada are predominantly exploited by fisheries in Grenada. The pelagic fisheries resources of Grenada are predominantly exploited by artisanal/small-scale, open/partly-decked pirogue fishing vessels. fleets. On the southeastern artisanal/small-scale, open/partly-decked pirogue fishing vessels. fleets. On the southeastern coast of Grenada, Wahoo, Dolphinfish, and king mackerel are exploited by troll lines using coast of Grenada, Wahoo, Dolphinfish, and king mackerel are exploited by troll lines using artificial baits (squid like); whereas on the western coast there is a surface longline fishery that artificial baits (squid like); whereas on the western coast there is a surface longline fishery that captures these species mainly as by-catch. These species occur in Grenada waters mainly from captures these species mainly as by-catch. These species occur in Grenada waters mainly from November to June, but their abundance peaks in February-March. These fish are species of November to June, but their abundance peaks in February-March. These fish are species of choice on the market and thus are targeted by both the artisanal and small-scalefleets. choice on the market and thus are targeted by both the artisanal and small-scalefleets. Blackfin tuna and flyingfish are mostly exploited by the artisanal fleet. Blackfin tuna are caught Blackfin tuna and flyingfish are mostly exploited by the artisanal fleet. Blackfin tuna are caught year-round in Grenada and historically the fishery has been oriented toward food production. In year-round in Grenada and historically the fishery has been oriented toward food production. In contrast, the type of production in the flying-fish fishery has changed over time. The flying-fish contrast, the type of production in the flying-fish fishery has changed over time. The flying-fish fishery started in Grenada as a food fishery, and then became mainly a bait fishery with the fishery started in Grenada as a food fishery, and then became mainly a bait fishery with the development of the longline fishery in the early 1980s and 1990s. Presently, the fishery is again development of the longline fishery in the early 1980s and 1990s. Presently, the fishery is again mostly geared toward the production of food. As more countries compete in exploiting this mostly geared toward the production of food. As more countries compete in exploiting this regional fishery resource, Grenada is seeking to expand the capture of flyingfish so that its regional fishery resource, Grenada is seeking to expand the capture of flyingfish so that its people can have an adequate share of the stock. people can have an adequate share of the stock. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. Development. 25 25

仮 231 The scads (Jacks and Robins) have been historically fished by the artisanal fleet in The scads (Jacks and Robins) have been historically fished by the artisanal fleet in Grenada. The fishery is relatively large and produces both food and bait. Scads are generally sold Grenada. The fishery is relatively large and produces both food and bait. Scads are generally sold as a cheap fish product on the local market. However, their consumption is more popular than as a cheap fish product on the local market. However, their consumption is more popular than tuna in Grenada, as they provide low-cost but high-quality protein to average-income tuna in Grenada, as they provide low-cost but high-quality protein to average-income families.Other small pelagic fishes, such as sardines and herrings, are not targeted by any fleets families.Other small pelagic fishes, such as sardines and herrings, are not targeted by any fleets in Grenada. However , their catches are usually sold cheaply or used as bait. in Grenada. However , their catches are usually sold cheaply or used as bait. The spiny lobster fishery is believed to be fully developed in Grenada. The Fisheries The spiny lobster fishery is believed to be fully developed in Grenada. The Fisheries Division is taking a precautionary approach in exploiting this species. A monitoring program has Division is taking a precautionary approach in exploiting this species. A monitoring program has been set up at one of the most important lobster fishing grounds. This program generally been set up at one of the most important lobster fishing grounds. This program generally monitors length, weight, sex ratio, and overall condition of mature and reproductive individuals. monitors length, weight, sex ratio, and overall condition of mature and reproductive individuals. A one year experiment was conducted on the exploitation of the diamond-back squid in A one year experiment was conducted on the exploitation of the diamond-back squid in Grenada in 2002-2003. Experimental fishing trials were very successful and showed potential to Grenada in 2002-2003. Experimental fishing trials were very successful and showed potential to develop a fishery on the western side of the island. However, there are two major limitations in develop a fishery on the western side of the island. However, there are two major limitations in developing this fishery in Grenada: developing this fishery in Grenada:  High cost of operation: because of the use of special lights and highly specialized  High cost of operation: because of the use of special lights and highly specialized jigging materials that are only available in Japan. jigging materials that are only available in Japan.  A controversial fishery: because the species is a preferred prey of sperm whales.  A controversial fishery: because the species is a preferred prey of sperm whales. (I have no idea where this came from). (I have no idea where this came from).  A second major limitation is the lack of suitable niche markets to provide an  A second major limitation is the lack of suitable niche markets to provide an attractive ex-vessel price that would make the fishery viable. attractive ex-vessel price that would make the fishery viable. Table 7: Table 7: Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Grenada Status of Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Grenada Stock Status Fishery Status Stock Status Fishery Status Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploitated Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploitated Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) Commercial/Artisanal Not Not Not Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) Commercial/Artisanal Not Not Not Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus ) Commercial/Artisanal Not Not Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus ) Commercial/Artisanal Not Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) Artisanal ? Not Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) Artisanal ? Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla ) Commercial/Artisanal Not King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla ) Commercial/Artisanal Not Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp.)N? Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp.)N? Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Potentially as food Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Potentially as food Sardines (Sadinella aurita)DiscardNot Sardines (Sadinella aurita)DiscardNot Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )DiscardNot Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )DiscardNot Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum)DiscardNot Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum)DiscardNot Jack (Selar spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Yes Jack (Selar spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Yes Robin (Decapterus spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Robin (Decapterus spp. ) Artisanal/Bait ? Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus )* N Not Potentially Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus )* N Not Potentially Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* N Not Endangered Yes Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* N Not Endangered Yes Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Scuba fishing ? Uncertain Not Yes Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* Scuba fishing ? Uncertain Not Yes Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N? Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus )* N? Notes Notes *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status (This statement is not *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status (This statement is not accurate) accurate) ?: Sufficient data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery ?: Sufficient data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available (conch is exploited) N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available (conch is exploited)

Stock Status Stock Status The overall status of coastal pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional The overall status of coastal pelagic stocks is uncertain because of their regional dynamics. It is generally believed that most stocks are not currently over-exploited (Table 7) and dynamics. It is generally believed that most stocks are not currently over-exploited (Table 7) and their local exploitation is usually assumed to be sustainable. However, more formal studies need their local exploitation is usually assumed to be sustainable. However, more formal studies need to be conducted to better understand the dynamics of these populations and to assess their level to be conducted to better understand the dynamics of these populations and to assess their level of abundance. of abundance.

仮 232 Further, catch of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the Further, catch of large pelagic species in the Atlantic are commonly monitored by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). Also, in 2004 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT 2008). Also, in 2004 the CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation the CRFM conducted an evaluation of the wahoo stock in the eastern Caribbean. This evaluation of the stock assumed wahoo catches to be sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2004). of the stock assumed wahoo catches to be sustainable in the region (CRFM, 2004).

仮 233 MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MARKET CHARACTERISTICS Since 1982 the government of Grenada has committed high levels of investments toward Since 1982 the government of Grenada has committed high levels of investments toward the development of the fishing industry, via several projects such as: the development of the fishing industry, via several projects such as:  the “Artisanal Fisheries Development Projects”, a $ 7.1 million project financed by the  the “Artisanal Fisheries Development Projects”, a $ 7.1 million project financed by the Caribbean Development Bank, the International Fund for Agriculture Development, the Caribbean Development Bank, the International Fund for Agriculture Development, the Venezuelan Investment Fund (Finlay 1990 cited by Mohammed and Rennie 2003); Venezuelan Investment Fund (Finlay 1990 cited by Mohammed and Rennie 2003); Among the major objectives of this development program were: Among the major objectives of this development program were:  The rehabilitation and expansion of shore-based facilities at fishing centers and markets;  The rehabilitation and expansion of shore-based facilities at fishing centers and markets;  Provision of a credit facility;  Provision of a credit facility;  Provision of gears and equipment;  Provision of gears and equipment;  The establishment of market infrastructure able to guarantee the sale of fishing products,  The establishment of market infrastructure able to guarantee the sale of fishing products, even in period of high supply (Mohammed and Rennie 2003); even in period of high supply (Mohammed and Rennie 2003); Fish centers are administered by the government and provided as a service to the Fish centers are administered by the government and provided as a service to the community. They are usually equipped with cold storage and ice machines, and they are also community. They are usually equipped with cold storage and ice machines, and they are also used as fish markets where self-employed vendors retail fish products for local consumption used as fish markets where self-employed vendors retail fish products for local consumption (FAO 2007). (FAO 2007). With the growth of the longline fleet in the 1980s and 1990s, several processing plants were also With the growth of the longline fleet in the 1980s and 1990s, several processing plants were also established (Table 11). These plants are equipped with cold storage and ice making facilities, and established (Table 11). These plants are equipped with cold storage and ice making facilities, and predominantly process fresh and iced fish products for export. Investment in fish processing and predominantly process fresh and iced fish products for export. Investment in fish processing and export has also been facilitated by the improvement of transportation between Grenada and the export has also been facilitated by the improvement of transportation between Grenada and the US. In a Mohammed & Rennie (2003) report, by 1998 ten plants were processing small pelagic US. In a Mohammed & Rennie (2003) report, by 1998 ten plants were processing small pelagic fish in Grenada and four export packagers were processing tuna and swordfish. fish in Grenada and four export packagers were processing tuna and swordfish. Thus Grenada has become a major exporter of fish products. In 2005 the country was accredited Thus Grenada has become a major exporter of fish products. In 2005 the country was accredited to “list one on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) register of exporting to “list one on the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) register of exporting countries” (FAO 2007). Major markets include the US, Martinique, and Caribbean countries. countries” (FAO 2007). Major markets include the US, Martinique, and Caribbean countries. Table 8 summarizes the production value of small and large pelagic fish surveyed in this study. Table 8 summarizes the production value of small and large pelagic fish surveyed in this study. Dolphinfish and blackfin tuna contribute the highest level of revenue to Grenada (This Dolphinfish and blackfin tuna contribute the highest level of revenue to Grenada (This information should be reviewed since Yellowfin tuna is the largest contributor of revenue). information should be reviewed since Yellowfin tuna is the largest contributor of revenue). However, dolphin and wahoo, and king mackerel, are the two most prized species on the local However, dolphin and wahoo, and king mackerel, are the two most prized species on the local market, averaging nearly EC$6.00 per pound in 2008. Nevertheless scads are one of the most market, averaging nearly EC$6.00 per pound in 2008. Nevertheless scads are one of the most popular fish on the local market because of their low cost, which approximated EC$2.7-$3 per popular fish on the local market because of their low cost, which approximated EC$2.7-$3 per pound in 2008. The local market for coastal pelagic fish comprises households, restaurants, and pound in 2008. The local market for coastal pelagic fish comprises households, restaurants, and hotels. Note that the export of these species is relatively marginal (Table 9), indicating that most hotels. Note that the export of these species is relatively marginal (Table 9), indicating that most of their production is consumed on the local market. of their production is consumed on the local market. Table 8: Table 8: Annual value* (EC$) of some Pelagic Fish produced by Grenada, 1998-2008 Annual value* (EC$) of some Pelagic Fish produced by Grenada, 1998-2008 Year Year Species 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Species 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Wahoo 392,391 481,326 334,245 688,858 526,692 446,730 626,891 480,787 749,473 724,739 736,044 Wahoo 392,391 481,326 334,245 688,858 526,692 446,730 626,891 480,787 749,473 724,739 736,044 Dolphin fish 1,011,216 1,070,958 1,473,432 1,871,260 1,559,330 1,187,254 1,700,569 935,177 1,660,097 2,289,654 1,889,211 Dolphin fish 1,011,216 1,070,958 1,473,432 1,871,260 1,559,330 1,187,254 1,700,569 935,177 1,660,097 2,289,654 1,889,211 Black fin tuna 1,563,474 513,696 1,080,864 1,978,515 2,304,600 3,242,028 2,837,447 3,673,384 4,712,732 3,360,693 3,746,128 Black fin tuna 1,563,474 513,696 1,080,864 1,978,515 2,304,600 3,242,028 2,837,447 3,673,384 4,712,732 3,360,693 3,746,128 King mackerel 190,755 88,941 59,097 35,567 46,602 38,251 92,573 69,184 75,172 37,832 56,665 King mackerel 190,755 88,941 59,097 35,567 46,602 38,251 92,573 69,184 75,172 37,832 56,665 Flying fish 9,937 2,715 47,534 38,556 25,156 25,633 14,152 41,676 18,683 3,172 112,691 Flying fish 9,937 2,715 47,534 38,556 25,156 25,633 14,152 41,676 18,683 3,172 112,691 Atlantic thread herring 503 Atlantic thread herring 503 Jack (bigeye scad) ) 234,110 316,678 540,471 348,244 306,597 278,071 213,973 177,782 86,401 57,855 229,482 Jack (bigeye scad) ) 234,110 316,678 540,471 348,244 306,597 278,071 213,973 177,782 86,401 57,855 229,482 Robin (round scad) ) 444,142 262,086 115,354 168,148 206,307 178,282 120,113 72,985 76,256 136,630 185,215 Robin (round scad) ) 444,142 262,086 115,354 168,148 206,307 178,282 120,113 72,985 76,256 136,630 185,215 Conch * 421,528 102,473 3,245 17,203 277,471 326,872 289,231 209,393 27,710 299,000 36,015 Conch * 421,528 102,473 3,245 17,203 277,471 326,872 289,231 209,393 27,710 299,000 36,015 Lobster 610,650 1,310,504 848,654 656,033 512,112 526,505 341,840 454,924 288,499 233,818 308,817 Lobster 610,650 1,310,504 848,654 656,033 512,112 526,505 341,840 454,924 288,499 233,818 308,817 Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records.

仮 234 Nevertheless, Grenada remains a major importer of processed small pelagic fish products (Table Nevertheless, Grenada remains a major importer of processed small pelagic fish products (Table 10). Sardines, flying-fish, mackerel and herring are the top four imported of these products, with 10). Sardines, flying-fish, mackerel and herring are the top four imported of these products, with minimum total imports ranging from EC$1,572,077 to $3,051,111 from 1999 to 2008. minimum total imports ranging from EC$1,572,077 to $3,051,111 from 1999 to 2008.

Table 9: Table 9: Annual Exports (EC$) of some Pelagic Fish, Grenada 1998-2008 Annual Exports (EC$) of some Pelagic Fish, Grenada 1998-2008 Year Year Species 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Species 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Wahoo Wahoo Dolphin fish 0 1,626 0 566 0 3,602 0 0 31,378 0 0 Dolphin fish 0 1,626 0 566 0 3,602 0 0 31,378 0 0 Black fin tuna 00000000021,203 Black fin tuna 00000000021,203 King mackerel 0013600000000 King mackerel 0013600000000 Flying fish 00000000000 Flying fish 00000000000 Jack(bigeye scad) ) 0 14,349 36,427 9,179 26,002 0 53,520 0 0 0 45,000 Jack(bigeye scad) ) 0 14,349 36,427 9,179 26,002 0 53,520 0 0 0 45,000 Robin (round scad) 23,990 Robin (round scad) 23,990 Conch * 14,005 33,638 11,883 6,812 0 25,856 23,236 0 0 0 0 Conch * 14,005 33,638 11,883 6,812 0 25,856 23,236 0 0 0 0 Lobster 485,548 256,745 27,398 76,554 28,708 118,400 305,683 522,861 86,740 0 20,320 Lobster 485,548 256,745 27,398 76,554 28,708 118,400 305,683 522,861 86,740 0 20,320 Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Table 10: Table 10: Annual Value (EC$) of Imported Processed Pelagic Fish, Grenada, 1998-2006 Annual Value (EC$) of Imported Processed Pelagic Fish, Grenada, 1998-2006 Year Year Processed Fish Type 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Processed Fish Type 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Flying fish Fresh, chilled, frozen fillet, other 37,631 44,319 42,049 81,946 59,863 202,218 86,724 61,731 67,186 Flying fish Fresh, chilled, frozen fillet, other 37,631 44,319 42,049 81,946 59,863 202,218 86,724 61,731 67,186 Sardine Fresh,chilled,frozen, 1,170,832 961,577 975,592 1,184,511 1,110,900 1,233,240 1,257,179 1,051,123 1,255,993 Sardine Fresh,chilled,frozen, 1,170,832 961,577 975,592 1,184,511 1,110,900 1,233,240 1,257,179 1,051,123 1,255,993 Herring Fresh, chilled, frozen, smoke, other 296,217 359,621 176,418 215,748 219,494 246,004 343,014 337,898 538,602 Herring Fresh, chilled, frozen, smoke, other 296,217 359,621 176,418 215,748 219,494 246,004 343,014 337,898 538,602 Mackerel Preserved in tin 448,466 447,833 380,318 623,851 704,881 816,138 1,113,410 1,015,680 1,189,330 Mackerel Preserved in tin 448,466 447,833 380,318 623,851 704,881 816,138 1,113,410 1,015,680 1,189,330 Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records.

3.4 Current Levels of Catch and Effort by Species 3.4 Current Levels of Catch and Effort by Species There are about 45 landing sites around the islands making up the state of Grenada (FAO 2007). There are about 45 landing sites around the islands making up the state of Grenada (FAO 2007). These landing sites serve also as sample points for fisheries and biological data. These landing sites serve also as sample points for fisheries and biological data. Table 11: Table 11: Primary Landing Sites and their Location in Grenada Primary Landing Sites and their Location in Grenada Landing site Type Location Landing site Type Location Alex Swan Limited Primary/Private St George Alex Swan Limited Primary/Private St George Caribbean seafood Limited Primary/Private St George Caribbean seafood Limited Primary/Private St George Duquesne Primary St Marks Duquesne Primary St Marks Grenada Commercial Fisheries Limited Primary/Private St George, St Johns Grenada Commercial Fisheries Limited Primary/Private St George, St Johns Gouyave Primary St Johns Gouyave Primary St Johns Grenville Primary St Andrews Grenville Primary St Andrews Merville Street Fish Market Primary St George Merville Street Fish Market Primary St George Nordom Seafood Primary/Private St Johns, Gouyave Nordom Seafood Primary/Private St Johns, Gouyave Southern Fishermen Association Primary/Co‐operative St Johns, Gouyave Southern Fishermen Association Primary/Co‐operative St Johns, Gouyave Sauteurs Primary St Patrick Sauteurs Primary St Patrick Victoria Primary St Mark Victoria Primary St Mark Correction to table 11: Alex Swan Limited is now Spiceisle Fish House Limited: Caribbean Correction to table 11: Alex Swan Limited is now Spiceisle Fish House Limited: Caribbean Seafoods Limited is no longer in operation; Grenada Commercial Fisheries Limited is now Seafoods Limited is no longer in operation; Grenada Commercial Fisheries Limited is now defunct; Southern Fishermen Association is located in St. George and it is an Association. defunct; Southern Fishermen Association is located in St. George and it is an Association. In the 1980s a data collection regime was implementd under the “Enhanced Program for Billfish In the 1980s a data collection regime was implementd under the “Enhanced Program for Billfish Research” supported by ICCAT (Mohammed & Rennie 2003) at fish landing sites located at: Research” supported by ICCAT (Mohammed & Rennie 2003) at fish landing sites located at:

仮 235 Gouyave, St. John’s and the Melville Street Market (St. George’s). In the 1990s the data Gouyave, St. John’s and the Melville Street Market (St. George’s). In the 1990s the data collection system was expanded by CFRAMP to include landings at Hillsborough in Carriacou. collection system was expanded by CFRAMP to include landings at Hillsborough in Carriacou. Intense effort was made to record the catch at Grenville Market, Melville Street Market, Sauteurs, Intense effort was made to record the catch at Grenville Market, Melville Street Market, Sauteurs, Duquesne, Petit Martinique, the Artisanal Fisheries Project in Carriacou, and 8 fish processors. Duquesne, Petit Martinique, the Artisanal Fisheries Project in Carriacou, and 8 fish processors. Table 11 presents the main landing sites of small and large coastal pelagic fish. Table 11 presents the main landing sites of small and large coastal pelagic fish.

仮 236 Effort Data Effort Data Time series data on effort on pelagic species were provided by the Grenada Fisheries Division Time series data on effort on pelagic species were provided by the Grenada Fisheries Division for the period of 1998-2002. These data contain information such as fishing location and landing for the period of 1998-2002. These data contain information such as fishing location and landing site, gear and vessel type, number of trips and fishing days, landed weight and value by species. site, gear and vessel type, number of trips and fishing days, landed weight and value by species. The quality of the data varies from year to year; and some of the most important information is The quality of the data varies from year to year; and some of the most important information is not consistently reported. For example the number of trips and fishing days corresponding to not consistently reported. For example the number of trips and fishing days corresponding to catch, are often missing in the dataset. Hence, the data in Table 14 corresponds to minimum catch, are often missing in the dataset. Hence, the data in Table 14 corresponds to minimum number of fishing days that were used to capture a given amount of fish. number of fishing days that were used to capture a given amount of fish. Table 12: Table 12: Fishing Vessels, Gear Types used in Grenada Pelagic Fisheries in 1999* Fishing Vessels, Gear Types used in Grenada Pelagic Fisheries in 1999* Fishing location Species Type Vessel type Gear Engine Number Fishing location Species Type Vessel type Gear Engine Number Large pelagic Double‐enders 2 Large pelagic Double‐enders 2 Launch 1 Launch 1 Inboard 2 Inboard 2 Troll Troll Pirogue Outboard 18 Pirogue Outboard 18 Unknown 7 Unknown 7 Sloop Unmechanized 1 Sloop Unmechanized 1

Grenadines Launch Longline 8 Grenadines Launch Longline 8 Inboard 6 Inboard 6 Pirogue Outboard 6 Pirogue Outboard 6 Unmechanized 1 Unmechanized 1 Double‐enders 3 Double‐enders 3

Inboard 1 Inboard 1 Small pelagic Pirogue Small pelagic Pirogue Outboard 1 Outboard 1 Inboard 16 Inboard 16 Pirogue Outboard 154 Pirogue Outboard 154 Longline Longline Unmechanized 5 Unmechanized 5 Dory Outboard 1 Dory Outboard 1 unmechanized 4 unmechanized 4 Pirogue Inboard 7 Pirogue Inboard 7 Outboard 171 Outboard 171 Large pelagic Troll Inboard 1 Large pelagic Troll Inboard 1 Launch Launch Outboard 1 Outboard 1 Outboard 1 Outboard 1 Grenada Dory Grenada Dory unmechanized 1 unmechanized 1 Launch Inboard 7 Launch Inboard 7 Longliner(nf) 18 Longliner(nf) 18 Semi‐industrial longliner Semi‐industrial longliner Longliner(nm) 3 Longliner(nm) 3 Sloop Inboard 1 Sloop Inboard 1 Seine Boat Seine Unmechanized 8 Seine Boat Seine Unmechanized 8 Unmechanized 9 Unmechanized 9 Pirogue Pirogue Small pelagic Outboard 16 Small pelagic Outboard 16 Dory Outboard 2 Dory Outboard 2 Seine/gillnet Boat Unmechanized 1 Seine/gillnet Boat Unmechanized 1 Total 484 Total 484 Source: *Information compiled from Mohammed and Rennie (2003). Source: *Information compiled from Mohammed and Rennie (2003). Another problem with these data is that trips or fishing days with zero catches are not explicitly Another problem with these data is that trips or fishing days with zero catches are not explicitly reported. Further, information such as number of gears used during a trip/fishing day are never reported. Further, information such as number of gears used during a trip/fishing day are never

仮 237 recorded. Finally, the most recent and more important effort data, i.e. for 2003-2008, were not recorded. Finally, the most recent and more important effort data, i.e. for 2003-2008, were not provided or available. Nevertheless, if adequately completed, these data could be filtered to study provided or available. Nevertheless, if adequately completed, these data could be filtered to study relative abundance of some of the coastal pelagic species caught within Grenada waters. relative abundance of some of the coastal pelagic species caught within Grenada waters. Fisheries resources are generally exploited by small-scale fleets in Grenada. However, fishing Fisheries resources are generally exploited by small-scale fleets in Grenada. However, fishing operations have gradually moved from subsistence activities (characterizing the 1970s) into operations have gradually moved from subsistence activities (characterizing the 1970s) into predominantly commercial operations throughout the 1990s and 2000s (Fisheries Division 2008). predominantly commercial operations throughout the 1990s and 2000s (Fisheries Division 2008). Most fishing operations are located around the islands of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Most fishing operations are located around the islands of Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique, and the characteristics of their fishing vessels and gears are summarized in Table 12. Martinique, and the characteristics of their fishing vessels and gears are summarized in Table 12. Catch Data Catch Data Grenada has a long historical catch data spanning from 1978 to 2008. Since the 1960s Grenada Grenada has a long historical catch data spanning from 1978 to 2008. Since the 1960s Grenada has been recognized to have one of the best collections of landing data in the Caribbean (Videus has been recognized to have one of the best collections of landing data in the Caribbean (Videus 1969 cited by Mohammed & Rennie 2003). The current data collection system was established 1969 cited by Mohammed & Rennie 2003). The current data collection system was established in the late 1980s, under the ICCAT Endangered Program for Billfish (Andrew 1990 cited by in the late 1980s, under the ICCAT Endangered Program for Billfish (Andrew 1990 cited by Mohammed & Rennie 2003) Under this system, catch information is collected in fish landing Mohammed & Rennie 2003) Under this system, catch information is collected in fish landing centers (Gouyave, St John’s, Melville Street, St George) and on foreign fishing vessels licensed centers (Gouyave, St John’s, Melville Street, St George) and on foreign fishing vessels licensed by the government of Grenada. In the 1990s CFRAMP expanded the collection of data to include by the government of Grenada. In the 1990s CFRAMP expanded the collection of data to include landings at Hillsborough in Carriacou, one of the Grenadine islands. Presently most coastal landings at Hillsborough in Carriacou, one of the Grenadine islands. Presently most coastal pelagic landings data are recorded in landing sites presented in Table 11. pelagic landings data are recorded in landing sites presented in Table 11. Table 13: Table 13: Total Annual Catch* recorded in Grenada, 1998-2008 Total Annual Catch* recorded in Grenada, 1998-2008 Species Year Species Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Wahoo 130,797 160,442 111,415 156,320 130,588 97,173 132,685 92,893 129,644 140,425 124,601 Wahoo 130,797 160,442 111,415 156,320 130,588 97,173 132,685 92,893 129,644 140,425 124,601 Dolphin fish 337,072 356,986 368,358 488,900 389,699 286,356 362,022 188,392 295,224 450,477 321,787 Dolphin fish 337,072 356,986 368,358 488,900 389,699 286,356 362,022 188,392 295,224 450,477 321,787 Blackfin tuna 521,158 171,232 360,288 489,922 561,352 737,942 609,763 675,306 818,704 642,313 640,008 Blackfin tuna 521,158 171,232 360,288 489,922 561,352 737,942 609,763 675,306 818,704 642,313 640,008 King mackerel 63,585 29,647 19,699 8,348 10,202 8,144 19,380 13,670 13,741 7,262 9,360 King mackerel 63,585 29,647 19,699 8,348 10,202 8,144 19,380 13,670 13,741 7,262 9,360 Flyingfish 15,721 13,062 26,888 45,821 50,412 101,700 54,369 62,846 40,812 44,755 32,650 Flyingfish 15,721 13,062 26,888 45,821 50,412 101,700 54,369 62,846 40,812 44,755 32,650 Atlantic thread herring 438 Atlantic thread herring 438 Jack ( bigeye scad) 117,055 158,339 301,958 213,284 147,518 121,618 80,108 87,283 36,893 31,140 76,241 Jack ( bigeye scad) 117,055 158,339 301,958 213,284 147,518 121,618 80,108 87,283 36,893 31,140 76,241 Robin (round scad) 222,071 131,043 83,096 115,209 166,308 119,214 56,723 21,298 41,473 50,040 67,943 Robin (round scad) 222,071 131,043 83,096 115,209 166,308 119,214 56,723 21,298 41,473 50,040 67,943 Conch * 52,691 12,745 403 4,443 70,049 78,155 64,943 35,980 4,618 55,000 6,003 Conch * 52,691 12,745 403 4,443 70,049 78,155 64,943 35,980 4,618 55,000 6,003 Lobster * 67,850 159,082 103,028 70,302 52,879 57,199 42,985 50,390 32,532 22,090 23,175 Lobster * 67,850 159,082 103,028 70,302 52,879 57,199 42,985 50,390 32,532 22,090 23,175 Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division records. Table 13 shows landings data for some of the species surveyed in this study. The most important Table 13 shows landings data for some of the species surveyed in this study. The most important trends in these data can be summarized as followed: trends in these data can be summarized as followed:  Blackfin tunas are predominant in the landings of coastal pelagic fishes in Grenada,  Blackfin tunas are predominant in the landings of coastal pelagic fishes in Grenada, with annual catches averaging 566,181 lbs and ranging from 171,232 pounds to with annual catches averaging 566,181 lbs and ranging from 171,232 pounds to 818,704 lbs. 818,704 lbs.  Dolphinfish are the second most captured fish, with annual catches averaging 349,570  Dolphinfish are the second most captured fish, with annual catches averaging 349,570 lbs and ranging from 188,392 to 488,900 lbs. lbs and ranging from 188,392 to 488,900 lbs.  Landings of scads, the third most produced group of fishes, have drastically declined  Landings of scads, the third most produced group of fishes, have drastically declined throughout the decade. In particular, landings of the big-eye scads decreased from throughout the decade. In particular, landings of the big-eye scads decreased from 301,958 lbs in 2000 to 76,241 lbs in 2008; whereas catches of round scads declined 301,958 lbs in 2000 to 76,241 lbs in 2008; whereas catches of round scads declined from 222,071 lbs in 1998 to 67,943 lbs in 2008. Whether these declines correspond to from 222,071 lbs in 1998 to 67,943 lbs in 2008. Whether these declines correspond to natural variability of these small pelagic fishes or to the effect of fishing cannot be natural variability of these small pelagic fishes or to the effect of fishing cannot be appreciated in this baseline survey, because effort data were not provided by the appreciated in this baseline survey, because effort data were not provided by the Fisheries Division for the most recent years (2003-2008). Fisheries Division for the most recent years (2003-2008).  King mackerel landings have also significantly declined, passing from 63,585 lbs in  King mackerel landings have also significantly declined, passing from 63,585 lbs in 1998 to 9,360 lbs in 2008. 1998 to 9,360 lbs in 2008.

仮 238  Production of wahoo has remained relative stable over the decade, averageing  Production of wahoo has remained relative stable over the decade, averageing 127,908 lbs, and ranging from 92,893 to 160,442 lbs. 127,908 lbs, and ranging from 92,893 to 160,442 lbs.  In most years, the catch of flying-fish has been generally low averaging 44,458 lbs  In most years, the catch of flying-fish has been generally low averaging 44,458 lbs and ranging from 13,062 to 101,700 lbs over the decade. and ranging from 13,062 to 101,700 lbs over the decade.  Lobster catches have highly fluctuated throughout the decade, averaging 61,956 lbs  Lobster catches have highly fluctuated throughout the decade, averaging 61,956 lbs and ranging from 22,090 lbs to 159,082 lbs. and ranging from 22,090 lbs to 159,082 lbs.  Landings of conch have also highly fluctuated, averaging 35,003 lbs and ranging  Landings of conch have also highly fluctuated, averaging 35,003 lbs and ranging from 403 lbs to 78,155 lbs. from 403 lbs to 78,155 lbs.

Note that Mohammed & Rennie (2003) used statistical methods such as interpolation to Note that Mohammed & Rennie (2003) used statistical methods such as interpolation to reconstruct catch and effort data for the period 1942-1999 for various fisheries in Grenada. reconstruct catch and effort data for the period 1942-1999 for various fisheries in Grenada. Based on the reconstructed data, they computed catch per unit area (CPUA, catch per km2) and Based on the reconstructed data, they computed catch per unit area (CPUA, catch per km2) and catch per unit effort (CPUE, catch per 1000 hp-days) for the inshore and offshore fisheries. Both catch per unit effort (CPUE, catch per 1000 hp-days) for the inshore and offshore fisheries. Both CPUA and CPUE were aggregated estimates over several species and gears and could be used to CPUA and CPUE were aggregated estimates over several species and gears and could be used to understand the trends of fishing productivity in Grenada from 1942 to 1999. However, such understand the trends of fishing productivity in Grenada from 1942 to 1999. However, such estimates cannot inform on the relative abundance of individual species over the period of time estimates cannot inform on the relative abundance of individual species over the period of time considered. considered. Nevertheless, CPUA in the offshore fishery generally increased from 1942 to 2000, reflecting the Nevertheless, CPUA in the offshore fishery generally increased from 1942 to 2000, reflecting the development of this fishery, particularly from 1980-2000; whereas in the inshore fisheries CPUA development of this fishery, particularly from 1980-2000; whereas in the inshore fisheries CPUA shows two major peaks in 1965 and in 1987, and declined steadily from 1987-2000. These peaks shows two major peaks in 1965 and in 1987, and declined steadily from 1987-2000. These peaks in CPUA coincided mostly with major development periods in the inshore fishery, for example in CPUA coincided mostly with major development periods in the inshore fishery, for example the introduction of vessel mechanization in the 1950s and the implementation of the Artisanal the introduction of vessel mechanization in the 1950s and the implementation of the Artisanal Fisheries Development Project, starting in 1982 (Mohammed & Rennie 2003). Fisheries Development Project, starting in 1982 (Mohammed & Rennie 2003). In contrast CPUE has generally declined in both offshore and inshore fisheries from 1942-2000, In contrast CPUE has generally declined in both offshore and inshore fisheries from 1942-2000, although major peaks were observed throughout the 1960s in both the inshore and offshore although major peaks were observed throughout the 1960s in both the inshore and offshore fisheries, and in 1997 in the inshore fisheries (Mohammed & Rennie 2003). fisheries, and in 1997 in the inshore fisheries (Mohammed & Rennie 2003). Table 14: Table 14: Catch* (lbs) and Effort* (number of days fished) for Five Pelagic Species, Catch* (lbs) and Effort* (number of days fished) for Five Pelagic Species, Grenada, 1998-2002 Grenada, 1998-2002 Species Year Species Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Catch Days fished Wahoo 16038.4 652 63490 318 45430 431 81746 1637 67439 1238 Wahoo 16038.4 652 63490 318 45430 431 81746 1637 67439 1238 Dolphin fish 75577.3 1158 106010.2 598 198378 2076 271960 2843 255904 2985 Dolphin fish 75577.3 1158 106010.2 598 198378 2076 271960 2843 255904 2985 King mackerel 24114 702 12840.2 309 20170.5 686 2324 125 4513 223 King mackerel 24114 702 12840.2 309 20170.5 686 2324 125 4513 223 Jack (big‐eye scad) 44979 151 20244 35 108782.5 154 75209 15 22123 21 Jack (big‐eye scad) 44979 151 20244 35 108782.5 154 75209 15 22123 21 Robin (round scad) 61252 204 71318 133 35946 79 77426 17 51460 92 Robin (round scad) 61252 204 71318 133 35946 79 77426 17 51460 92 Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division Records Source: *Compiled from Fisheries Division Records

仮 239 Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Technology Improvement & Extension Programs A major objective of the Fisheries division is to “initiate and facilitate development within the A major objective of the Fisheries division is to “initiate and facilitate development within the fisheries sector through the application of appropriate technologies, human resources fisheries sector through the application of appropriate technologies, human resources development and improvement in the fisheries infrastructure. Accordingly, the Grenada FD has development and improvement in the fisheries infrastructure. Accordingly, the Grenada FD has defined the following priorities regarding technology and infrastructure development and defined the following priorities regarding technology and infrastructure development and extension programs: extension programs: (1) Infrastructure development (1) Infrastructure development  Improve the coastal fisheries infrastructure, i.e. fish market and port facilities;  Improve the coastal fisheries infrastructure, i.e. fish market and port facilities;  Repair and maintenance of all fish market centers to improve fish handling and  Repair and maintenance of all fish market centers to improve fish handling and sanitation standards; sanitation standards;  Strengthen and expand collaboration among government institutions and fishing  Strengthen and expand collaboration among government institutions and fishing community for maintaining and enhancing quality control standards in community for maintaining and enhancing quality control standards in compliance with local and international commitment. compliance with local and international commitment. (2) Training of fishers in the following areas: (2) Training of fishers in the following areas:  Fishing vessel captaincy;  Fishing vessel captaincy;  Use of VHF/SSB radio to enhance ship-to-shore communication;  Use of VHF/SSB radio to enhance ship-to-shore communication;  Global positioning system;  Global positioning system;  Safety-at-sea and vessel safety device;  Safety-at-sea and vessel safety device;  Business and financial management.  Business and financial management. (3) Establishment of a “Fishery Communication Network” (3) Establishment of a “Fishery Communication Network”  Set up a 24-hour ship-to-shore communication network to provide for safety and  Set up a 24-hour ship-to-shore communication network to provide for safety and security of life, property and fishery resources within Grenada waters; security of life, property and fishery resources within Grenada waters;  Training of staff for operating the 24-hour Fisheries Monitoring Station ;  Training of staff for operating the 24-hour Fisheries Monitoring Station ; (4) Fisheries Biology and regulations (4) Fisheries Biology and regulations  Determine the status of the conch and lobster stock and make recommendation for  Determine the status of the conch and lobster stock and make recommendation for implementing a FMP for their sustainable exploitation; implementing a FMP for their sustainable exploitation;  Formulation and implementation of a Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Plan  Formulation and implementation of a Monitoring, Control and Surveillance Plan collaborating with key stakeholders to deter, prevent and eliminate illegal foreign collaborating with key stakeholders to deter, prevent and eliminate illegal foreign and local fishing activities; and local fishing activities;  Make and implement recommendations concerning the regulation of the beach  Make and implement recommendations concerning the regulation of the beach seine net fishery. seine net fishery. (5) Technical and scientific assistances in the following areas: (5) Technical and scientific assistances in the following areas:  Extension of methodology of fisheries;  Extension of methodology of fisheries;  Fisheries data management, using new information technology methods and new  Fisheries data management, using new information technology methods and new computer hardware and software; computer hardware and software;  Stock assessment of pelagic fishes;  Stock assessment of pelagic fishes;  Industrial/commercial refrigeration methods;  Industrial/commercial refrigeration methods;  Fish inspection, quality control and auditing of fish quality control systems;  Fish inspection, quality control and auditing of fish quality control systems;  Management and governance of pelagic fisheries;  Management and governance of pelagic fisheries;

仮 240 CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT COMPONENT

4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Development Plans 4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Development Plans Policy and Supporting Legislation Policy and Supporting Legislation There is no National Fisheries Policy for Grenada. There is a draft 1996 document Plan There is no National Fisheries Policy for Grenada. There is a draft 1996 document Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada, which of course, makes no reference to for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada, which of course, makes no reference to aquaculture. There is no Aquaculture Policy for Grenada. The most recent Strategic FMP is aquaculture. There is no Aquaculture Policy for Grenada. The most recent Strategic FMP is 2002. 2002. The Fisheries Division (FD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry and Fisheries The Fisheries Division (FD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry and Fisheries (MALFF) is the government office responsible for aquaculture policy making, planning and co- (MALFF) is the government office responsible for aquaculture policy making, planning and coordination of all developmental efforts directed towards the sector.One of the specific objectives ordination of all developmental efforts directed towards the sector.One of the specific objectives of the Fisheries Resource Unit is to develop an aquaculture and freshwater resources assessment of the Fisheries Resource Unit is to develop an aquaculture and freshwater resources assessment programme. The objective here is to promote the development of aquaculture projects/operations. programme. The objective here is to promote the development of aquaculture projects/operations. Apart from legislation related to land tenure, use of inland waters, sanitary regulations, Apart from legislation related to land tenure, use of inland waters, sanitary regulations, etc., the only specific reference to aquaculture is made in the Fisheries Act No. 15/1986 dealing etc., the only specific reference to aquaculture is made in the Fisheries Act No. 15/1986 dealing with leasing of sea areas for mariculture activities (e.g. seamoss culture). with leasing of sea areas for mariculture activities (e.g. seamoss culture). Institutional Support for Aquaculture in Grenada Institutional Support for Aquaculture in Grenada Only two staff members of the Fisheries Resource Unit has some experience in Only two staff members of the Fisheries Resource Unit has some experience in aquaculture. One received two years training in aquaculture in Cuba, as well as having aquaculture. One received two years training in aquaculture in Cuba, as well as having participated in three short training courses in seamoss culture in St. Lucia, and freshwater prawn participated in three short training courses in seamoss culture in St. Lucia, and freshwater prawn culture in Taiwan and Jamaica. (Currently this officer is not attached to the Division) culture in Taiwan and Jamaica. (Currently this officer is not attached to the Division)

4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objectives and Development Objectives One of the specific objectives of the Fisheries Resource Unit is to develop an aquaculture One of the specific objectives of the Fisheries Resource Unit is to develop an aquaculture and freshwater resources assessment programme. However, although the above objective has and freshwater resources assessment programme. However, although the above objective has been highlighted from 1992 in the Operational Plans of the Fisheries Division, no funding has been highlighted from 1992 in the Operational Plans of the Fisheries Division, no funding has been allocated to the program due to the limited funds available to the Fisheries Division. been allocated to the program due to the limited funds available to the Fisheries Division. The aquaculture sector is presently not receiving much attention nor emphasis compared to the The aquaculture sector is presently not receiving much attention nor emphasis compared to the capture fishery sector, although the Government is seeking and welcomes external support to capture fishery sector, although the Government is seeking and welcomes external support to establish aquaculture projects aimed at developing and promoting the sector as an option to the establish aquaculture projects aimed at developing and promoting the sector as an option to the capture fishery and use of marginal agricultural land. capture fishery and use of marginal agricultural land.

4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics

Currently there exists local fish markets with cold storage facilities which support the marine Currently there exists local fish markets with cold storage facilities which support the marine catch. Given the small size of Grenada the same facilities could also be utilized for marketing catch. Given the small size of Grenada the same facilities could also be utilized for marketing and processing local aquaculture products. The seasonal nature of the wild catch and frequent and processing local aquaculture products. The seasonal nature of the wild catch and frequent staging of cultural events provides market opportunities for aquaculture products. staging of cultural events provides market opportunities for aquaculture products. Detailed market analysis must accompany any future intervention. Detailed market analysis must accompany any future intervention.

仮 241 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species Currently there are only two reports of aquaculture in Grenada, one being a small scale Currently there are only two reports of aquaculture in Grenada, one being a small scale Gracillaria farm, and the other a small back yard tilapia facility. Gracillaria farm, and the other a small back yard tilapia facility. Inland aquaculture. Inland aquaculture. In 1982 some Oreochromis niloticus were released in selected rivers and ponds in the In 1982 some Oreochromis niloticus were released in selected rivers and ponds in the northeast and western regions of the island, but this only resulted in subsistence activities. northeast and western regions of the island, but this only resulted in subsistence activities. In the late 80s, a pond culture project on the Asian giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium In the late 80s, a pond culture project on the Asian giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was funded by the Organization of American States (OAS) and operated by the rosenbergii) was funded by the Organization of American States (OAS) and operated by the Grenada Science and Technology Council. Although encouraging results were obtained from Grenada Science and Technology Council. Although encouraging results were obtained from the pilot project and some interest was stimulated among the private sector, there were the pilot project and some interest was stimulated among the private sector, there were practically no follow-up activities either from the Government or the private sector. practically no follow-up activities either from the Government or the private sector. In 1992 a pilot project (funded by the Republic of China - Taiwan), was established to In 1992 a pilot project (funded by the Republic of China - Taiwan), was established to produce fresh water juvenile prawns (M. rosenbergii) to be supplied to farmers. It consisted of a produce fresh water juvenile prawns (M. rosenbergii) to be supplied to farmers. It consisted of a hatchery and grow-out ponds, and five farmers were assisted by Government to construct ponds, hatchery and grow-out ponds, and five farmers were assisted by Government to construct ponds, while several more showed interest in its farming. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was also while several more showed interest in its farming. Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was also cultured. However, when the technical assistance from Taiwan ceased in 2000/2001, operations cultured. However, when the technical assistance from Taiwan ceased in 2000/2001, operations at the project were severely affected due to lack of adequate funding, and Government has since at the project were severely affected due to lack of adequate funding, and Government has since commercialized operations at the facility on a lease basis, however, no operation occurred since commercialized operations at the facility on a lease basis, however, no operation occurred since then and the farm is now out of operation. . then and the farm is now out of operation. . Small populations of tilapia exist in a central crater lake which is reservoir for domestic water Small populations of tilapia exist in a central crater lake which is reservoir for domestic water and further development would possible result in deteriorating conditions there. and further development would possible result in deteriorating conditions there. Coastal aquaculture Coastal aquaculture Attempts in culturing seamoss (Gracilaria spp.) were carried out by the Artisanal Attempts in culturing seamoss (Gracilaria spp.) were carried out by the Artisanal Fisheries Development Project in the mid-80ss with financial support from the International Fisheries Development Project in the mid-80ss with financial support from the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Although encouraging results were obtained, no Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Although encouraging results were obtained, no commercial operations were established due to the selection of unsuitable culture sites and commercial operations were established due to the selection of unsuitable culture sites and theft of the culture rafts. theft of the culture rafts. More recently the algae is being cultured on ropes hung from bamboo rafts in the shallow, More recently the algae is being cultured on ropes hung from bamboo rafts in the shallow, coastal areas of St. David, and most of the harvest is used locally to produce a drink. The drink – coastal areas of St. David, and most of the harvest is used locally to produce a drink. The drink – anecdotally said to be an aphrodisiac – is popular in the wider CARICOM Region and could anecdotally said to be an aphrodisiac – is popular in the wider CARICOM Region and could have export potential. have export potential. The early eighties saw a Caribbean king crab (Mithrax spinosissimus) culture research project The early eighties saw a Caribbean king crab (Mithrax spinosissimus) culture research project financed by a private investor, in the island of Carriacou. The project was eventually abandoned financed by a private investor, in the island of Carriacou. The project was eventually abandoned due to the financial difficulties of the investor. due to the financial difficulties of the investor.

4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category It would appear that there are unknown dynamics at play, as all prior attempts to transfer It would appear that there are unknown dynamics at play, as all prior attempts to transfer aquaculture technology in Grenada have failed. Prior to any other intervention a detailed analysis aquaculture technology in Grenada have failed. Prior to any other intervention a detailed analysis of the reasons for earlier failure must be conducted to avoid reoccurrences of the same failures of the reasons for earlier failure must be conducted to avoid reoccurrences of the same failures and duplication of previous efforts. Issues of lack of sustainable technical and financial support, and duplication of previous efforts. Issues of lack of sustainable technical and financial support, availability of low cost stocking material, high cost of feed, need for intensive culture are some availability of low cost stocking material, high cost of feed, need for intensive culture are some of the issues affecting development of aquaculture. of the issues affecting development of aquaculture.

仮 242 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement Stock Enhancement The aquaculture technology available in Grenada is limited to the culture of seamoss. Some The aquaculture technology available in Grenada is limited to the culture of seamoss. Some experience in the culture of the freshwater prawn is also locally available. There is a limited experience in the culture of the freshwater prawn is also locally available. There is a limited number of persons with the requisite training to realize any meaningful development of number of persons with the requisite training to realize any meaningful development of Aquaculture. Very recently, two (2) persons from the Fisheries Division received training in Aquaculture. Very recently, two (2) persons from the Fisheries Division received training in China. China. In order for the country to develop its limited potential for aquaculture, applied and adaptive In order for the country to develop its limited potential for aquaculture, applied and adaptive research is needed to develop simple technologies suitable for the local environmental and socio- research is needed to develop simple technologies suitable for the local environmental and socio- economic conditions. economic conditions.

4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries Due to the shortage of staff (only one member dedicated to aquaculture), budget Due to the shortage of staff (only one member dedicated to aquaculture), budget constraints and lack of any research/training facilities, the Fisheries Division has been unable to constraints and lack of any research/training facilities, the Fisheries Division has been unable to provide the necessary technical assistance to farmers who from time to time express an interest provide the necessary technical assistance to farmers who from time to time express an interest in aquaculture. in aquaculture. One academic institution (St. George’s University) exists in Grenada where education One academic institution (St. George’s University) exists in Grenada where education and training in marine biology or related subjects such as aquaculture can be obtained. Formal and training in marine biology or related subjects such as aquaculture can be obtained. Formal education specific to aquaculture can also be obtained at the St. Augustine campus of the education specific to aquaculture can also be obtained at the St. Augustine campus of the University of West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago. University of West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago. The only facility in Grenada in which research could be conducted is the public facility provided The only facility in Grenada in which research could be conducted is the public facility provided by the Government of Taiwan, which produced mainly freshwater prawns (and tilapia to a lesser by the Government of Taiwan, which produced mainly freshwater prawns (and tilapia to a lesser extent). However that facility is now totally vandalized. extent). However that facility is now totally vandalized. If the DOF would like to pursue aquaculture development in Grenada, it would appear as though there is If the DOF would like to pursue aquaculture development in Grenada, it would appear as though there is need for aquaculture policy review and development to provide the context for the legislative and need for aquaculture policy review and development to provide the context for the legislative and institutional arrangements, including research, marketing, etc. institutional arrangements, including research, marketing, etc.

仮 243 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents The Fisheries Division Corporate Plan (2008) does not specifically address explicitly the The Fisheries Division Corporate Plan (2008) does not specifically address explicitly the management of fisheries statistics and information, nor its importance and use in guiding management of fisheries statistics and information, nor its importance and use in guiding decision-making in fisheries management. However, it cites the urgent need for a Data Manager decision-making in fisheries management. However, it cites the urgent need for a Data Manager since 2003 as one of the weaknesses in carrying out the functions of management of the fisheries since 2003 as one of the weaknesses in carrying out the functions of management of the fisheries in Grenada. This was also communicated during the interview process at the Fisheries Division. in Grenada. This was also communicated during the interview process at the Fisheries Division. The document also lists lack of human resource development through training programmes as The document also lists lack of human resource development through training programmes as one of the main problems with the development and implementation of a comprehensive one of the main problems with the development and implementation of a comprehensive Fisheries Information System. Fisheries Information System. There is no Data Management or Data Policy document that is used to guide the procedures, There is no Data Management or Data Policy document that is used to guide the procedures, rigor, quality and standard of the Fisheries Information System. rigor, quality and standard of the Fisheries Information System.

5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation On review of the “Report of the First Annual CRFM Scientific Meeting-2004”, it was noted On review of the “Report of the First Annual CRFM Scientific Meeting-2004”, it was noted that a review of the situation in Grenada with respect to data on small coastal pelagics was that a review of the situation in Grenada with respect to data on small coastal pelagics was conducted. The following were some of the findings from this report: conducted. The following were some of the findings from this report: “1.3 MANAGEMENT ADVICE “1.3 MANAGEMENT ADVICE i) Available data could not be used to conduct quantitative assessments of the three i) Available data could not be used to conduct quantitative assessments of the three scad species, and hence it was not possible to develop specific fishery management scad species, and hence it was not possible to develop specific fishery management recommendations for the associated fisheries at this time. recommendations for the associated fisheries at this time. ii) Consequently and consistent with international law, a precautionary management ii) Consequently and consistent with international law, a precautionary management approach is advised. This could entail a limitation of fishing effort to present levels approach is advised. This could entail a limitation of fishing effort to present levels or, if not practical at least controlled and cautious expansion of fishing effort, until or, if not practical at least controlled and cautious expansion of fishing effort, until the status of the resources could be evaluated with confidence. the status of the resources could be evaluated with confidence. iii) Additionally, the Fisheries Divisions should maintain accurate records of fishing iii) Additionally, the Fisheries Divisions should maintain accurate records of fishing licences issued for this fishery, as well as seek to improve statistical monitoring of licences issued for this fishery, as well as seek to improve statistical monitoring of the fishery as outlined in the subsequent sections of this report.” the fishery as outlined in the subsequent sections of this report.” “1.4 STATISTICS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS “1.4 STATISTICS AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 1.4.1 Data quality 1.4.1 Data quality i) In the short-term, sampling methods should be reviewed to determine the extent of i) In the short-term, sampling methods should be reviewed to determine the extent of the problem of double-reporting of landings in … Grenada, and the possibility of the problem of double-reporting of landings in … Grenada, and the possibility of eliminating this problem altogether. eliminating this problem altogether. ii) The overall sampling strategy for these fisheries needs to be improved to obtain ii) The overall sampling strategy for these fisheries needs to be improved to obtain more representative statistical coverage of fishing activities. more representative statistical coverage of fishing activities. iii) The collection of effort data, as well as social, economic, and environmental data iii) The collection of effort data, as well as social, economic, and environmental data will improve future attempts to evaluate these fisheries. will improve future attempts to evaluate these fisheries. iv) Data raising methods should be reviewed to determine their current level of iv) Data raising methods should be reviewed to determine their current level of accuracy, and improved to reflect more closely the full extent of fishing activities.” accuracy, and improved to reflect more closely the full extent of fishing activities.”

仮 244 “1.6 SPECIAL COMMENTS “1.6 SPECIAL COMMENTS i) In view of the complex distribution, both in space and in time, of small coastal i) In view of the complex distribution, both in space and in time, of small coastal pelagic fishing operations…, as well as the often remote and not easily accessible pelagic fishing operations…, as well as the often remote and not easily accessible landing sites, current statistical sampling coverage of the fisheries is very low and landing sites, current statistical sampling coverage of the fisheries is very low and believed not to be representative of the full range of fishing activities.” believed not to be representative of the full range of fishing activities.” The visit and interviews with the Fisheries Division in Grenada Sep 30-Oct 1, 2009 did The visit and interviews with the Fisheries Division in Grenada Sep 30-Oct 1, 2009 did not show any significant improvement in the data collection programme over what was reported not show any significant improvement in the data collection programme over what was reported five years ago. It was also conveyed and reiterated that the lack of a dedicated Data Manager is five years ago. It was also conveyed and reiterated that the lack of a dedicated Data Manager is perhaps the primary reason for the current situation The CFO is responsible for coordination, perhaps the primary reason for the current situation The CFO is responsible for coordination, planning and management of the Fisheries Division and therefore he does not have direct planning and management of the Fisheries Division and therefore he does not have direct responsibility for data management. responsibility for data management. In addition, there seems to be a sense of non-dependency on accurate and consistent data In addition, there seems to be a sense of non-dependency on accurate and consistent data to guide management decisions for fisheries. Therefore, this may have led to less attention being to guide management decisions for fisheries. Therefore, this may have led to less attention being paid to the data management programme to the point where the information that emanates from paid to the data management programme to the point where the information that emanates from it is lacking in substance and application. it is lacking in substance and application. The mechanism used to collect data and convey the information to the Data Input Clerk The mechanism used to collect data and convey the information to the Data Input Clerk in the Fisheries Division should be reviewed. Currently, there is a system where landing in the Fisheries Division should be reviewed. Currently, there is a system where landing information for the primary sites are collected, summarized, and then sent to the Data Input information for the primary sites are collected, summarized, and then sent to the Data Input Clerk at the end of each month. However, it is unclear as to the validity of the data entered into Clerk at the end of each month. However, it is unclear as to the validity of the data entered into the system, as there is no system to validate this data in a structured manner. Census data is the system, as there is no system to validate this data in a structured manner. Census data is aimed for at these sites. aimed for at these sites. There is also some element of double-counting as vendors purchase fish from other There is also some element of double-counting as vendors purchase fish from other landing sites and take it to the market for sale. It has also been reported that species mis- landing sites and take it to the market for sale. It has also been reported that species mis- identification and grouping of species is also a significant concern that affects confidence in the identification and grouping of species is also a significant concern that affects confidence in the data collected. There is no data collected from the secondary sites. Export data form the core of data collected. There is no data collected from the secondary sites. Export data form the core of the tertiary site data. the tertiary site data. The system contains data on large pelagics, small coastal pelagics, lobster, queen conch, sea The system contains data on large pelagics, small coastal pelagics, lobster, queen conch, sea turtle, sea urchins, diamondback squid, reef fisheries and deep slope fisheries. However, the data turtle, sea urchins, diamondback squid, reef fisheries and deep slope fisheries. However, the data is not collected in a coordinated and dedicated manner, and thus, lacks parameters to conduct is not collected in a coordinated and dedicated manner, and thus, lacks parameters to conduct useful assessments and contains many gaps in time. Biological data as well as social, economic useful assessments and contains many gaps in time. Biological data as well as social, economic and recreational data are for the most part absent or significantly lacking. and recreational data are for the most part absent or significantly lacking. The issue of lack of adequate staffing of the Data Management Unit has been stated as one of the The issue of lack of adequate staffing of the Data Management Unit has been stated as one of the main reasons affecting improvement in data collection and analysis. However, the current data main reasons affecting improvement in data collection and analysis. However, the current data system continues to provide reasonable time series data on the fishery. system continues to provide reasonable time series data on the fishery.

The catch and effort data available is summarized below: The catch and effort data available is summarized below:

Data Type Date Range Data Type Date Range Catch and Effort Electronic Copy: 1998-2002; hard copies: 1998-present Catch and Effort Electronic Copy: 1998-2002; hard copies: 1998-present Summary sheets (catch and effort) Electronic Copy: 1998-present; Hard Copy: 1978-present Summary sheets (catch and effort) Electronic Copy: 1998-present; Hard Copy: 1978-present

5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation Data are entered by the Data Input Clerk on a monthly basis. CPUE data are entered into Data are entered by the Data Input Clerk on a monthly basis. CPUE data are entered into Microsoft Excel®. Socio-economic and recreational fisheries data are not collected. Microsoft Excel®. Socio-economic and recreational fisheries data are not collected.

仮 245 The Statistical Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is solely The Statistical Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is solely responsible for the management of the fisheries data. responsible for the management of the fisheries data. All data is entered and stored on one (1) desktop computer and periodically backed-up on one (1) All data is entered and stored on one (1) desktop computer and periodically backed-up on one (1) external hard drive. All hard copies and electronic copies are kept in the same area. external hard drive. All hard copies and electronic copies are kept in the same area. CARIFIS was introduced in Grenada in 2001, but was never implemented in its entirety. The CARIFIS was introduced in Grenada in 2001, but was never implemented in its entirety. The limited use was then phased out over the years to leave sole dependency on Microsoft Excel®. limited use was then phased out over the years to leave sole dependency on Microsoft Excel®. The data officer cited problems with the software as the main limiting factor for the full The data officer cited problems with the software as the main limiting factor for the full implementation of CARIFIS. (The lack of adequately trained persons is affecting the full implementation of CARIFIS. (The lack of adequately trained persons is affecting the full implementation of CARIFIS. implementation of CARIFIS. Each year, since 2004, the CRFM has held a Scientific Meeting where all participating countries Each year, since 2004, the CRFM has held a Scientific Meeting where all participating countries take data collected and have analyses such as stock assessments done. This collaboration is take data collected and have analyses such as stock assessments done. This collaboration is important and has shown real progress over the years. It is also a useful way to share resources in important and has shown real progress over the years. It is also a useful way to share resources in a coordinated manner to allow member states with limited in-country capacity to analyse data. a coordinated manner to allow member states with limited in-country capacity to analyse data. Grenada has participated in these meetings; however, the lack of quality and consistent data has Grenada has participated in these meetings; however, the lack of quality and consistent data has resulted in the lack of proper treatments being applied to the data at these meetings. resulted in the lack of proper treatments being applied to the data at these meetings. Apart from Summary Statistics, no other treatments are conducted on the data in-house. Apart from Summary Statistics, no other treatments are conducted on the data in-house.

5.4 Information Dissemination 5.4 Information Dissemination It is a requirement of the Ministry that the Fisheries Division annually produce the It is a requirement of the Ministry that the Fisheries Division annually produce the “Fisheries Digest”. However, this is not done. It was not clear from the interviews the reason for “Fisheries Digest”. However, this is not done. It was not clear from the interviews the reason for this. The Digest is to be produced by the Statistical Unit. However, the current staff does not this. The Digest is to be produced by the Statistical Unit. However, the current staff does not possess the requisite capacity to implement this activity. possess the requisite capacity to implement this activity. As Grenada does not contribute adequate high quality data to the CRFM Annual As Grenada does not contribute adequate high quality data to the CRFM Annual Scientific Meetings, the annual reports of these meetings does not include any significant Scientific Meetings, the annual reports of these meetings does not include any significant fisheries information for Grenada such as stock assessments. fisheries information for Grenada such as stock assessments. It was also reported that there should be consultations with the Fishermen Cooperatives It was also reported that there should be consultations with the Fishermen Cooperatives in order to report findings from the data, and to lead to a dynamic and participatory approach to in order to report findings from the data, and to lead to a dynamic and participatory approach to the management of the fisheries. the management of the fisheries.

5.5 Past Projects in Fisheries Data Management 5.5 Past Projects in Fisheries Data Management The major project in Fisheries Information Systems was the introduction to CARIFIS in The major project in Fisheries Information Systems was the introduction to CARIFIS in 2001. However, it is reasonable to say that this project was not successful as there is currently no 2001. However, it is reasonable to say that this project was not successful as there is currently no use of CARFIS. use of CARFIS. Possible areas of improvement which can be the subject of pilot projects for the Fisheries Possible areas of improvement which can be the subject of pilot projects for the Fisheries Information System were communicated by the interviewees: Information System were communicated by the interviewees: 1. Project to facilitate data management, data security and decentralization. This will 1. Project to facilitate data management, data security and decentralization. This will allow faster processing of data, and also constitute a form of backup to prevent allow faster processing of data, and also constitute a form of backup to prevent inadvertent loss of data at data units. inadvertent loss of data at data units. 2. Analyze and develop data to guide management decisions and incorporate biological 2. Analyze and develop data to guide management decisions and incorporate biological data into the current database. This will enable the data to be prepared in a manner that data into the current database. This will enable the data to be prepared in a manner that allows persons to utilize the data and make management decisions. allows persons to utilize the data and make management decisions. 3. Project to conduct surveys in secondary landing sites to elucidate take from fisheries. 3. Project to conduct surveys in secondary landing sites to elucidate take from fisheries. We have no way of statistically determining the landed take from secondary landing sites We have no way of statistically determining the landed take from secondary landing sites and how much it adds to the landings from the primary sites.” and how much it adds to the landings from the primary sites.”

仮 246 For the most part, these suggested project areas would lead to significant improvement in the For the most part, these suggested project areas would lead to significant improvement in the management of fisheries data in Grenada. However, the policy direction should first be defined management of fisheries data in Grenada. However, the policy direction should first be defined and embraced by top management with respect to the value that fisheries statistics have to the and embraced by top management with respect to the value that fisheries statistics have to the management of fisheries in Grenada. This statement is one of opinion. There is no information to management of fisheries in Grenada. This statement is one of opinion. There is no information to suggest that Fisheries Management in Grenada does not value the contribution of quality data suggest that Fisheries Management in Grenada does not value the contribution of quality data and information to management, planning and decision making. There is need to enhance the and information to management, planning and decision making. There is need to enhance the current data collection and management system however, this could only be accomplished if the current data collection and management system however, this could only be accomplished if the requisite human, material and financial resources are provided and available on a sustainable requisite human, material and financial resources are provided and available on a sustainable basis. basis.

5.6 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 5.6 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 1. Human Resources 1. Human Resources The number of staff members in the Grenada Fisheries Department is significantly smaller than The number of staff members in the Grenada Fisheries Department is significantly smaller than what is required to effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. The geography of what is required to effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. The geography of Grenada also adds another dimension to the difficulty in collecting data efficiently. The table Grenada also adds another dimension to the difficulty in collecting data efficiently. The table below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal staff complement. below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal staff complement.

2. Equipment 2. Equipment There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. Though There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. Though some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information System, some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information System, and this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. The system and this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. The system requires at a minimum: requires at a minimum:  One (1) dedicated Server for the Unit  One (1) dedicated Server for the Unit  Two (2) Desktop Workstations for data input  Two (2) Desktop Workstations for data input  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data assimilation assimilation  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site This section should be reviewed in association with the report by Paul Medley. This section should be reviewed in association with the report by Paul Medley.

仮 247 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP

6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department 6.1. Output from Workshop in the Fisheries Department Overview of the Workshop Overview of the Workshop A participatory workshop was conducted in the Fisheries Division on 28th and 29th October 2009. As A participatory workshop was conducted in the Fisheries Division on 28th and 29th October 2009. As shown in Table 15, 18 officers of the Fisheries Department participated to discuss the issues and potential shown in Table 15, 18 officers of the Fisheries Department participated to discuss the issues and potential of sustainable fisheries development in Grenada. of sustainable fisheries development in Grenada.

Table 15: Overview of the workshop Table 15: Overview of the workshop Date Place Content Participants Date Place Content Participants 28 October 2009 Fisheries Department - External Factor Analysis - Fisheries Officers: 18 28 October 2009 Fisheries Department - External Factor Analysis - Fisheries Officers: 18 - Internal Factor Analysis persons - Internal Factor Analysis persons 29 October 2009 Fisheries Department - Strategic Orientation - CRFM: 1 person 29 October 2009 Fisheries Department - Strategic Orientation - CRFM: 1 person - Problem Analysis - Study Team: 2 persons - Problem Analysis - Study Team: 2 persons Problem Analysis Problem Analysis Problem analysis via the PCM method was applied to identify the major issues of sustainable Problem analysis via the PCM method was applied to identify the major issues of sustainable fisheries development in terms of the fishing operation of local fishers. The problem analysis concluded fisheries development in terms of the fishing operation of local fishers. The problem analysis concluded the following major issues for fisheries development in Grenada: the following major issues for fisheries development in Grenada: Lack of safety of fishing activities, Lack of safety of fishing activities, The amount of fish catch has no effect on the fishers’ incomes, The amount of fish catch has no effect on the fishers’ incomes, Poor management of money and accounting, Poor management of money and accounting, Overfishing of some fish species, Overfishing of some fish species, Difficulty of reorganizing defunct fishermen’s cooperatives, Difficulty of reorganizing defunct fishermen’s cooperatives, Fishermen are not properly educated, Fishermen are not properly educated, Poor quality of fish landed by fishers, Poor quality of fish landed by fishers, Lack of fisheries facilities for fishers, and Lack of fisheries facilities for fishers, and Pollution of coastal areas Pollution of coastal areas ID/OS Analysis ID/OS Analysis The ID/OS method was applied to the workshop in the Fisheries Division. It analyzed external and The ID/OS method was applied to the workshop in the Fisheries Division. It analyzed external and internal factors (e.g., problems, conditions, potential) of the Fisheries Department, and determined proper internal factors (e.g., problems, conditions, potential) of the Fisheries Department, and determined proper strategic options in terms of sustainable fisheries development in Grenada. According to the basic strategic options in terms of sustainable fisheries development in Grenada. According to the basic question of sustainable fisheries management and development, analyses of external and internal factor question of sustainable fisheries management and development, analyses of external and internal factor concluded as follows. concluded as follows. Target Organization: Fisheries Department, Grenada Target Organization: Fisheries Department, Grenada Basic Question: How can the Fisheries Department improve the sustainable management and Basic Question: How can the Fisheries Department improve the sustainable management and development of the fisheries sector? development of the fisheries sector?

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External Factors to Fisheries Department External Factors to Fisheries Department Opportunities Threats Opportunities Threats 8 fisheries markets in primary landing sites Theft of fishermen’s property 8 fisheries markets in primary landing sites Theft of fishermen’s property More training opportunities for fishers Infrastructure development in mangrove areas More training opportunities for fishers Infrastructure development in mangrove areas Promotion of MPAs Illegal fishing activities for local fishers Promotion of MPAs Illegal fishing activities for local fishers (Marine Protect Areas) No market for fish in high season (Marine Protect Areas) No market for fish in high season Fisheries legislation in place Illegal fishing activities for foreign fishers Fisheries legislation in place Illegal fishing activities for foreign fishers Avoid fishing during spawning periods Avoid fishing during spawning periods Internal Factors of Fisheries Department Internal Factors of Fisheries Department Strengths Weaknesses Strengths Weaknesses Training opportunities for workers Insufficient staff Training opportunities for workers Insufficient staff Staff meetings and management team Low wages of staff Staff meetings and management team Low wages of staff meetings More benefits (allowances, fringe) for market staff meetings More benefits (allowances, fringe) for market staff New fishing methods for fishers Not enough institutional programs for professional New fishing methods for fishers Not enough institutional programs for professional Convenient meeting venues development of staff Convenient meeting venues development of staff (office location) No computers at various fish markets (office location) No computers at various fish markets Salaries paid on time Salaries paid on time Note: The numbers indicate the rank of factors in each category based on the voting of the participants. Note: The numbers indicate the rank of factors in each category based on the voting of the participants. The strategic orientation discusses the practical impacts of the important strengths and weaknesses of The strategic orientation discusses the practical impacts of the important strengths and weaknesses of the target organization to enhance opportunities and overcome threats, and evaluates the feasibility of the target organization to enhance opportunities and overcome threats, and evaluates the feasibility of selected strategic options in accordance with the basic question. The result of the strategic orientation in selected strategic options in accordance with the basic question. The result of the strategic orientation in the workshop suggested that the Fisheries Department might take account of enhancing the opportunity the workshop suggested that the Fisheries Department might take account of enhancing the opportunity “More training opportunities for local fishers”, and overcoming the threat “Infrastructure development in “More training opportunities for local fishers”, and overcoming the threat “Infrastructure development in mangrove areas” as effective strategic options for sustainable fisheries development. mangrove areas” as effective strategic options for sustainable fisheries development. 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers 6.2. Output from Workshop with Local Fishers Overview of the Workshop Overview of the Workshop As shown in Table 16, mini-workshops with local fishers were conducted at four landing sites, St. As shown in Table 16, mini-workshops with local fishers were conducted at four landing sites, St. George, Gouyave (west coast), Grenville (east coast), and Carriacou (Grenadines) from the 30th of George, Gouyave (west coast), Grenville (east coast), and Carriacou (Grenadines) from the 30th of October to the 4th of November 2009 .From 9 to 18 fishers attended the workshop to discuss their current October to the 4th of November 2009 .From 9 to 18 fishers attended the workshop to discuss their current fishing activities, and identify the major issues of their fishing operation. fishing activities, and identify the major issues of their fishing operation.

仮 249

Table 16: Overview of the workshop Table 16: Overview of the workshop Date Place Contents Participants Date Place Contents Participants 30 October Gouyave Fishing Ground (Mapping) - Local Fishers: 18 persons 30 October Gouyave Fishing Ground (Mapping) - Local Fishers: 18 persons 2009 2009 (West coast) Fishing Activities - Fish Exporter: 3 persons (West coast) Fishing Activities - Fish Exporter: 3 persons 9:30 - 12:00 9:30 - 12:00 Income and Expenditure of - Fisheries Department: Income and Expenditure of - Fisheries Department: Fishing Operation 3 persons Fishing Operation 3 persons Fishing Period (Seasonal - CRFM: 1 person Fishing Period (Seasonal - CRFM: 1 person Calendar) Calendar) - Study Team: 2 persons - Study Team: 2 persons Problems / Issues of Fishing Problems / Issues of Fishing 2 November St. Georges Activity and Operation - Local Fishers: 9 persons 2 November St. Georges Activity and Operation - Local Fishers: 9 persons 2009 2009 (West coast) - Fish Exporter: 2 persons (West coast) - Fish Exporter: 2 persons 9:30 - 12:30 9:30 - 12:30 - Fisheries Department: - Fisheries Department: 3 persons 3 persons - Study Team: 2 persons - Study Team: 2 persons 3 November Grenville - Local Fishers: 12 persons 3 November Grenville - Local Fishers: 12 persons 2009 2009 (East coast) - Fisheries Department: (East coast) - Fisheries Department: 9:30 - 12:30 1 person 9:30 - 12:30 1 person - Study Team: 2 persons - Study Team: 2 persons 4 November Carriacou - Local Fishers: 16 persons 4 November Carriacou - Local Fishers: 16 persons 2009 2009 (Grenadines) - Fisheries Department: (Grenadines) - Fisheries Department: 9:30 - 12:00 1 person 9:30 - 12:00 1 person - Study Team: 2 persons - Study Team: 2 persons

Summary of Community Summary of Community The basic features of four fish landing sites were identified in the workshops as shown in Table 17. The basic features of four fish landing sites were identified in the workshops as shown in Table 17.

仮 250 Table 17: Basic features of four fish landing sites Table 17: Basic features of four fish landing sites Number of Fishing Fisheries Number of Fishing Fisheries Site Areas Number of Fishers Site Areas Number of Fishers Boats Facilities Boats Facilities Long-Line: Long-Line: 160 2 Fish Markets Long-Line: Long-Line: 160 2 Fish Markets The location map and (Gouyave, The location map and (Gouyave, Beach Seine: 20 Beach Seine: 20 general profile of Victoria) general profile of Victoria) Barbados were shown Fish Pot: 3 Barbados were shown Fish Pot: 3 St. Johns 1 Fish Exporter St. Johns 1 Fish Exporter in Appendix 1. in Appendix 1. Gouyave (Gouyave) Gouyave (Gouyave) St. Mark St. Mark 400 - 500 400 - 500 Beach Seine: 180 Beach Seine: 180 Fish Pot: 6 Fish Pot: 6 Long-Line: Long-Line: 1 Fish Market in Long-Line: Long-Line: 1 Fish Market in St. Georges St. Georges - Large Boat: 120 - Large Boat: 30 - Large Boat: 120 - Large Boat: 30 2 Fish Exporters 2 Fish Exporters St. - Medium Boat: 21 - Medium Boat: 7 St. - Medium Boat: 21 - Medium Boat: 7 St. Georges (Grand Mal Bay) St. Georges (Grand Mal Bay) Georges Georges - Small Boat: 63 - Small Boat: - Small Boat: 63 - Small Boat: 20 - 30 20 - 30 Beach Seine: 66 Beach Seine: 66 Beach Seine: 11 Beach Seine: 11 St. Andrew Long-Line (Small Long-Line (Small 2 Fish Markets St. Andrew Long-Line (Small Long-Line (Small 2 Fish Markets Boat): 250 Boat): 125 (Grenville, Boat): 250 Boat): 125 (Grenville, Grenville St. Patrick Grenville St. Patrick Sauteurs) Sauteurs) Beach Seine: 60 Beach Seine: 10 Beach Seine: 60 Beach Seine: 10 St. David St. David Large Boat (Long- Large Boat (Long- No special Large Boat (Long- Large Boat (Long- No special Line): 120 Line): 30 facilities for Line): 120 Line): 30 facilities for fisheries fisheries Carriacou Grenadines Small Boat (Trolling, Small Boat (Trolling, Carriacou Grenadines Small Boat (Trolling, Small Boat (Trolling, Diving): 120 - 240 Diving): 60 Diving): 120 - 240 Diving): 60 Beach Seine: 24 – 36 Beach Seine: 3 Beach Seine: 24 – 36 Beach Seine: 3

Present Status of Local Fishery Present Status of Local Fishery Long-line fishing is the most popular fishing method in Grenada. In the western areas, such as Long-line fishing is the most popular fishing method in Grenada. In the western areas, such as Gouyave and St. Georges, large fishing boats with inboard engines are mainly used for long-line fishing Gouyave and St. Georges, large fishing boats with inboard engines are mainly used for long-line fishing to catch tuna for about three days in offshore and high sea areas. In the western areas in particular, three to catch tuna for about three days in offshore and high sea areas. In the western areas in particular, three local fish processing factories export fresh tuna to the USA and Canada by air. Therefore, most fishing local fish processing factories export fresh tuna to the USA and Canada by air. Therefore, most fishing boats of the western areas target large tuna, because the demand for fresh tuna is higher than elsewhere in boats of the western areas target large tuna, because the demand for fresh tuna is higher than elsewhere in the island. the island. In eastern areas, such as Grenville, most fishing boats are smaller than those of the western areas. In eastern areas, such as Grenville, most fishing boats are smaller than those of the western areas. These smaller boats operate trolling, hand-line, or diving fishing on day trips to coastal and offshore areas. These smaller boats operate trolling, hand-line, or diving fishing on day trips to coastal and offshore areas. Most fishers target offshore pelagic fish, such as dolphin fish and kingfish, and demersal fish, such as Most fishers target offshore pelagic fish, such as dolphin fish and kingfish, and demersal fish, such as snappers. However, tuna fishing is not popular in the eastern areas, because there are no large adult tuna snappers. However, tuna fishing is not popular in the eastern areas, because there are no large adult tuna on the Atlantic Ocean side. on the Atlantic Ocean side. In the Grenadines’ areas, large long-line fishing boats operate in the high seas to catch tuna on trips In the Grenadines’ areas, large long-line fishing boats operate in the high seas to catch tuna on trips lasting seven to ten days, and unload the captured tuna to the fish processing factories at Grand Mal Bay. lasting seven to ten days, and unload the captured tuna to the fish processing factories at Grand Mal Bay. Small fishing boats operate trolling, hand-line or diving fishing on day trips to catch offshore pelagic or Small fishing boats operate trolling, hand-line or diving fishing on day trips to catch offshore pelagic or demersal fish. Demersal fish are sometimes exported from Carriacou to St. Vincent, St. Lucia and demersal fish. Demersal fish are sometimes exported from Carriacou to St. Vincent, St. Lucia and Martinique via transport boats of exporters. Martinique via transport boats of exporters.

仮 251 The high season for offshore pelagic fish, including tuna, skip jack, dolphin fish and kingfish, is from The high season for offshore pelagic fish, including tuna, skip jack, dolphin fish and kingfish, is from February or March to May or June. Coastal pelagic fish, including robin and jack, are mainly caught in February or March to May or June. Coastal pelagic fish, including robin and jack, are mainly caught in beach seine nets in coastal areas of the island all year round. Diving fishing with scuba is also popular beach seine nets in coastal areas of the island all year round. Diving fishing with scuba is also popular around the island; mainly to catch lobster and conch shellfish. around the island; mainly to catch lobster and conch shellfish. Needs of Local Fishers Needs of Local Fishers The following major issues of local fishing activities were identified in the workshops with local The following major issues of local fishing activities were identified in the workshops with local fishers: fishers: Fish Sale and Market: Fish Sale and Market: The local market for fish sales is too small. The local market for fish sales is too small. It is difficult to sell fish caught by beach seines. It is difficult to sell fish caught by beach seines. Fishing Facilities: Fishing Facilities: The jetty is not good for berthing fishing boats. The jetty is not good for berthing fishing boats. There is insufficient capacity for fish cold storage. There is insufficient capacity for fish cold storage. Unity and Cooperation among Local Fishers: Unity and Cooperation among Local Fishers: Fishers don’t respect fellow fishers. Fishers don’t respect fellow fishers. There is little cooperation among fishers. There is little cooperation among fishers. Fish Market Management: Fish Market Management: The fish market is not opened during night landings. The fish market is not opened during night landings. Proper sanitation practices, etc. must be observed. Proper sanitation practices, etc. must be observed. Cost of Fishing Equipment: Cost of Fishing Equipment: The cost of fishing gear is very high. The cost of fishing gear is very high. There is no duty free concession for ordered parts of engines. There is no duty free concession for ordered parts of engines. 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshop 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshop According to the results of the workshops in the Fisheries Department and with local fishers, four According to the results of the workshops in the Fisheries Department and with local fishers, four items were identified as key fishery-related issues namely, "Pelagic fisheries management and items were identified as key fishery-related issues namely, "Pelagic fisheries management and development by FAD deployment in coastal areas"; "Introduction of float cages to preserve live bait for development by FAD deployment in coastal areas"; "Introduction of float cages to preserve live bait for long-line fishing to develop market system"; "Improvement of post-harvest condition to control fish long-line fishing to develop market system"; "Improvement of post-harvest condition to control fish quality"; and "Improvement in Fisheries Statistic Data Management". quality"; and "Improvement in Fisheries Statistic Data Management".

仮 252 RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP

Problem Analysis Date: 29 October, 2009

Target Group: Fishing communities Place: Fisheries Division, Grenada

Lack of safety of Income eared does Poor management Core problem 1 Core problem 2 Core problem 3 fishing activities not represent catch of money

Destruction to Fishermen don't Fishermen price Fishers are not No safe shelter Not enough locker Fishers use their One man crew Fishers need No sale for fish Not enough market Delinquent fishermen Theft of fishers maintain their Jet skis in fishing Price of fishing drops, but vendors Business record complying with area in case of to provided for boat for other aboard fishing proper access to when there is a lot for increase in fish payment of loans, properties abd properties engines as they zones materials too high price increase (No keeping by fishing safety regulations emergency fishermen things than fishing vessel their boat on the market catch by fishermen lockers should price control)

There isn't a No markets or Fishers take too Boats theft Fishers need to Fishermen selling proper shelter for Improper lighting Security needed at Stealing of engines collectors at Fish price need to long before fishermen bait at sale their fish more fish under normal boats when a facilities various market from boats secondary landing be regulated obtaining rebate / night to market prices hurricane occur sites concessions

No patrol craft for A need for a fisheries research vessel enforcement on sea

Reorganization of Fishermen need to Fishermen are not Fishermen not pay Fishers drink and Overfishing of defunct fishermen Not paying fees for join the national registering their Core problem 4 Core problem 5 for their dues on gamble too much some fish species co-operatives is lockers insurance catches at the time (not saving) difficult schedule market 仮 253

Fishermen Under size No participation Catches of Red hind found Removal of turtle Some fishermen Fisherman Some fishermen Foreign business harvesting marine harvesting e.g.. Shell fish found from fisher folks No unity among Lack of respect by Fishermen are not lobster with eggs with ROE in Feb.- eggs for financial refuse to pay for ordering market don't like to Core problem 6 in our waters species during jacks, lobsters, further out at sea (Not attending fishers fishermen properly eductaed. should stop Mar. gain lockers staff cooperative close season etc. meetings etc.)

Use small The use of illegal No respect shown Dissatisfaction with Fishermen needs People see fishers Turtle caught in New entrants not Need to train for mesh(nets)size by fishing nets to market staff by operations of training in fisheries as a last choice of close season trained market venders fishers (trammel) fisher folks. fishermen groups management job opportunities

Fishermen landing Lack of fisheries Pollution in coastal Governance Core problem 7 Core problem 8 Core problem 9 Core problem 10 poor quality fish facilities for fishers areas problem

No ice for the Fishermen not Inadequate fish Inadequate fish Standardization Not enough No proper shop for Fishers need Fishers sell their Not enough sea fishermen to go taking time to gut storage capacity Not enough room processing facility Reef bleaching quality granting storage in high the repairs of scuba station in No FADs deployed fish at sea to other space for long out to sea (ice a fish (Spoil very for quality on for storing bait to process small observed system season outboard engines community boats lines big problem) easily) vessel coastal pelagics

Not enough storage facilities

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 47

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP

Problem Analysis Date: 29 October, 2009

Target Group: Fishing communities Place: Fisheries Division, Grenada

Lack of safety of Income eared does Poor management Core problem 1 Core problem 2 Core problem 3 fishing activities not represent catch of money

No patrol craft for A need for a fisheries research vessel enforcement on sea

Fishermen landing Lack of fisheries Pollution in coastal Governance Core problem 7 Core problem 8 Core problem 9 Core problem 10 poor quality fish facilities for fishers areas problem

Not enough storage facilities

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 47 RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis) Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector? Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / Culture)

Budgetary allocation to With goal of owning their bank, Not enough support low shipyard, polyclinic etc. from Ministry Theft of fishermen Out of Control Illegal fishing activities for There isn’t a proper shelter for property 1 More surveillance for local Too many waists go to boats when a Hurricane occur foreign fishers 5 Cost of inputs for fishing the sea violation is needed Formulate a master plan and exports Insufficient funding for Revitalization of Illegal fishing activities for focusing on small scale Fisheries policies not fishermen development aquaculture local fishers 3 written operators Expansion of No market for fish in high Utilization of by-catch via Infrastructure development in Legislation in place 4 aquaculture Use small mesh (net) size season usage of preservatives 4 mangrove area 2 by fishers Fishermen landing poor Fishermen need more outside Removal of mangrove for land Help protect marine protected quality fish market (for export), not all species base development areas Consistent supply of bait Promotion of MPAs 3 Controllable Local activities promoting fish Preserving MPAs Avoid fishing in products in community 仮 254 Bait holding facilities spawning period 5 8 fisheries markets in Need to develop dried, smoked, (Floating cages) Fisheries Division primary landing sites 1 salted adding value Lack of communication with Lack of transportation for fish exporters and data Developing marine emergency purposes collectors communication network

Lack of computer Not enough help at sea to Recreation and sport fishing networking fishermen (search and are not regularized rescue) More training opportunities for Reorganizing co- fishers 2 Need better relationship between Regional co-operation operatives fisheries division and fisher folks agencies, CRFM etc. Empowerment to Need to direct them (the fishermen cooperatives Grand aid by JICA for stakeholders) into the direction of; infrastructure example of banking and investment Opportunity development into other areas

Threat

Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict) Rank

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 48

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis) Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable management and development of fisheries sector? Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / Culture)

Budgetary allocation to With goal of owning their bank, Not enough support low shipyard, polyclinic etc. from Ministry Theft of fishermen Out of Control Illegal fishing activities for There isn’t a proper shelter for property 1 More surveillance for local Too many waists go to boats when a Hurricane occur foreign fishers 5 Cost of inputs for fishing the sea violation is needed Formulate a master plan and exports Insufficient funding for Revitalization of Illegal fishing activities for focusing on small scale Fisheries policies not fishermen development aquaculture local fishers 3 written operators Expansion of No market for fish in high Utilization of by-catch via Infrastructure development in Legislation in place 4 aquaculture Use small mesh (net) size season usage of preservatives 4 mangrove area 2 by fishers Fishermen landing poor Fishermen need more outside Removal of mangrove for land Help protect marine protected quality fish market (for export), not all species base development areas Consistent supply of bait Promotion of MPAs 3 Controllable Local activities promoting fish Preserving MPAs Avoid fishing in products in community Bait holding facilities spawning period 5 8 fisheries markets in Need to develop dried, smoked, (Floating cages) Fisheries Division primary landing sites 1 salted adding value Lack of communication with Lack of transportation for fish exporters and data Developing marine emergency purposes collectors communication network

Threat

Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition / Conflict) Rank

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 48 RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) Basic Question Need for transport (car How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable Insufficient staff and boat) for marine management and development of fisheries sector? 1 Input No computer at surveillance various markets 5 Need to increase the Location of office Mission 4 Some training Need better ice making number of staff in the Convenient meeting Influence policies Don’t have Policy development division place equipment machines 10-20 years plan Bigger cold storage for Incomplete Better & more involvement Not enough staff to monitor No / little budget Bigger better fish market storage cooperate plan from co-operatives fishers in the close season for research fish markets Fisheries Division Human Development More surveillance by Structure Strategy

fisheries officers Staff needs to be trained Not enough institutional Distributing work Autonomy Head of department need Need more training for programs for professional Lack in staff loads to socialize more and market staff development of staff Need better coherence motivation 3 Unity among staff (some) make staff feel at ease New staff needs to be with fishing operation by Understudying members comfortable training Have very good MOU fisheries officers ageing staff environment Bias among staff with coast guard Need education and Recruitment / orientation No support from Ministry promotion unit More workers unity in work Lack of information of (Need proper orientation) against fishermen places health care 仮 255 Team work at all times Avenues for promotion of Research and Develo pment staff is limited Data department needs Inability to identify or Management Style Staff meetings, Training opportunities more staff distinguish species of fish Increase wages or salary Salary is paid on time management team for workers 1 Not enough attention to the Data not captured at for staff 5 meeting 2 2 More training in modern data unit or department secondary landing sites Low wages of fish Regular staff meeting Too much talks and technology for staff market staff no action Provide briefing for No benefits for staff after government official Additional work / increase Better mileage for More benefit retirement (No state pension) work load traveling officers (allowance, fringe) Need enforcement of Need stricter boats No over time for workers Assist fishermen at inspection and follow-up Little incentives for staff for market staff 3 legislation totally all times Extended working hours Need more meetings with Provide better standard Not enforcing the More action should be fishermen Maximum work for of living for fishers in fisheries law taken against fishermen minimum wage the tri island state for unlicensed boat Fishers don’t respect staff Need a separate law at all times Strengths Weakness To provide quality Rank Human resources enforcement arm for products in the public development for fisheries regulation New fishing methods for fishermen interest fishers 3 Output

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 49

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) Basic Question Need for transport (car How can Fisheries Division improve sustainable Insufficient staff and boat) for marine management and development of fisheries sector? 1 Input No computer at surveillance various markets 5 Need to increase the Location of office Mission 4 Some training Need better ice making number of staff in the Convenient meeting Influence policies Don’t have Policy development division place equipment machines 10-20 years plan Bigger cold storage for Incomplete Better & more involvement Not enough staff to monitor No / little budget Bigger better fish market storage cooperate plan from co-operatives fishers in the close season for research fish markets Fisheries Division Human Development More surveillance by Structure Strategy

fisheries officers Staff needs to be trained Not enough institutional Distributing work Autonomy Head of department need Need more training for programs for professional Lack in staff loads to socialize more and market staff development of staff Need better coherence motivation 3 Unity among staff (some) make staff feel at ease New staff needs to be with fishing operation by Understudying members comfortable training Have very good MOU fisheries officers ageing staff environment Bias among staff with coast guard Need education and Recruitment / orientation No support from Ministry promotion unit More workers unity in work Lack of information of (Need proper orientation) against fishermen places health care Team work at all times Avenues for promotion of Research and Develo pment staff is limited Data department needs Inability to identify or Management Style Staff meetings, Training opportunities more staff distinguish species of fish Increase wages or salary Salary is paid on time management team for workers 1 Not enough attention to the Data not captured at for staff 5 meeting 2 2 More training in modern data unit or department secondary landing sites Low wages of fish Regular staff meeting Too much talks and technology for staff market staff no action Provide briefing for No benefits for staff after government official Additional work / increase Better mileage for More benefit retirement (No state pension) work load traveling officers (allowance, fringe) Need enforcement of Need stricter boats No over time for workers Assist fishermen at inspection and follow-up Little incentives for staff for market staff 3 legislation totally all times Extended working hours Need more meetings with Provide better standard Not enforcing the More action should be fishermen Maximum work for of living for fishers in fisheries law taken against fishermen minimum wage the tri island state for unlicensed boat Fishers don’t respect staff Need a separate law at all times Strengths Weakness To provide quality Rank Human resources enforcement arm for products in the public development for fisheries regulation New fishing methods for fishermen interest fishers 3 Output

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development. 49

REFERENCES REFERENCES BALDEO, Roland A. National Report of Grenada. In FAO. National Reports and Technical BALDEO, Roland A. National Report of Grenada. In FAO. National Reports and Technical Papers presented at the First Meeting of the WECAFC Ad Hoc Working Papers presented at the First Meeting of the WECAFC Ad Hoc Working Group on the development of Sustainable Moored Fish Aggregating Device Group on the development of Sustainable Moored Fish Aggregating Device Fishing in the Lesser Antilles. Le Robert, Martinique. 8-11 October, 2001. Fishing in the Lesser Antilles. Le Robert, Martinique. 8-11 October, 2001. FAO Fisheries Report No. 683, Supplement. FAO Fisheries Report No. 683, Supplement. CRFM, 2005. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published CRFM, 2005. Report of the first annual CRFM scientific meeting. 22-30 June 2004. Published by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. by the Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize City, Belize. CRFM Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. CRFM Fishery Report No. 11. 318p. ESPEUT, Peter. A Socioeconomic Baseline Survey of Thirty Fishing Communities in Twelve ESPEUT, Peter. A Socioeconomic Baseline Survey of Thirty Fishing Communities in Twelve CARICOM Countries. Report of a survey conducted for the Caribbean Natural CARICOM Countries. Report of a survey conducted for the Caribbean Natural Resources Institute, (CANARI), Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, W.I., for the CARICOM Resources Institute, (CANARI), Vieux Fort, St. Lucia, W.I., for the CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP), Belize Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP), Belize City, Belize, C.A., 1994. City, Belize, C.A., 1994. FAO. Fishery Country Profile. Grenada. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United FAO. Fishery Country Profile. Grenada. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FID/ CP/GRN Document, 19p. 2007. Nations. FID/ CP/GRN Document, 19p. 2007. GRENADA. Fisheries Division Corporate Plan. January 2008. Fisheries Division. 20p. 2008. GRENADA. Fisheries Division Corporate Plan. January 2008. Fisheries Division. 20p. 2008. GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Act 1986. Act No. 15 of 1986. GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Act 1986. Act No. 15 of 1986. GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Act Amendment 1987. Supplies (control) (prices) (amendment) GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Act Amendment 1987. Supplies (control) (prices) (amendment) regulations. Grenada Statutory Rules and Orders No. 23 of 1987. regulations. Grenada Statutory Rules and Orders No. 23 of 1987. GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Regulations 1987. Statutory Rules and Orders No. 9 of 1987. GRENADA. Grenada Fisheries Regulations 1987. Statutory Rules and Orders No. 9 of 1987. GRENADA. Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001. Statutory Rules and Orders GRENADA. Fisheries (Marine Protected Areas) Regulations 2001. Statutory Rules and Orders No. 78 of 2001. No. 78 of 2001. GRENADA. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Strategic Planning Retreat 9-11 GRENADA. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Strategic Planning Retreat 9-11 September 2008. (Powerpoint Presentation). Fisheries Department. 2008. September 2008. (Powerpoint Presentation). Fisheries Department. 2008. GRENADA. Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada. Fisheries Division. 1996. GRENADA. Plan for Managing the Marine Fisheries of Grenada. Fisheries Division. 1996. ICCAT, 2008. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, ICCAT, 2008. Report of the standing committee of research and statistics. Madrid Spain, September 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of September 29-October 3, 2008. International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. Atlantic Tunas. 2008 SCRS Report, 241p. JEFFREY, Christopher F.G. Annual, Coastal and Seasonal Variation in Grenadian Demersal JEFFREY, Christopher F.G. Annual, Coastal and Seasonal Variation in Grenadian Demersal Fisheries (1986-1993) and Implications for Management. Bulletin of Marine Fisheries (1986-1993) and Implications for Management. Bulletin of Marine Science Vol. 66 (2). Pp. 305-319. 2000. Science Vol. 66 (2). Pp. 305-319. 2000. McCONNEY, Patrick and Roland BALDEO. Some Lessons in Coastal Resource Co- McCONNEY, Patrick and Roland BALDEO. Some Lessons in Coastal Resource Co- management from Beach Seine and Lobster Fisheries in Grenada. CERMES, management from Beach Seine and Lobster Fisheries in Grenada. CERMES, University of the West Indies, Barbados Fisheries Division, Government of University of the West Indies, Barbados Fisheries Division, Government of Grenada. ca. 2004. Grenada. ca. 2004. MOHAMMED, Elizabeth and Justin RENNIE. Grenada and the Grenadines: Reconstructed MOHAMMED, Elizabeth and Justin RENNIE. Grenada and the Grenadines: Reconstructed Fisheries Catches and Fishing Effort 1942-2001. Fisheries Centre Research Fisheries Catches and Fishing Effort 1942-2001. Fisheries Centre Research Reports Vol. 11 (6). Pp. 67-94. 2003. Reports Vol. 11 (6). Pp. 67-94. 2003.

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October 2009 October 2009

仮 257 Guyana Guyana

Country Profile Country Profile Geographic coordinates 5o 00’ N, 59o 00’ W Geographic coordinates 5o 00’ N, 59o 00’ W Total area 214,969 sq km Total area 214,969 sq km Land area 196,849 sq km Land area 196,849 sq km Water area 18,120 sq km Water area 18,120 sq km Length of Coastline 1,154 km Length of Coastline 1,154 km Shelf Area 48,762 sq km Shelf Area 48,762 sq km Territorial Sea 10,939 sq km Territorial Sea 10,939 sq km Claimed EEZ 122,017 sq km Claimed EEZ 122,017 sq km Highest point (m) 2,835 m (Mount Roraima) Highest point (m) 2,835 m (Mount Roraima) Climate tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy Climate tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January) seasons (May to August, November to January) Natural hazards flash floods are a constant threat during rainy season; outside the Natural hazards flash floods are a constant threat during rainy season; outside the hurricane zone. hurricane zone. Population 772,298 (2009 est.) Population 772,298 (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.181% (2009 est.) Annual Population Growth 0.181% (2009 est.) Rate Rate Life Expectancy at birth total population: 66.68 years Life Expectancy at birth total population: 66.68 years Languages English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Languages English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Urdu Hindi), Urdu Ethnic Mix East Indian 43.5%, black (African) 30.2%, mixed 16.7%, Amerindian Ethnic Mix East Indian 43.5%, black (African) 30.2%, mixed 16.7%, Amerindian 9.1%, other 0.5% (2002 census) 9.1%, other 0.5% (2002 census) Work force 333,900 (2007 est.) Work force 333,900 (2007 est.) Unemployment 11% (2007) Unemployment 11% (2007) GDP (PPP) US$2.966 billion (2008 est.) GDP (PPP) US$2.966 billion (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 3% (2008 est.) GDP Growth rate 3% (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) US$3,800 (2008 est.) GDP per Capita (PPP) US$3,800 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Guyanese dollars (GYD); US$1 = GY$203.86 (2008 est.) Currency Unit Guyanese dollars (GYD); US$1 = GY$203.86 (2008 est.) Area of Mangrove Forests 1,592 sq km Area of Mangrove Forests 1,592 sq km Percent of Mangrove 0% Percent of Mangrove 0% Forests Protected Forests Protected Per Capita Food Supply 57 kg/person Per Capita Food Supply 57 kg/person from Fish/Fishery Products from Fish/Fishery Products (2000) (2000) Exports $800 million (2008 est.); sugar, gold, bauxite, alumina, rice, shrimp, Exports $800 million (2008 est.); sugar, gold, bauxite, alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber molasses, rum, timber Sources: CIA World Factbook – Guyana (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Guyana. Sources: CIA World Factbook – Guyana (2009); EarthTrends Country Profiles – Guyana.

仮 259 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and Acronyms CARICOM Caribbean Community CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARIFIS Caribbean Fisheries Information System CARNUFO Caribbean Regional Network of National Fisherfolk Organizations CARNUFO Caribbean Regional Network of National Fisherfolk Organizations CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFO Chief Fisheries Officer CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Programme CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CPUE Catch per unit effort CPUE Catch per unit effort CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism DOF Department of Fisheries DOF Department of Fisheries EU European Union EU European Union FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FD Fisheries Department FD Fisheries Department FIS Fisheries Information System FIS Fisheries Information System FMP Fisheries Management Plan FMP Fisheries Management Plan GATOSP Guyana Association of Trawler Owners and Seafood Processors GATOSP Guyana Association of Trawler Owners and Seafood Processors GEF Global Environmental Facility GEF Global Environmental Facility GGFCSL Greater Georgetown Fishermen's Cooperative Society Limited GGFCSL Greater Georgetown Fishermen's Cooperative Society Limited GOG Government of Guyana GOG Government of Guyana IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis IHHN Hypodermal Hematopoietic Necrosis JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency MCS Monitoring, control and surveillance MCS Monitoring, control and surveillance MPA Marine Protected Area MPA Marine Protected Area mt Metric Ton mt Metric Ton NAAG National Aquaculture Association of Guyana NAAG National Aquaculture Association of Guyana TIP Trip Interview Program TIP Trip Interview Program TSV Taura Syndrome Virus TSV Taura Syndrome Virus UG University of Guyana UG University of Guyana UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDP United Nations Development Program

仮 260 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE # PAGE # 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2. COMMUNITY BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 9 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 9 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 9 2.2 Policy, Legislation and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 9 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher 2.3 National Programs to Promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources 15 Management of Fishery Resources 15 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory 2.4 Effectiveness of National and Community Level Participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management 16 Approaches to Fisheries Management 16 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory 2.5 Socio-Cultural and Attitudinal Issues Related to participatory Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Approaches to Fisheries Management and introduction of Alternative Livelihoods 16 Alternative Livelihoods 16 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND 3. PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy Supporting Legislation and Fishery Development and Management Plans 17 Management Plans 17 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Management Objectives 19 Development Management Objectives 19 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 19 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 19 3.4 Catch and Effort 21 3.4 Catch and Effort 21 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 4.1 Policy Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 23 4.1 Policy Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 23 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status Regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objective 24 and Development Objective 24 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 25 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 25 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 25 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 25 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 27 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 27 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement 28 Stock Enhancement 28 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 29 4.7 Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries 29 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5. REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 30 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 30 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 31 5.2 Data Collection- Current Situation 31 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 32 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 32 5.4 Information Dissemination 33 5.4 Information Dissemination 33 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information System 34 System 34 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6.1. Output from Workshop with Staff of the Fishery Division 35 6.1. Output from Workshop with Staff of the Fishery Division 35 6.2. Output from the Workshop and Interview with Local Fishers 35 6.2. Output from the Workshop and Interview with Local Fishers 35 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the Workshop 36 Workshop 36 REFERENCES 41 REFERENCES 41

仮 261 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Guyana is situated on the northeast coast of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean; it shares a Guyana is situated on the northeast coast of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean; it shares a 600-kilometer (373-mile) border with Suriname to the east, a 743-kilometer (462-mile) border 600-kilometer (373-mile) border with Suriname to the east, a 743-kilometer (462-mile) border with Venezuela to the northwest, and a 1,119-kilometer (695-mile) border with Brazil to the with Venezuela to the northwest, and a 1,119-kilometer (695-mile) border with Brazil to the south and southwest. It is the third-smallest country in South America (after Suriname and south and southwest. It is the third-smallest country in South America (after Suriname and Uruguay), and the only English-speaking country on that continent. It is a member of the Uruguay), and the only English-speaking country on that continent. It is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the British Commonwealth of Nations. Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the British Commonwealth of Nations. The coastal regions of Guyana are low-lying, and would flood at high tide if an extensive coastal The coastal regions of Guyana are low-lying, and would flood at high tide if an extensive coastal defences were not in place. The Ministry of Public Works is responsible for the maintenance of defences were not in place. The Ministry of Public Works is responsible for the maintenance of a concrete wall built along the foreshore with the Atlantic Ocean, mostly in Demerara. Guyana’s a concrete wall built along the foreshore with the Atlantic Ocean, mostly in Demerara. Guyana’s marine environment lies within the area bounded by the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and during marine environment lies within the area bounded by the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and during the rainy season is greatly influenced by the heavy sediment load and great discharge of fresh the rainy season is greatly influenced by the heavy sediment load and great discharge of fresh water from these huge rivers, and its own large rivers of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice. The water from these huge rivers, and its own large rivers of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice. The fresh water affects the salinity, while the sediments (and nutrients) create a series of shifting sand fresh water affects the salinity, while the sediments (and nutrients) create a series of shifting sand bars and mud flats that cover the shelf out to about the 40-m contour. Sand gradually becomes bars and mud flats that cover the shelf out to about the 40-m contour. Sand gradually becomes dominant beyond this depth and is replaced by coral at about 100 m depth. The mud supports a dominant beyond this depth and is replaced by coral at about 100 m depth. The mud supports a rich invertebrate fauna that nourishes a variety of demersal species. rich invertebrate fauna that nourishes a variety of demersal species. Description of the Fisheries Description of the Fisheries Guyana’s marine fishing activities are directed at exploiting its shrimp resources using shrimp Guyana’s marine fishing activities are directed at exploiting its shrimp resources using shrimp trawlers and Chinese seine vessels, and demersal finfish resources using wooden vessels and a trawlers and Chinese seine vessels, and demersal finfish resources using wooden vessels and a

仮 263 variety of gear by artisanal fishermen. There is limited exploitation of pelagic resources over the variety of gear by artisanal fishermen. There is limited exploitation of pelagic resources over the continental shelf and towards the continental slope. continental shelf and towards the continental slope. The Guyana fisheries sector1 is made up of three primary components, with further subdivisions The Guyana fisheries sector1 is made up of three primary components, with further subdivisions as follows: as follows: 1. The Marine Fishery 1. The Marine Fishery - The Offshore Industrial Trawl Fishery - The Offshore Industrial Trawl Fishery - The Inshore Artisanal Fishery - The Inshore Artisanal Fishery 2. The Inland Fishery 2. The Inland Fishery - The Subsistence Fishery (for food) - The Subsistence Fishery (for food) - The Ornamental Fish Fishery - The Ornamental Fish Fishery 3. Aquaculture 3. Aquaculture - Brackish-water Culture - Brackish-water Culture - Fresh-water Culture - Fresh-water Culture The Offshore Industrial Fishery consists of 146 trawlers, seven (7) fish/shrimp processing The Offshore Industrial Fishery consists of 146 trawlers, seven (7) fish/shrimp processing plants and numerous wharves and dry docking facilities. Forty-one (41) trawlers are licensed to plants and numerous wharves and dry docking facilities. Forty-one (41) trawlers are licensed to catch large penaeid shrimp and the remaining 105 are licensed to catch seabob (Xiphopenaeus catch large penaeid shrimp and the remaining 105 are licensed to catch seabob (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri), a small short-lived shrimp. The iced and freezing facilities servicing this fishery are kroyeri), a small short-lived shrimp. The iced and freezing facilities servicing this fishery are owned and operated by participants within and outside of the fishery sub-sector. These trawlers owned and operated by participants within and outside of the fishery sub-sector. These trawlers measure about 21 m in length and use double rigger shrimp trawl nets and operate in waters 14- measure about 21 m in length and use double rigger shrimp trawl nets and operate in waters 14- 91 m in depth over the seabed of mud, gravel or sand. 91 m in depth over the seabed of mud, gravel or sand. The Inshore Artisanal Fishery consists of about 1,129 vessels ranging in size from 6-18 m long The Inshore Artisanal Fishery consists of about 1,129 vessels ranging in size from 6-18 m long propelled by sails, outboard or inboard engines, and using gear that include Chinese seines (fyke propelled by sails, outboard or inboard engines, and using gear that include Chinese seines (fyke nets), pin seines (beach seines), cadell lines and handlines, drift seines and circle seines nets), pin seines (beach seines), cadell lines and handlines, drift seines and circle seines (modified gill nets). The larger vessels have ice-boxes and go on fishing trips that last as long as (modified gill nets). The larger vessels have ice-boxes and go on fishing trips that last as long as eighteen (18) days, while smaller vessels may or may not have ice boxes and their operations are eighteen (18) days, while smaller vessels may or may not have ice boxes and their operations are either tidal or diurnal. Except for the large handliners and drift seiners, which may or may not be either tidal or diurnal. Except for the large handliners and drift seiners, which may or may not be decked, most artisanal vessels are of the flat-bottomed dory type with little draft that affords decked, most artisanal vessels are of the flat-bottomed dory type with little draft that affords great maneuverability over shallow muddy and sandy bottoms. great maneuverability over shallow muddy and sandy bottoms. There are about 4,600 small-scale fishermen. Of these about 1,000 are boat owners, with sixty to There are about 4,600 small-scale fishermen. Of these about 1,000 are boat owners, with sixty to seventy percent (60-70%) of the boat owners being members of one of eight (8) Fishermen's seventy percent (60-70%) of the boat owners being members of one of eight (8) Fishermen's Cooperatives which acquire and sell fishing requisites to their members (only four are now Cooperatives which acquire and sell fishing requisites to their members (only four are now active). With assistance from CIDA and the EU, onshore infrastructure (wharves, ramps, active). With assistance from CIDA and the EU, onshore infrastructure (wharves, ramps, workshops, fuel depots, requisite shops, ice machines and ice storage bins, and fish storage bins) workshops, fuel depots, requisite shops, ice machines and ice storage bins, and fish storage bins) were constructed at eight sites (8) along the coast for this Fishery. were constructed at eight sites (8) along the coast for this Fishery. The Inland Subsistence Fishery involves the catching of fish in rivers, lakes, canals, flood The Inland Subsistence Fishery involves the catching of fish in rivers, lakes, canals, flood plains, etc. by subsistence or part time fishermen for their own consumption or for sale. The plains, etc. by subsistence or part time fishermen for their own consumption or for sale. The activity tends to be influenced by the season and in some areas by the down periods in activity tends to be influenced by the season and in some areas by the down periods in agricultural and other activities. For example, in the sugar estate areas the intensity of agricultural and other activities. For example, in the sugar estate areas the intensity of subsistence fishing activity varies with the cycle of the sowing and harvesting of sugar cane. subsistence fishing activity varies with the cycle of the sowing and harvesting of sugar cane. Small flat bottomed long type vessels and cast nets, seine or handlines are used in the Small flat bottomed long type vessels and cast nets, seine or handlines are used in the exploitation of inland freshwater fish. exploitation of inland freshwater fish.

1 The following is adapted from the Draft Fisheries Management Plan, Guyana 2007-2011. 1 The following is adapted from the Draft Fisheries Management Plan, Guyana 2007-2011. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 2 Development 2

仮 264 There is a small but active inland fishery for ornamental fish. Live fish are caught in the upper There is a small but active inland fishery for ornamental fish. Live fish are caught in the upper reaches of the rivers by collectors and brought and sold on the coast to six (6) exporters of reaches of the rivers by collectors and brought and sold on the coast to six (6) exporters of ornamental fish. The fish are exported mainly to the U.S.A. ornamental fish. The fish are exported mainly to the U.S.A. Brackish water culture involves the legal or illegal opening of the sea defences, and taking Brackish water culture involves the legal or illegal opening of the sea defences, and taking advantage of inflows at high tide during which juveniles, larvae, eggs, etc. are trapped in the coastal advantage of inflows at high tide during which juveniles, larvae, eggs, etc. are trapped in the coastal wetlands and in some cases, specially constructed impoundments near the foreshore, where they wetlands and in some cases, specially constructed impoundments near the foreshore, where they are allowed to mature to marketable size. Some of the targeted species are swamp shrimp are allowed to mature to marketable size. Some of the targeted species are swamp shrimp (Mesopenaeus tropicales), snook (Centropomus undecimales), cuffum (Megalops atlanticus) and (Mesopenaeus tropicales), snook (Centropomus undecimales), cuffum (Megalops atlanticus) and mullet (Mugil spp.). These brackish water farms operate as extensive polyculture systems. mullet (Mugil spp.). These brackish water farms operate as extensive polyculture systems.

仮 265 Brackish water culture occurs mainly in the brackish water swamps along the Atlantic Coast in Brackish water culture occurs mainly in the brackish water swamps along the Atlantic Coast in Corentyne and Berbice. Towards the end of 1980, there were sixty-four farms, which included Corentyne and Berbice. Towards the end of 1980, there were sixty-four farms, which included two registered fish culture cooperatives, utilizing approximately 670 ha of coastal lowlands. The two registered fish culture cooperatives, utilizing approximately 670 ha of coastal lowlands. The average size of a farm was 11 ha. In 1987, it was estimated that 91 mt of fish and shrimp were average size of a farm was 11 ha. In 1987, it was estimated that 91 mt of fish and shrimp were harvested from 400 ha of these swamps. harvested from 400 ha of these swamps. Freshwater aquaculture was first started in the late 1940's, with the introduction of Freshwater aquaculture was first started in the late 1940's, with the introduction of Mozambique Tilapia. It was thought that fish culture could be undertaken in association with Mozambique Tilapia. It was thought that fish culture could be undertaken in association with

仮 266 agricultural practices, such as fish in irrigated rice fields, or flooded sugar cane fields. Also, the agricultural practices, such as fish in irrigated rice fields, or flooded sugar cane fields. Also, the hundreds of miles of irrigation canals offered a ready possibility for undertaking freshwater hundreds of miles of irrigation canals offered a ready possibility for undertaking freshwater aquaculture. However, none of these ideas were carried out at the time, primarily because aquaculture. However, none of these ideas were carried out at the time, primarily because Government placed emphasis on the development of the potential of the marine capture fisheries. Government placed emphasis on the development of the potential of the marine capture fisheries. Landing Sites Landing Sites Because much of Guyana’s coastline is below the high-water Because much of Guyana’s coastline is below the high-water mark, there is a long sea-wall fronting the Atlantic Ocean, and a mark, there is a long sea-wall fronting the Atlantic Ocean, and a set-back of several dozen yards inland for all buildings. There are set-back of several dozen yards inland for all buildings. There are no beaches or beach-front structures on the ocean, although there no beaches or beach-front structures on the ocean, although there are several on the riverbanks. are several on the riverbanks. There are over 100 artisanal fish landing sites in Guyana; by There are over 100 artisanal fish landing sites in Guyana; by region the major ones are: region the major ones are:  Region 2: 15; Potaro-Siparuni  Region 2: 15; Potaro-Siparuni  Region 3: 12; Essequibo Islands-West Demerara  Region 3: 12; Essequibo Islands-West Demerara  Region 4: 12; Demerara-Mahaica  Region 4: 12; Demerara-Mahaica  Region 5: 4; Mahaica-Berbice  Region 5: 4; Mahaica-Berbice  Region 6: 6. East Berbice-Corentyne  Region 6: 6. East Berbice-Corentyne There are seven (7) industrial fish-processing facilities, all in There are seven (7) industrial fish-processing facilities, all in Georgetown. Georgetown.

TABLE 1: TABLE 1: Landing Sites By Region For 2002 Landing Sites By Region For 2002 Region # 2 Region # 3 Region # 4 Region # 5 Region # 6 Region # 2 Region # 3 Region # 4 Region # 5 Region # 6 Richmond Zeeburg Houston Rosignol # 43 Richmond Zeeburg Houston Rosignol # 43 Danielstown Windsor Forest Betterhope De Edward # 66 Danielstown Windsor Forest Betterhope De Edward # 66 Dartmouth Parika Lancaster C. Mahaicony Albion Dartmouth Parika Lancaster C. Mahaicony Albion Cullen Leonara Annandale Sheet Anchor Cullen Leonara Annandale Sheet Anchor Better Success Philadelphia Hope New Amsterdam Better Success Philadelphia Hope New Amsterdam Sparta Ruby Koker Mon Repos Crabwood Creek Sparta Ruby Koker Mon Repos Crabwood Creek Lima Vreed-en-Hoop Mahaica Lima Vreed-en-Hoop Mahaica Zorg Meeten-Meer-Zorg Stabroek Zorg Meeten-Meer-Zorg Stabroek Cotton Field Vergenogen GreenField Cotton Field Vergenogen GreenField Bush Lot Ogle Bush Lot Ogle Little Alliance Liliendaal Little Alliance Liliendaal Golden Fleece GFL Golden Fleece GFL GQS GQS GSTCL GSTCL BME BME Floss Floss W&R W&R PSI PSI Source: Fisheries Department Annual Report 2002 Source: Fisheries Department Annual Report 2002 Stakeholder Organizations Stakeholder Organizations Stakeholder organizations in the fisheries sector include the Guyana Association of Trawler Stakeholder organizations in the fisheries sector include the Guyana Association of Trawler Owners and Seafood Processors (GATOSP) and (at one time) thirteen (13) fishermen’s Owners and Seafood Processors (GATOSP) and (at one time) thirteen (13) fishermen’s cooperative societies. The sector does not have a unified organization. GATOSP does not cooperative societies. The sector does not have a unified organization. GATOSP does not Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 5 Development 5

仮 267 include ten small seafood processing plants, nor the smaller cottage industry processors and the include ten small seafood processing plants, nor the smaller cottage industry processors and the storage facilities. The claim is that 80% of boat owners are in the artisanal co-operative societies, storage facilities. The claim is that 80% of boat owners are in the artisanal co-operative societies, but only four (4) co-ops are active, and those that are active report a small membership. Table 2 but only four (4) co-ops are active, and those that are active report a small membership. Table 2 below lists the active fishing co-operatives in Guyana and their current membership: below lists the active fishing co-operatives in Guyana and their current membership: TABLE 2: TABLE 2: FUNCTIONING FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS FUNCTIONING FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS AND MEMBERS Name of Organization Location Approx. Members Name of Organization Location Approx. Members 1 Upper Corentyne Fishermen's Cooperative Society Berbice 78 1 Upper Corentyne Fishermen's Cooperative Society Berbice 78 2 Rosignol Fishermen’s Cooperative Society Rosignol 35 2 Rosignol Fishermen’s Cooperative Society Rosignol 35 3 Greater Georgetown Fishermen’s Coop Society Georgetown 83 3 Greater Georgetown Fishermen’s Coop Society Georgetown 83 4 Essequibo Islands/West Demerara Fishermen’s Coop. Parika 22 4 Essequibo Islands/West Demerara Fishermen’s Coop. Parika 22 Federation Federation TOTAL MEMBERS 218 TOTAL MEMBERS 218 Of the 4,600 small-scale fishers, less than 250 are members of an active association. The Of the 4,600 small-scale fishers, less than 250 are members of an active association. The following fishers’ associations are no longer functioning: following fishers’ associations are no longer functioning: TABLE 3: TABLE 3: NON-FUNCTIONING FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS NON-FUNCTIONING FISHERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LOCATIONS Name of Organization Location Name of Organization Location 1 Essequibo/Pomeroon Fishermen’s Coop. Society 1 Essequibo/Pomeroon Fishermen’s Coop. Society 2 Charity Fishermen’s Cooperative Society 2 Charity Fishermen’s Cooperative Society 3 Morawhanna Fishermen's Cooperative Society Morawhanna 3 Morawhanna Fishermen's Cooperative Society Morawhanna 4 Albion Fisherman Cooperative Society 4 Albion Fisherman Cooperative Society 5 Lima\Sparta Fisherman Friendly Society Lima 5 Lima\Sparta Fisherman Friendly Society Lima 6 Fishermen’s Cooperative Society of Essequibo 6 Fishermen’s Cooperative Society of Essequibo 7 The Almoorings Fishing Cooperative Society 7 The Almoorings Fishing Cooperative Society Artisanal Fisheries Infrastructure Project (AFIP) ran from 1984-1993 with assistance from CIDA Artisanal Fisheries Infrastructure Project (AFIP) ran from 1984-1993 with assistance from CIDA and the EEC. The EEC and the Government of Guyana funded the establishment of the inshore and the EEC. The EEC and the Government of Guyana funded the establishment of the inshore fishport complex at Meadowbank in Georgetown in 1987, while CIDA and the Government fishport complex at Meadowbank in Georgetown in 1987, while CIDA and the Government funded inshore fishport complexes at #66 and #43 on the Corentyne, and at Rosignol, Parika, funded inshore fishport complexes at #66 and #43 on the Corentyne, and at Rosignol, Parika, Lima, Charity and Morawhanna. Of the eight (8) complexes constructed, six (6) have been Lima, Charity and Morawhanna. Of the eight (8) complexes constructed, six (6) have been leased to Fishermen's Cooperative Societies for management and operations, of which by far the leased to Fishermen's Cooperative Societies for management and operations, of which by far the largest is the Greater Georgetown Fishermen's Cooperative Society Limited (GGFCSL). largest is the Greater Georgetown Fishermen's Cooperative Society Limited (GGFCSL). The objectives of the AFI Project were to: The objectives of the AFI Project were to: a) Reduce post-harvest losses and thereby increase the supply of fish to the local market a) Reduce post-harvest losses and thereby increase the supply of fish to the local market and for export. and for export. b) Increase the productivity and incomes of artisanal fishermen. b) Increase the productivity and incomes of artisanal fishermen. c) Move the existing Fishermen's Cooperatives toward the role of being local organisations c) Move the existing Fishermen's Cooperatives toward the role of being local organisations of producers and marketers. of producers and marketers. These Cooperative-run complexes have to varying extents made progress toward achieving These Cooperative-run complexes have to varying extents made progress toward achieving objectives a) and b), but none of them have made any headway toward objective c). objectives a) and b), but none of them have made any headway toward objective c). The Societies have remained uninvolved in the marketing of their members' catch. Their main The Societies have remained uninvolved in the marketing of their members' catch. Their main roles are to supply their members with ice and equipment at cost. They also suffer from roles are to supply their members with ice and equipment at cost. They also suffer from insufficient skilled and experienced management personnel and lack of working capital. The insufficient skilled and experienced management personnel and lack of working capital. The GGFCSL is somewhat of an exception to these statements. A main limitation for their GGFCSL is somewhat of an exception to these statements. A main limitation for their involvement in marketing is that the complexes do not have cold storage and freezing facilities. involvement in marketing is that the complexes do not have cold storage and freezing facilities.

仮 268 This is a major hindrance and, among other things, results in lower prices for fish in the outlying This is a major hindrance and, among other things, results in lower prices for fish in the outlying coastal areas because of the difficulty of storing the fish and transporting it to Georgetown. coastal areas because of the difficulty of storing the fish and transporting it to Georgetown. The Contribution of Fisheries to the Guyana Economy The Contribution of Fisheries to the Guyana Economy The fisheries sector is a major contributor to the economy of Guyana. In 2004, it was estimated The fisheries sector is a major contributor to the economy of Guyana. In 2004, it was estimated that fish production contributed G$157 million to the economy of the country, which represented that fish production contributed G$157 million to the economy of the country, which represented 7.94% of the 2004 agriculture GDP (G$1,977 millions, FAO 2007), and 3.65% of the total 2005 7.94% of the 2004 agriculture GDP (G$1,977 millions, FAO 2007), and 3.65% of the total 2005 GDP (G$5,419 million, FMP 2007). GDP (G$5,419 million, FMP 2007).

THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN GUYANA THE ADMINISTRATION OF FISHERIES IN GUYANA The Department of Fisheries (DOF) has as its mandate the management, regulation and The Department of Fisheries (DOF) has as its mandate the management, regulation and promotion of the exploitation and development of Guyana’s fisheries resources. The promotion of the exploitation and development of Guyana’s fisheries resources. The department’s authority was originally contained in the Fisheries Act of 1957, and has been department’s authority was originally contained in the Fisheries Act of 1957, and has been redefined by the Fisheries Act, 2002. It reports to the Minister of Agriculture through the redefined by the Fisheries Act, 2002. It reports to the Minister of Agriculture through the Permanent Secretary, and is organized under four sub-programmes: Permanent Secretary, and is organized under four sub-programmes:  Programme Administration;  Programme Administration;  Legal and Inspectorate;  Legal and Inspectorate;  Research and Development; and  Research and Development; and  Extension.  Extension. A ten-year analysis of DOF staffing shows a high percentage of vacancies. The full staff A ten-year analysis of DOF staffing shows a high percentage of vacancies. The full staff complement would be about 50 employees, but on average over half the posts have remained complement would be about 50 employees, but on average over half the posts have remained unfilled. At the end of 2003, the three most senior administrative positions were vacant. The unfilled. At the end of 2003, the three most senior administrative positions were vacant. The acting Chief Fisheries Officer also served as Chief Administrator, Head of Operations and acting Chief Fisheries Officer also served as Chief Administrator, Head of Operations and Budget Coordinator. Only half of the senior technical positions were staffed. Budget Coordinator. Only half of the senior technical positions were staffed. The DOF is in dire need of additional human resources to accomplish its mandate. It urgently The DOF is in dire need of additional human resources to accomplish its mandate. It urgently requires scientific, operational and enforcement personnel. Reasons cited for the problem of requires scientific, operational and enforcement personnel. Reasons cited for the problem of finding staff included difficulties in finding suitably qualified candidates, and the government’s finding staff included difficulties in finding suitably qualified candidates, and the government’s inability to offer attractive remuneration packages to the few potential qualified candidates. It inability to offer attractive remuneration packages to the few potential qualified candidates. It raises doubts about the department’s capability to undertake its regular functions and services, raises doubts about the department’s capability to undertake its regular functions and services, especially in the areas of licensing and the collection and inputting of data. The paucity of especially in the areas of licensing and the collection and inputting of data. The paucity of resources hampers its ability to monitor and enforce regulations. resources hampers its ability to monitor and enforce regulations. Following is an organogram describing the structure of the Guyana Department of Fisheries. Following is an organogram describing the structure of the Guyana Department of Fisheries.

仮 269 STRUCTURE OF THE GUYANA DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE

PERMANENT SECRETARY

Programme Administration Chief Fisheries Officer

Confidential Secretary

Principal Fisheries Officer

Clerical and Office Support Staff

仮 270

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Legal and Inspectorate Extension S.F.O. (FAI, FFA, 4FI) S.F.O Service (FO, 3FA, FA)

Aquaculture Statistics Resource Technology & Assessment Development Inland Fish

(M/F, 4FO, 6FFA, 2DC, 4FSA)

STRUCTURE OF THE GUYANA DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE

PERMANENT SECRETARY

Programme Administration Chief Fisheries Officer

Confidential Secretary

Principal Fisheries Officer

Clerical and Office Support Staff

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Legal and Inspectorate Extension S.F.O. (FAI, FFA, 4FI) S.F.O Service (FO, 3FA, FA)

Aquaculture Statistics Resource Technology & Assessment Development Inland Fish

(M/F, 4FO, 6FFA, 2DC, 4FSA) CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES CHAPTER 2: COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT COMPONENT MANAGEMENT COMPONENT

2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics 2.1 Coastal Community Characteristics More than ninety percent (90%) of Guyana's population lives along the coast, on a strip More than ninety percent (90%) of Guyana's population lives along the coast, on a strip constituting only five percent (5%) of the country's total land area. More than seventy percent constituting only five percent (5%) of the country's total land area. More than seventy percent (70%) of Guyana's coastal population is rural, living on plantations or in villages strung along (70%) of Guyana's coastal population is rural, living on plantations or in villages strung along the coastal road. The villages range in size from several hundred to several thousand inhabitants. the coastal road. The villages range in size from several hundred to several thousand inhabitants. The layout of the villages is dictated by the drainage and irrigation systems of the sugar The layout of the villages is dictated by the drainage and irrigation systems of the sugar plantations, both active and abandoned. The villages are most heavily concentrated along the plantations, both active and abandoned. The villages are most heavily concentrated along the estuary of the Demerara River and the eastern environs of Georgetown, near the mouth of the estuary of the Demerara River and the eastern environs of Georgetown, near the mouth of the Berbice River close to New Amsterdam, and along the extreme east coast near the Courantyne Berbice River close to New Amsterdam, and along the extreme east coast near the Courantyne River. River. Some of the major coastal settlements in Guyana with their populations as measured by the Some of the major coastal settlements in Guyana with their populations as measured by the Guyana 2002 Population Census are: Guyana 2002 Population Census are: TABLE 4: TABLE 4: Populations of the Main Coastal Settlements, Populations of the Main Coastal Settlements, Guyana, 2002 Guyana, 2002 SETTLEMENT TOTAL SETTLEMENT TOTAL Georgetown 33,366 Georgetown 33,366 Charity 1,295 Charity 1,295 Parika 4,081 Parika 4,081 Rose Hall 3,583 Rose Hall 3,583 Rosignol 3,071 Rosignol 3,071 New Amsterdam 17,033 New Amsterdam 17,033 Corriverton 11,494 Corriverton 11,494 Source: Guyana Department of Statistics, 2002 Population Census. Source: Guyana Department of Statistics, 2002 Population Census.

2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements 2.2 Policy, Legislation, and Supporting Institutional Arrangements POLICY POLICY The GOG has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries The GOG has not chosen to prepare a National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, but has not yet received official Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, but has not yet received official approval; it might serve the same function as a policy. This document is an update of the Draft approval; it might serve the same function as a policy. This document is an update of the Draft FMP which was produced in 1992, and reflects to a large extent the recommendations coming FMP which was produced in 1992, and reflects to a large extent the recommendations coming out of the national fisheries consultations on marine fisheries management and aquaculture out of the national fisheries consultations on marine fisheries management and aquaculture development held in 2000 and 2002, as well as the November 2005 and 2006 National development held in 2000 and 2002, as well as the November 2005 and 2006 National Consultations on the Draft FMP for the Fisheries of Guyana. Consultations on the Draft FMP for the Fisheries of Guyana. Early policies for the fisheries sub-sector were first outlined in the Fisheries Act of 1957 and Early policies for the fisheries sub-sector were first outlined in the Fisheries Act of 1957 and were intended to expand the fishing industry. Administrative and other arrangements made were intended to expand the fishing industry. Administrative and other arrangements made modifications that further stimulated the development process, e.g., in the early 1960s duty-free modifications that further stimulated the development process, e.g., in the early 1960s duty-free fuel for the industry to promote growth; in the 1970s obligatory landing of by-catch to prevent fuel for the industry to promote growth; in the 1970s obligatory landing of by-catch to prevent waste of valuable finfish resources and increase the protein supply to the population, and a ban waste of valuable finfish resources and increase the protein supply to the population, and a ban Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 9 Development 9

仮 271 on importation of fish and fish products to promote growth of the industry and develop self- on importation of fish and fish products to promote growth of the industry and develop self- sufficiency; and in the 1980s significant fisheries cooperative development associated with sufficiency; and in the 1980s significant fisheries cooperative development associated with infrastructure development. infrastructure development. The eight (8) major goals for fisheries management contained in the 2007-2011 draft FMP are: The eight (8) major goals for fisheries management contained in the 2007-2011 draft FMP are: . To optimise the development of the fishery sector through effective management in order . To optimise the development of the fishery sector through effective management in order to create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities to create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries and related activities. involved in fisheries and related activities. . To optimise the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption and export . To optimise the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption and export consistent with sound resource management practices. consistent with sound resource management practices. . To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries resources through cost effective . To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries resources through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and diversification of markets. harvesting, value added processing and diversification of markets. . To promote sustainable development of aquaculture, for poverty alleviation, income . To promote sustainable development of aquaculture, for poverty alleviation, income diversification and increase in export earnings. diversification and increase in export earnings. . To promote sustainable development of inland fisheries, including ornamental and sports . To promote sustainable development of inland fisheries, including ornamental and sports fisheries, and diversification of economic activities in the hinterland and coastal fisheries, and diversification of economic activities in the hinterland and coastal communities into these areas. communities into these areas. . To promote the image of fishing as an occupation that is socially desirable and financially . To promote the image of fishing as an occupation that is socially desirable and financially rewarding. rewarding. . To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the . To maintain or restore populations of marine species at levels that can produce the optimum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, optimum sustainable yield as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors, taking into consideration relationships among species. taking into consideration relationships among species. . To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive . To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, especially estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other spawning and nursery areas, especially estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, and other spawning and nursery areas. areas. None of these policy objectives address the participation of fishers, fishers’ associations or None of these policy objectives address the participation of fishers, fishers’ associations or fishing communities in fisheries management. The first objective above is “to create fishing communities in fisheries management. The first objective above is “to create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries and related activities”, and so the draft FMP has fisherfolk in mind as beneficiaries, but fisheries and related activities”, and so the draft FMP has fisherfolk in mind as beneficiaries, but not as participants in the management itself. not as participants in the management itself. The draft FMP goes on to say: “In pursuance of the policy and goal, it has been determined that the The draft FMP goes on to say: “In pursuance of the policy and goal, it has been determined that the fisheries managers and resource users would be guided by the following twenty (20) principles: fisheries managers and resource users would be guided by the following twenty (20) principles: 1. Ensuring sustainable development of the living aquatic resources. 1. Ensuring sustainable development of the living aquatic resources. 2. Promoting the maintenance of the quality, diversity and availability of fishery resources in sufficient 2. Promoting the maintenance of the quality, diversity and availability of fishery resources in sufficient quantities for present and future generations in the context of food security, poverty alleviation and quantities for present and future generations in the context of food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. sustainable development. 3. Ensuring the conservation of target species but also of species belonging to the same ecosystem or 3. Ensuring the conservation of target species but also of species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target species. associated with or dependent upon the target species. 4. Ensuring that fishing effort is commensurate with the productive capacity of the fishery resources and 4. Ensuring that fishing effort is commensurate with the productive capacity of the fishery resources and their sustainable utilization. their sustainable utilization. 5. Ensuring that conservation and management decisions for fisheries are based on the best scientific 5. Ensuring that conservation and management decisions for fisheries are based on the best scientific evidence available, also taking into account traditional knowledge of the resources and their habitat, evidence available, also taking into account traditional knowledge of the resources and their habitat, as well as relevant environmental, economic and social factors. as well as relevant environmental, economic and social factors. 6. Encouraging bilateral and multilateral cooperation in research, as appropriate, in recognition of the 6. Encouraging bilateral and multilateral cooperation in research, as appropriate, in recognition of the transboundary nature of many aquatic ecosystems. transboundary nature of many aquatic ecosystems. 7. Applying a precautionary approach widely to conservation, management and exploitation of living 7. Applying a precautionary approach widely to conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources in order to protect them and preserve the aquatic environment, taking account of the aquatic resources in order to protect them and preserve the aquatic environment, taking account of the best scientific evidence available. best scientific evidence available.

仮 272 8. Encouraging the use of selective and environmentally safe fishing gear and practices to the extent 8. Encouraging the use of selective and environmentally safe fishing gear and practices to the extent practicable, in order to maintain biodiversity and to conserve the population structure and aquatic practicable, in order to maintain biodiversity and to conserve the population structure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fish quality. ecosystems and protect fish quality. 9. Promoting the harvesting, handling, processing and distribution of fish and fishery products in a 9. Promoting the harvesting, handling, processing and distribution of fish and fishery products in a manner which will maintain the nutritional value, quality and safety of the products, reduce waste and manner which will maintain the nutritional value, quality and safety of the products, reduce waste and minimize negative impacts on the environment. minimize negative impacts on the environment. 10. Protecting and rehabilitating, as far as possible and where necessary, critical fisheries habitats in 10. Protecting and rehabilitating, as far as possible and where necessary, critical fisheries habitats in marine and fresh water ecosystems, such as wetlands, mangroves, reefs, lagoons, nursery and marine and fresh water ecosystems, such as wetlands, mangroves, reefs, lagoons, nursery and spawning areas. spawning areas. 11. Ensuring that fisheries interests, including the need for conservation of the resources, are taken into 11. Ensuring that fisheries interests, including the need for conservation of the resources, are taken into account in the multiple uses of the coastal zone and are integrated into coastal area management, account in the multiple uses of the coastal zone and are integrated into coastal area management, planning and development. planning and development. 12. Ensuring compliance with and enforcement of conservation and management measures and 12. Ensuring compliance with and enforcement of conservation and management measures and establishing effective mechanisms, as appropriate, to monitor and control the activities of fishing establishing effective mechanisms, as appropriate, to monitor and control the activities of fishing vessels and fishing support vessels, within its competence and in accordance with international law. vessels and fishing support vessels, within its competence and in accordance with international law. 13. Cooperating at sub-regional, regional and global levels through fisheries management organizations, 13. Cooperating at sub-regional, regional and global levels through fisheries management organizations, other international agreements or other arrangements to promote conservation and management, other international agreements or other arrangements to promote conservation and management, ensure responsible fishing and ensure effective conservation and protection of living aquatic ensure responsible fishing and ensure effective conservation and protection of living aquatic resources throughout their range of distribution, taking into account the need for compatible measures resources throughout their range of distribution, taking into account the need for compatible measures in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction, within the country’s competence and in accordance in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction, within the country’s competence and in accordance with international law. with international law. 14. Ensuring that decision making processes are transparent and achieve timely solutions to urgent 14. Ensuring that decision making processes are transparent and achieve timely solutions to urgent matters. matters. 15. Ensuring that the international trade in fish and fishery products would be conducted in accordance 15. Ensuring that the international trade in fish and fishery products would be conducted in accordance with the principles, rights and obligations established in the World Trade Organization (WTO) with the principles, rights and obligations established in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement and other relevant international agreements. Agreement and other relevant international agreements. 16. Ensuring that disputes relating to fishing activities and practices would be resolved in a timely, 16. Ensuring that disputes relating to fishing activities and practices would be resolved in a timely, peaceful and cooperative manner, in accordance with applicable international agreements or as may peaceful and cooperative manner, in accordance with applicable international agreements or as may otherwise be agreed between the parties. otherwise be agreed between the parties. 17. Promoting the awareness of responsible fisheries through education and training. 17. Promoting the awareness of responsible fisheries through education and training. 18. Ensuring that fishing facilities and equipment as well as all fisheries activities allow for safe, healthy 18. Ensuring that fishing facilities and equipment as well as all fisheries activities allow for safe, healthy and fair working and living conditions and meet internationally agreed standards adopted by relevant and fair working and living conditions and meet internationally agreed standards adopted by relevant international organizations. international organizations. 19. Protecting the rights of fishers and fishworkers, particularly those engaged in subsistence, small-scale 19. Protecting the rights of fishers and fishworkers, particularly those engaged in subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fisheries, to a secure and just livelihood, as well as preferential access, where and artisanal fisheries, to a secure and just livelihood, as well as preferential access, where appropriate, to traditional fishing grounds and resources in the waters under their national jurisdiction. appropriate, to traditional fishing grounds and resources in the waters under their national jurisdiction. 20. Promoting aquaculture, including culture-based fisheries, as a means of income diversification, 20. Promoting aquaculture, including culture-based fisheries, as a means of income diversification, poverty alleviation, increased export earnings and reducing pressure on marine resources. poverty alleviation, increased export earnings and reducing pressure on marine resources. Some of these principles relate to the welfare of the fishers community, but none encourage the Some of these principles relate to the welfare of the fishers community, but none encourage the participation of fishers, fishers’ associations or fishing communities in fisheries management. participation of fishers, fishers’ associations or fishing communities in fisheries management.  No. 5 seeks to ensure that traditional knowledge is taken into account, as well as relevant  No. 5 seeks to ensure that traditional knowledge is taken into account, as well as relevant environmental, economic and social factors; environmental, economic and social factors;  No 11 seeks to ensure that fisheries interests, including the need for conservation of the resources,  No 11 seeks to ensure that fisheries interests, including the need for conservation of the resources, are taken into account in the multiple uses of the coastal zone and are integrated into coastal area are taken into account in the multiple uses of the coastal zone and are integrated into coastal area management, planning and development; management, planning and development;  No. 17 seeks to promote the awareness of responsible fisheries through education and training  No. 17 seeks to promote the awareness of responsible fisheries through education and training  No. 19 seeks to protect the rights of fishers, particularly those engaged in subsistence, small-scale  No. 19 seeks to protect the rights of fishers, particularly those engaged in subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fisheries, to a secure and just livelihood, as well as preferential access and artisanal fisheries, to a secure and just livelihood, as well as preferential access It would seem that the draft Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 could be It would seem that the draft Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 could be improved by adding in provisions to encourage the participation of fishers, fishers’ associations improved by adding in provisions to encourage the participation of fishers, fishers’ associations or fishing communities in fisheries management. or fishing communities in fisheries management. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 11 Development 11

仮 273 The 2007-2011 FMP is still a draft, and the document contains an outline of the process to be The 2007-2011 FMP is still a draft, and the document contains an outline of the process to be used to approve it. It is set out below: used to approve it. It is set out below:

Figure 2: Fisheries Management Planning Process Figure 2: Fisheries Management Planning Process

FORMULATION/REVISION FORMULATION/REVISION Fisheries Department formulates or revises draft Fisheries Department formulates or revises draft Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) Fisheries Management Plan (FMP)

APPRAISAL APPRAISAL Fishery Advisory committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP Fishery Advisory committee (FAC) appraises draft FMP

PUBLIC REVIEW PUBLIC REVIEW Draft FMP reviewed by stakeholders Draft FMP reviewed by stakeholders

APPROVAL APPROVAL Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP Minister reviews the final draft and approves the FMP

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING Minister releases final FMP Minister releases final FMP

EVALUATION EVALUATION Periodic evaluation at least once every five years by Fisheries Periodic evaluation at least once every five years by Fisheries Division, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the Division, FAC, other stakeholders, and feedback from the public. public.

The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for stakeholders in the The planning process diagram indicates that there will be an opportunity for stakeholders in the fishing industry to review the draft FMP, which would lead to a new formulation by the FD fishing industry to review the draft FMP, which would lead to a new formulation by the FD should their concerns be taken on board. This certainly qualifies as participation in fisheries should their concerns be taken on board. This certainly qualifies as participation in fisheries management, in a reactive sort of way. A better approach would be for the stakeholders through management, in a reactive sort of way. A better approach would be for the stakeholders through their representatives to be involved in the actual formulation and re-formulation of the draft FMP. their representatives to be involved in the actual formulation and re-formulation of the draft FMP. The 1996 draft FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries The 1996 draft FMP says very little about the involvement of the stakeholders in fisheries management itself. In the fishery-specific management plans there are only three (3) references management itself. In the fishery-specific management plans there are only three (3) references to stakeholders: to stakeholders:

仮 274 “Improve collaboration among the stakeholders (DOF, Coast Guard, GPP, Fishers Organisations “Improve collaboration among the stakeholders (DOF, Coast Guard, GPP, Fishers Organisations and Private Trawlers Association) in conducting MCS” which refers to monitoring, control and and Private Trawlers Association) in conducting MCS” which refers to monitoring, control and surveillance to deal with illegal fishing and poaching. surveillance to deal with illegal fishing and poaching. “Provide training and technical assistance, including infrastructure improvement, to fishers, fisher “Provide training and technical assistance, including infrastructure improvement, to fishers, fisher organisations, processors, etc. in order to improve on the quality assurance and safety mechanisms organisations, processors, etc. in order to improve on the quality assurance and safety mechanisms in the post harvest/cold chain”. in the post harvest/cold chain”. These first two references to stakeholders are operational rather than management-related; in the These first two references to stakeholders are operational rather than management-related; in the first, the idea is for the fishers to provide information to the authorities to act upon, and in the first, the idea is for the fishers to provide information to the authorities to act upon, and in the second, they are to be provided with training so that they will produce a better quality product. second, they are to be provided with training so that they will produce a better quality product. The third reference to stakeholders is in the “Action Plan for the Inshore Artisanal Fishery”; the The third reference to stakeholders is in the “Action Plan for the Inshore Artisanal Fishery”; the excerpt is reproduced verbatim below: excerpt is reproduced verbatim below: Action Plan for the Inshore Artisanal Fishery Action Plan for the Inshore Artisanal Fishery

Issues Action Implementation Resources Required Issues Action Implementation Resources Required Strategy Strategy . Inadequate . Determine the . Conduct a study to 1. Agencies involved: . Inadequate . Determine the . Conduct a study to 1. Agencies involved: institutional institutional capability determine the institutional Ministry of Agriculture and institutional institutional capability determine the institutional Ministry of Agriculture and capability within of the fishers capability of the fishers Fisheries Department, FAC, capability within of the fishers capability of the fishers Fisheries Department, FAC, fishers organisations to organisations to sustain their Ministry of Labour and fishers organisations to organisations to sustain their Ministry of Labour and organisations to sustain their economic economic activities as well Cooperatives organisations to sustain their economic economic activities as well Cooperatives sustain their activities as well as to as to play their role in sustain their activities as well as to as to play their role in 2. Funds required: See Budget at 2. Funds required: See Budget at economic activities play their role in advocacy. economic activities play their role in advocacy. Appendix II. Appendix II. and represent their advocacy. . Based on the and represent their advocacy. . Based on the 3. Technical Support/Assistance: 3. Technical Support/Assistance: members at various recommendations of the members at various recommendations of the fora in the area of study, develop and CRFM and FAO/WECAFC fora in the area of study, develop and CRFM and FAO/WECAFC fisheries implement a plan aimed at 4. Links: CTA/CRFM – Project: fisheries implement a plan aimed at 4. Links: CTA/CRFM – Project: management and strengthening fishers Development of Caribbean management and strengthening fishers Development of Caribbean development. organisations. Network of Fisher Folk development. organisations. Network of Fisher Folk Organisations (2006 – 2008) Organisations (2006 – 2008) The issue is the lack of capacity within fishers’ organizations to “represent their members at The issue is the lack of capacity within fishers’ organizations to “represent their members at various fora in the area of fisheries management and development”, the first reference in the various fora in the area of fisheries management and development”, the first reference in the document to fishers participating in this activity. In the “Implementation Strategy” column, their document to fishers participating in this activity. In the “Implementation Strategy” column, their role is referred to as “advocacy”, and so maybe the role envisaged for fishers is really to role is referred to as “advocacy”, and so maybe the role envisaged for fishers is really to participate in various “fora”. participate in various “fora”. In the 2007-2011 FMP the phrase “co-management” is not used, nor any synonym. In the 2007-2011 FMP the phrase “co-management” is not used, nor any synonym.

Interestingly, there is a section in the draft FMP entitled “Institutional Strengthening of the Interestingly, there is a section in the draft FMP entitled “Institutional Strengthening of the Fisheries Authority”. There is need to increase the internal capacity of the FD, as they are short- Fisheries Authority”. There is need to increase the internal capacity of the FD, as they are short- staffed; but rather than sharing management responsibility with the stakeholders, the FMP seeks staffed; but rather than sharing management responsibility with the stakeholders, the FMP seeks to concentrate more power in the hands of the FD, making it an “Authority”. This will require to concentrate more power in the hands of the FD, making it an “Authority”. This will require even more staff. even more staff. In summary, the Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 does not pay sufficient In summary, the Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 does not pay sufficient attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other attention to the involvement of fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. Hopefully the activities of this JICA- stakeholders in the management of fishery resources. Hopefully the activities of this JICA- CRFM will see advances in this area. CRFM will see advances in this area.

仮 275 LEGISLATION LEGISLATION The primary legislation governing the fisheries sector in Guyana is the Fisheries Act 2002 which The primary legislation governing the fisheries sector in Guyana is the Fisheries Act 2002 which replaced the 1959 Fisheries Act and portions of the 1977 Marine Boundaries Act. The 2002 replaced the 1959 Fisheries Act and portions of the 1977 Marine Boundaries Act. The 2002 Fisheries Act, which was drafted with FAO assistance in 1983 and 1999, was passed in the Fisheries Act, which was drafted with FAO assistance in 1983 and 1999, was passed in the Guyana Parliament in December 2002 and signed into effect by the Minister of Fisheries, Crops Guyana Parliament in December 2002 and signed into effect by the Minister of Fisheries, Crops and Livestock on July 25, 2003. It includes a number of new provisions, such as: and Livestock on July 25, 2003. It includes a number of new provisions, such as: . Authorizing the Minister to promote the development and management of fisheries to . Authorizing the Minister to promote the development and management of fisheries to ensure the optimum utililization of fisheries resources. ensure the optimum utililization of fisheries resources. . Mandating the Chief Fisheries Officer to prepare and keep under review a plan for the . Mandating the Chief Fisheries Officer to prepare and keep under review a plan for the management and development of fisheries, including mandatory consultations with local management and development of fisheries, including mandatory consultations with local fishermen, and other persons affected by the fisheries plan (stakeholders). fishermen, and other persons affected by the fisheries plan (stakeholders). . Creation of a Fisheries Advisory Committee. . Creation of a Fisheries Advisory Committee. . Procedures for licensing fish processing establishments; dispute settlement in fisheries . Procedures for licensing fish processing establishments; dispute settlement in fisheries and for foreign and local licensing. and for foreign and local licensing. . Create Marine Reserves (no fishing allowed) and Fishing Priority Areas (reserved for . Create Marine Reserves (no fishing allowed) and Fishing Priority Areas (reserved for fishing). fishing). The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 was passed half-a-decade before the Fisheries Management The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 was passed half-a-decade before the Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 was prepared, yet it contains more provisions for community Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 was prepared, yet it contains more provisions for community participation in fisheries management than the FMP. Section 5(3) of the Act says that the CFO participation in fisheries management than the FMP. Section 5(3) of the Act says that the CFO shall consult with the local fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional shall consult with the local fishermen about the plan, not just take into account their traditional knowledge and interests as the FMP says. knowledge and interests as the FMP says. The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 explains the procedure for appointment of a Fisheries Advisory The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 explains the procedure for appointment of a Fisheries Advisory Committee (FAC), and its composition: Committee (FAC), and its composition:

6. (1) The Minister may appoint a Fisheries Advisory Committee to advise on the 6. (1) The Minister may appoint a Fisheries Advisory Committee to advise on the management and development of fisheries, with the objective of ensuring management and development of fisheries, with the objective of ensuring the optimum utilization of the fisheries resources of the fisheries waters of the optimum utilization of the fisheries resources of the fisheries waters of Guyana for the benefit of the people of Guyana. Guyana for the benefit of the people of Guyana. (2) Any Committee appointed under this section shall include the Chief (2) Any Committee appointed under this section shall include the Chief Fisheries Officer and such other persons as the Minister may consider Fisheries Officer and such other persons as the Minister may consider capable of advising him on the management and development of fisheries. capable of advising him on the management and development of fisheries. (3) The names of the members of the Committee as first constituted and every (3) The names of the members of the Committee as first constituted and every change in the membership of the Committee shall be published in the change in the membership of the Committee shall be published in the Gazette. Gazette. (4) The Minister may prescribe the procedure of the Committee, including the (4) The Minister may prescribe the procedure of the Committee, including the frequency of meetings, and the quorum for its meetings. frequency of meetings, and the quorum for its meetings. (5) Subject to any regulations made under subsection (4), the Committee may (5) Subject to any regulations made under subsection (4), the Committee may determine its own procedure. determine its own procedure. 7. The functions of the Committee shall be to advise the Minister on - 7. The functions of the Committee shall be to advise the Minister on - (a) fisheries management and development; (a) fisheries management and development; (b) any aspect of a fisheries plan; (b) any aspect of a fisheries plan; (c) any proposals under this Act for subregional or regional co- (c) any proposals under this Act for subregional or regional cooperation with respect to fisheries, fisheries agreements, joint operation with respect to fisheries, fisheries agreements, joint ventures, or development projects in the fisheries sector; ventures, or development projects in the fisheries sector; (d) such other matters as may be referred to it by the Minister. (d) such other matters as may be referred to it by the Minister.

8. There shall be paid to the members of the Committee such remuneration or 8. There shall be paid to the members of the Committee such remuneration or allowances, if any, as may be determined by the Minister. allowances, if any, as may be determined by the Minister. Fisheries Acts in other CARICOM countries specify the level of representation that artisanal Fisheries Acts in other CARICOM countries specify the level of representation that artisanal fishers shall enjoy on the FAB. The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 leaves the composition of the fishers shall enjoy on the FAB. The Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 leaves the composition of the FAB up to the minister, and does not require that any fishers be represented. FAB up to the minister, and does not require that any fishers be represented. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 14 Development 14

仮 276 Neither the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 nor any subsequent regulations require fishers to be Neither the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 nor any subsequent regulations require fishers to be registered or licensed before they are permitted to fish. Only fishing vessels are required to be registered or licensed before they are permitted to fish. Only fishing vessels are required to be licensed. licensed. No Marine Reserves or Fishing Priority Areas have been created under the Guyana Fisheries Act No Marine Reserves or Fishing Priority Areas have been created under the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002. 2002. Other Fisheries Acts in the Caribbean take it further and allow a local fishers’ organization to Other Fisheries Acts in the Caribbean take it further and allow a local fishers’ organization to actually manage a local fisheries management area, and state that this local fishers’ organization actually manage a local fisheries management area, and state that this local fishers’ organization shall make by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. This shall make by-laws regulating the conduct of fishing operations in the designated area. This gives local fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. These gives local fishers’ organizations real power, and not just the right to be consulted. These provisions are not included in the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002. provisions are not included in the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002.

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS The concept of “stakeholder participation in fisheries management” has not been embraced either The concept of “stakeholder participation in fisheries management” has not been embraced either by the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 or by the Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007- by the Guyana Fisheries Act 2002 or by the Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007- 2011. 2011. The present administration has taken steps to include fishers in the process of fisheries The present administration has taken steps to include fishers in the process of fisheries management decisionmaking, which is commendable; but since these are underpinned neither by management decisionmaking, which is commendable; but since these are underpinned neither by policy nor legislation, a future administration could easily reverse all this. There is room for policy nor legislation, a future administration could easily reverse all this. There is room for improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing improvement in the provision of institutional support for fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources. communities and other stakeholders to participate in the management of fishery resources.

2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, 2.3 National Programmes to promote the Involvement of Fishers, Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Fisher Organizations, Fishing Communities and other Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources Stakeholders in the Management of Fishery Resources The Artisanal Fisheries Advisory Committee (AFAC) began initially in 1984 as a project The Artisanal Fisheries Advisory Committee (AFAC) began initially in 1984 as a project steering committee to advise on and monitor the construction of the Artisanal Fisheries steering committee to advise on and monitor the construction of the Artisanal Fisheries Complexes and the allocation of fishing equipment to the Cooperatives under the Fishing Complexes and the allocation of fishing equipment to the Cooperatives under the Fishing Equipment Facilities Project [both funded by the Canadian International Development Agency Equipment Facilities Project [both funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)]. After project funding ended in 1992, the AFAC gradually evolved into a body which (CIDA)]. After project funding ended in 1992, the AFAC gradually evolved into a body which serves as a mechanism to assist the DOF to deal with artisanal fisheries issues and to coordinate serves as a mechanism to assist the DOF to deal with artisanal fisheries issues and to coordinate activities among the cooperative societies. It has no legal status. activities among the cooperative societies. It has no legal status. The FAC was established in 1986 and was active until 1988. It was resuscitated in 1994 under The FAC was established in 1986 and was active until 1988. It was resuscitated in 1994 under the chairmanship of the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry responsible for fisheries. Also on the chairmanship of the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry responsible for fisheries. Also on the Committee were representatives from the Fisheries Department, the industrial and artisanal the Committee were representatives from the Fisheries Department, the industrial and artisanal marine fisheries sub-sectors, the Guyana Coast Guard and aquaculture sub-sector. This body marine fisheries sub-sectors, the Guyana Coast Guard and aquaculture sub-sector. This body once more became dormant. once more became dormant. The FAC was revived in 2009. Organisations/persons represented on it are: The FAC was revived in 2009. Organisations/persons represented on it are: 1. CEO, Guyana Lands & Surveys Commission 1. CEO, Guyana Lands & Surveys Commission 2. Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture 2. Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture 3. Chairman, Guyana Association of Trawler Owners & Seafood Processors 3. Chairman, Guyana Association of Trawler Owners & Seafood Processors 4. Chairman, Upper Corentyne Fishermen Coop Society 4. Chairman, Upper Corentyne Fishermen Coop Society 5. Chairman, Grater Georgetown Fishermen Coop Society 5. Chairman, Grater Georgetown Fishermen Coop Society 6. Chairman, Rosignol Fishermen Coop Society 6. Chairman, Rosignol Fishermen Coop Society 7. Chairman, Essequibo Islands/West Demerara Fishermen Coop Society 7. Chairman, Essequibo Islands/West Demerara Fishermen Coop Society 8. Executive Director, North Rupununi District Development Board 8. Executive Director, North Rupununi District Development Board Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 15 Development 15

仮 277 9. Chief Fisheries Officer, Ministry of Agriculture 9. Chief Fisheries Officer, Ministry of Agriculture 10. Head, Project Cycle Management Unit, Ministry of Agriculture 10. Head, Project Cycle Management Unit, Ministry of Agriculture 11. Chairman, National Aquaculture Association of Guyana 11. Chairman, National Aquaculture Association of Guyana 12. State Counsellor, Ministry of Legal Affairs & Attorney General’s Chambers 12. State Counsellor, Ministry of Legal Affairs & Attorney General’s Chambers 13. Director, Frontiers Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 13. Director, Frontiers Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 14. Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guyana 14. Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guyana 15. Guyana Police Force 15. Guyana Police Force 16. Project Coordinator, Guyana Rice Project Management Unit 16. Project Coordinator, Guyana Rice Project Management Unit 17. Manager, Policy & Donor Relations, Conservation International 17. Manager, Policy & Donor Relations, Conservation International 18. Director, Financial Intelligence Unit, Ministry of Finance 18. Director, Financial Intelligence Unit, Ministry of Finance 19. Commander, Guyana Coast Guard 19. Commander, Guyana Coast Guard 20. Board Member, Guyana Fisheries Limited 20. Board Member, Guyana Fisheries Limited There has been little experimentation with other forms of participation in the management of There has been little experimentation with other forms of participation in the management of fishery resources such as community enforcement or participatory monitoring. In most respects, fishery resources such as community enforcement or participatory monitoring. In most respects, fisheries management in Guyana is still “top-down”. fisheries management in Guyana is still “top-down”. One possibility for a pilot project under this JICA-CRFM project is the preparation of a plan to One possibility for a pilot project under this JICA-CRFM project is the preparation of a plan to involve fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the involve fishers, fisher organizations, fishing communities and other stakeholders in the management of fishery resources, including providing the training the stakeholders will need to management of fishery resources, including providing the training the stakeholders will need to fulfill the obligations which would be imposed upon them. fulfill the obligations which would be imposed upon them.

仮 278 CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE CHAPTER 3: PELAGIC FISH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and 3.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, and Fishery Development and Management Plans Management Plans Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Fishery Management Plan (FMP) There is no National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries Management Plan for There is no National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, which might perform the same function. Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, which might perform the same function. The Fisheries Act 2002 requires that “The Chief Fisheries Officer shall progressively prepare The Fisheries Act 2002 requires that “The Chief Fisheries Officer shall progressively prepare and keep under review plans for the management and development of significant exploitable and keep under review plans for the management and development of significant exploitable fisheries in the fisheries waters” of Guyana. Accordingly, the Fisheries Division has prepared a fisheries in the fisheries waters” of Guyana. Accordingly, the Fisheries Division has prepared a draft management plan that aims to cover the management of Guyanese fisheries for the period draft management plan that aims to cover the management of Guyanese fisheries for the period 2007-2011. This draft is an update of the 1996 FMP, including recommendation from “National 2007-2011. This draft is an update of the 1996 FMP, including recommendation from “National Fisheries Consultations” on marine fisheries and aquaculture development held from 2000 to Fisheries Consultations” on marine fisheries and aquaculture development held from 2000 to 2006. The draft FMP defines several goals, but in respect to pelagic fisheries we can distinguish 2006. The draft FMP defines several goals, but in respect to pelagic fisheries we can distinguish three main ones: three main ones: (1) To optimise the development of the fishery sector through effective management in (1) To optimise the development of the fishery sector through effective management in order to create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the order to create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries and related activities. communities involved in fisheries and related activities. (2) To optimise the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption and export (2) To optimise the amount of fish protein available for domestic consumption and export consistent with sound resource management practices. consistent with sound resource management practices. (3) To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries resources through cost effective (3) To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries resources through cost effective harvesting, value added processing and diversification of markets. harvesting, value added processing and diversification of markets. As there are no directed fisheries for coastal pelagic fishes in Guyana, the FMP specifically seeks As there are no directed fisheries for coastal pelagic fishes in Guyana, the FMP specifically seeks to achieve the following objectives in the near future: to achieve the following objectives in the near future:  To develop the capacity for optimizing catches of coastal pelagic fishes migrating  To develop the capacity for optimizing catches of coastal pelagic fishes migrating through the EEZ of Guyana; through the EEZ of Guyana;  To develop a fishery aimed at optimal utilisation of the underutilised small pelagic  To develop a fishery aimed at optimal utilisation of the underutilised small pelagic resources; resources;  To maintain and improve the net income per operator at a level above the national  To maintain and improve the net income per operator at a level above the national minimum desired income; minimum desired income;  To include as many participants in the fishery as is possible given the biological,  To include as many participants in the fishery as is possible given the biological, ecological and economic objectives listed above. ecological and economic objectives listed above. Legislation Legislation The “Fisheries Act of 2002” is the major law that addresses the development and management The “Fisheries Act of 2002” is the major law that addresses the development and management of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Guyana. This Act of fisheries, and the regulation of fisheries and fishing related activities in Guyana. This Act replaces the Fisheries Act of 1956 and its 1983 Amendment. The Fisheries Act of 2002 gives the replaces the Fisheries Act of 1956 and its 1983 Amendment. The Fisheries Act of 2002 gives the Minister or the Chief Fisheries Officer the authority to create regulations for the purpose of Minister or the Chief Fisheries Officer the authority to create regulations for the purpose of promoting the “management and sustainable development of fisheries so as to ensure the optimum promoting the “management and sustainable development of fisheries so as to ensure the optimum utilization of fisheries resources in the fisheries waters for the benefit of Guyana, and in so doing utilization of fisheries resources in the fisheries waters for the benefit of Guyana, and in so doing shall promote precautionary approaches to fisheries management, as well as the need to conserve shall promote precautionary approaches to fisheries management, as well as the need to conserve fisheries resources for future generations.” fisheries resources for future generations.”

仮 279 The Act generally provides for: The Act generally provides for: (1) Preparing and implementing fisheries management plans; (1) Preparing and implementing fisheries management plans; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations, and designating enforcement officers; (2) Creating and enforcing fishing regulations, and designating enforcement officers; (3) Licensing fishing activities; (3) Licensing fishing activities; (4) Registering and licensing local and foreign fishing vessels; Regulating the exportation (4) Registering and licensing local and foreign fishing vessels; Regulating the exportation of fishing products; of fishing products; (5) Regulating fisheries related research or survey operations; (5) Regulating fisheries related research or survey operations; (6) Creating marine reserves and fisheries priority areas; (6) Creating marine reserves and fisheries priority areas; (7) Entering into arrangement/agreements with foreign fishing vessels for the testing of (7) Entering into arrangement/agreements with foreign fishing vessels for the testing of fishing operations. fishing operations. (8) Appointing a Chief Fisheries Officer and Fisheries Officers and creating a “Fisheries (8) Appointing a Chief Fisheries Officer and Fisheries Officers and creating a “Fisheries Advisory Committee;” Advisory Committee;” Under this Framework the “Fisheries Product Regulations 7 of 2003” were created. Under this Framework the “Fisheries Product Regulations 7 of 2003” were created. Further the Fisheries Act of 2002 gives the Chief Fisheries Officer authority to “prepare and Further the Fisheries Act of 2002 gives the Chief Fisheries Officer authority to “prepare and keep under review plans for the management and development of significant exploitable fisheries keep under review plans for the management and development of significant exploitable fisheries in the fisheries waters.” in the fisheries waters.”

Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations The government agencies with the responsibility for enforcement of the Guyanese fisheries The government agencies with the responsibility for enforcement of the Guyanese fisheries legislation are: legislation are:  The Guyana Defense Force;  The Guyana Defense Force;  The Police Force of Guyana;  The Police Force of Guyana;  Customs and Trade Administration of the Revenue Authority.  Customs and Trade Administration of the Revenue Authority. Note that the Fisheries Act 2002 recommends that all members of these three agencies be Note that the Fisheries Act 2002 recommends that all members of these three agencies be designated as Fisheries Officers. designated as Fisheries Officers. Level of enforcement Level of enforcement Several problems limit the enforcement of fisheries regulations: Several problems limit the enforcement of fisheries regulations: o The agencies do not have adequate surveillance capacity; o The agencies do not have adequate surveillance capacity; o Illegal foreign fishing and over-the-side sale and piracy are widespread in Guyana waters, o Illegal foreign fishing and over-the-side sale and piracy are widespread in Guyana waters, but are yet to be controlled because of lack of resources, operational problems within the but are yet to be controlled because of lack of resources, operational problems within the agencies, and unresolved maritime boundary delimitation with neighboring countries agencies, and unresolved maritime boundary delimitation with neighboring countries (FMP 2007). (FMP 2007). Level of compliance Level of compliance The level of compliance with fisheries regulations is generally fair; in particular, lack of The level of compliance with fisheries regulations is generally fair; in particular, lack of monitoring of the finfish fisheries is a major issue in Guyana. monitoring of the finfish fisheries is a major issue in Guyana.

Management Policy Strategy Management Policy Strategy Currently there are no specific regulations governing the exploitation of the coastal pelagic Currently there are no specific regulations governing the exploitation of the coastal pelagic fisheries of Guyana. However, the draft FMP of 2007 has the following provisions: fisheries of Guyana. However, the draft FMP of 2007 has the following provisions:  For large coastal pelagics:  For large coastal pelagics: o Registration/licensing of local gillnet boats that take coastal pelagic as by-catch. o Registration/licensing of local gillnet boats that take coastal pelagic as by-catch. o Establishment of target and limit reference points for their fishery. o Establishment of target and limit reference points for their fishery. o Determining the most appropriate fishing gear and set effort limits. o Determining the most appropriate fishing gear and set effort limits.

仮 280  For small coastal pelagics:  For small coastal pelagics: o Lack of data precludes the development of management measures, but the o Lack of data precludes the development of management measures, but the Fisheries Division intends to develop regulatory measures as more data become Fisheries Division intends to develop regulatory measures as more data become available with the development of a coastal pelagic fishery; available with the development of a coastal pelagic fishery; o Investigating the best means of optimally utilizing the small pelagic resources, o Investigating the best means of optimally utilizing the small pelagic resources, including the feasibility of operating a cannery and/or fish meal plant. including the feasibility of operating a cannery and/or fish meal plant. 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and 3.2 Fishery Development Status regarding stated Policy Goals and Development and Management Objectives Development and Management Objectives As defined in the 2007 draft FMP, the stated policy goals, and development and management As defined in the 2007 draft FMP, the stated policy goals, and development and management objectives re pelagic fisheries in Guyana are yet to be promulgated. Thus, no evaluation can be objectives re pelagic fisheries in Guyana are yet to be promulgated. Thus, no evaluation can be made on their level of implementation. However, as the pelagic resources seem to be largely made on their level of implementation. However, as the pelagic resources seem to be largely under-exploited, they constitute an area that should receive substantial funds for pilot studies, under-exploited, they constitute an area that should receive substantial funds for pilot studies, such as conducting: such as conducting:  preliminary fisheries surveys to assess the dynamics and abundance of pelagic populations;  preliminary fisheries surveys to assess the dynamics and abundance of pelagic populations;  Experimental fishing to assess the feasibility of developing a fishery on these populations;  Experimental fishing to assess the feasibility of developing a fishery on these populations;  Tests on the methods that are likely to be most appropriate to exploit these populations.  Tests on the methods that are likely to be most appropriate to exploit these populations. 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics 3.3 Fishery and Market Characteristics FISHERY CHARACTERISTICS FISHERY CHARACTERISTICS Exploited Species Exploited Species Table 5 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic fisheries in Table 5 summarizes the exploitation and the management status of coastal pelagic fisheries in Guyana. Large coastal pelagics such as wahoo and blackfin tuna, are usually taken as by-catch Guyana. Large coastal pelagics such as wahoo and blackfin tuna, are usually taken as by-catch in the artisanal demersal gillnet fishery. Small coastal pelagics such as jacks and sardines are in the artisanal demersal gillnet fishery. Small coastal pelagics such as jacks and sardines are mostly exploited by the artisanal fishery using Chinese seines and pin seines. The level of mostly exploited by the artisanal fishery using Chinese seines and pin seines. The level of exploitation of these fish populations is not well known, as there are no good records on the exploitation of these fish populations is not well known, as there are no good records on the catch history of these species (FMP 1996). catch history of these species (FMP 1996). Table 5: Table 5: Status of the Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Guyana Status of the Coastal Pelagic Fisheries in Guyana Stock Status Fishery Status Stock Status Fishery Status Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploitated Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Species Type of exploitation Over‐exploitated Developed Sustainable Monitored Managed Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) Gillnet by‐catch Not Not To be Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) Gillnet by‐catch Not Not To be Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus)NNot Not To be Dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus)NNot Not To be Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) Gillnet by‐catch Not Not To be Black fin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) Gillnet by‐catch Not Not To be King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla )N King mackerel (Scomberomus cavalla )N Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp.)N Jack Mackerel (Trachurus spp.)N Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp.)N Flying fish (Hirundicthys spp.)N Sardines (Sadinella aurita )Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Sardines (Sadinella aurita )Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )N? Scaled Herring (Harengula Jaguana )N? Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum)N ? Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum)N ? Jack (Selar spp.)Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Jack (Selar spp.)Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Robin (Decapterus spp.)Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Robin (Decapterus spp.)Artisanal/Seine Not Not To be Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N ? Diamond back squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus)* N ? Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* N ? Conch (Eustrombus gigas)* N ? Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* N? Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus)* N? Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus)* N? Spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus)* N? Notes Notes *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status *: These species are pelagic species but information is required on their status ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery ?: No data are available to evaluate the level of exploitation of these species in this fishery N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available N: Species are not exploited in the fishery or no catch records are available Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 19 Development 19

仮 281 Stock Status Stock Status The actual status of Guyana coastal pelagic stocks is not known. However, a survey conducted The actual status of Guyana coastal pelagic stocks is not known. However, a survey conducted in 1988 by the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen (FMP 1996) estimated the fishable biomass of large in 1988 by the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen (FMP 1996) estimated the fishable biomass of large pelagics and small pelagics to be respectively 70,000 mt and 15,000 mt in Guyana waters. As pelagics and small pelagics to be respectively 70,000 mt and 15,000 mt in Guyana waters. As these stocks have not been heavily exploited, these levels of biomass might have been these stocks have not been heavily exploited, these levels of biomass might have been maintained over the years; although considerable natural fluctuations should be expected. maintained over the years; although considerable natural fluctuations should be expected. Nevertheless, new fisheries surveys and stock assessment research need to be conducted to Nevertheless, new fisheries surveys and stock assessment research need to be conducted to understand current dynamics of these populations and to assess their level of abundance. understand current dynamics of these populations and to assess their level of abundance. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS MARKET CHARACTERISTICS The supply of fishery products to the local and international market is dominated by demersal The supply of fishery products to the local and international market is dominated by demersal finfish and shellfish, amounting to G$26,653,395,393 in 2004 (FAO 2005). The contribution of finfish and shellfish, amounting to G$26,653,395,393 in 2004 (FAO 2005). The contribution of coastal pelagic fish to this total is minor, because there are no directed fisheries for these species. coastal pelagic fish to this total is minor, because there are no directed fisheries for these species. Nevertheless, fish landed by artisanal fishermen are marketed by various means, which include: Nevertheless, fish landed by artisanal fishermen are marketed by various means, which include:  Vendors buy fish directly from boats for sale from cart or bicycle to a given community;  Vendors buy fish directly from boats for sale from cart or bicycle to a given community;  Vendors buy fish from boats for sale in municipal markets or through roadside markets,  Vendors buy fish from boats for sale in municipal markets or through roadside markets, especially on pay-days at sugar estates; especially on pay-days at sugar estates;  Middlemen buy large quantities of fish from boats and sell them to processing plants or  Middlemen buy large quantities of fish from boats and sell them to processing plants or to supermarkets in Georgetown; to supermarkets in Georgetown;  Processing plants purchase fish directly from boats;  Processing plants purchase fish directly from boats;  Sale of salted, smoked and dried cottage industry products by vendors in markets, at  Sale of salted, smoked and dried cottage industry products by vendors in markets, at outlets and supermarkets, and by middlemen in hinterland areas (FAO 2005). outlets and supermarkets, and by middlemen in hinterland areas (FAO 2005). In 1996 Guyana had four (4) industrial processing plants with a total capacity of 20,000 mt/year In 1996 Guyana had four (4) industrial processing plants with a total capacity of 20,000 mt/year (FMP 1996): (FMP 1996):  Georgetown Seafoods & Trading Company,  Georgetown Seafoods & Trading Company,  Marine Food Products,  Marine Food Products,  BEV Enterprises, and  BEV Enterprises, and  Noble House Seafood.  Noble House Seafood. The country also has four major cottage industry processors (and several small-scale processors): The country also has four major cottage industry processors (and several small-scale processors):  E. Lord Fish & Fish Products Ent,  E. Lord Fish & Fish Products Ent,  K.P. Preserve Seafood Plant,  K.P. Preserve Seafood Plant,  Carleton Hall Seafood,  Carleton Hall Seafood,  Jasshiri & Sons Ent..  Jasshiri & Sons Ent.. The development of infrastructure facilities such as wharves, ramps, workshop, fuel depots, The development of infrastructure facilities such as wharves, ramps, workshop, fuel depots, chandleries, ice machines, and fish storage bins at these landing sites were financed by the chandleries, ice machines, and fish storage bins at these landing sites were financed by the government of Guyana with support from CIDA and the EU. These complexes were then leased government of Guyana with support from CIDA and the EU. These complexes were then leased to the local fishermen’s cooperative and to joint-venture arrangements with private companies. to the local fishermen’s cooperative and to joint-venture arrangements with private companies. Table 6: Table 6: Estimated annual exports of fish from Guyana Estimated annual exports of fish from Guyana Ye ar 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ye ar 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Fish (MT) 11,628 18,689 19,322 21,901 21,757 19,319 Fish (MT) 11,628 18,689 19,322 21,901 21,757 19,319 Source: FMP 2007. Source: FMP 2007. Guyana is a major exporter of fish, with an annual average of 18,769.33 mt of processed fish Guyana is a major exporter of fish, with an annual average of 18,769.33 mt of processed fish products from 2000 to 2005 (Table 6). In 2004, the total value of finfish exports was estimated products from 2000 to 2005 (Table 6). In 2004, the total value of finfish exports was estimated Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 20 Development 20

仮 282 to be $12,600,000 (FMP 2007). There are six major licensed processors in Guyana, along with to be $12,600,000 (FMP 2007). There are six major licensed processors in Guyana, along with cottage industries and individuals (~20). Nevertheless, Guyana remains an importer of processed cottage industries and individuals (~20). Nevertheless, Guyana remains an importer of processed fish products, particularly of canned salmon, tunas, sardines and mackerels (Table 7). fish products, particularly of canned salmon, tunas, sardines and mackerels (Table 7). Table 7: Table 7: Estimated Annual Imports of Canned Salmon, Tuna, Estimated Annual Imports of Canned Salmon, Tuna, Sardines and Mackerel, Guyana, 2000-2005 Sardines and Mackerel, Guyana, 2000-2005 Ye ar 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ye ar 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Fish (MT) 428 1,145 12 985 252 Fish (MT) 428 1,145 12 985 252 Source: FMP 2007. Source: FMP 2007.

3.4 Catch and Effort 3.4 Catch and Effort Landing Sites Landing Sites Pelagic catches are landed in about 100 landing sites in Guyana. However, there are seven (7) Pelagic catches are landed in about 100 landing sites in Guyana. However, there are seven (7) primary industrial landing sites. The government of Guyana has financed the development of primary industrial landing sites. The government of Guyana has financed the development of fisheries infrastructure complexes on these sites such as: wharves, ramps, workshops, fuel depots, fisheries infrastructure complexes on these sites such as: wharves, ramps, workshops, fuel depots, requisite shops, ice machines and fish storage bins. Eight of these fish complexes are currently requisite shops, ice machines and fish storage bins. Eight of these fish complexes are currently rented to fishermen’s cooperatives (4) or to private joint-ventures (4), which are responsible for rented to fishermen’s cooperatives (4) or to private joint-ventures (4), which are responsible for their management and operation (FAO 2005). their management and operation (FAO 2005). Effort Data Effort Data The marine fishery sector of Guyana can be divided in three main categories (CRFM 2008): The marine fishery sector of Guyana can be divided in three main categories (CRFM 2008):  The offshore industrial (trawl) fishery, consisting of 147 shrimp trawlers;  The offshore industrial (trawl) fishery, consisting of 147 shrimp trawlers;  The inshore artisanal fishery, consisting of 1,200 vessels (6-18m) propelled by sails,  The inshore artisanal fishery, consisting of 1,200 vessels (6-18m) propelled by sails, outboard or inboard engines. About 5,000 fishers are involved in this fishery (CRFM outboard or inboard engines. About 5,000 fishers are involved in this fishery (CRFM 2008), using gears such as: Chinese net (fyke net), pin seine (beach seine), cadell lines 2008), using gears such as: Chinese net (fyke net), pin seine (beach seine), cadell lines and hand lines, drift seine, gillnets and circle seine (FAO 2005). and hand lines, drift seine, gillnets and circle seine (FAO 2005).  And the semi-industrial fishery, consisting of 42 vessels in 2004, one third of which was  And the semi-industrial fishery, consisting of 42 vessels in 2004, one third of which was foreign (FAO 2005). Presently the fishermen used mostly traps to capture snappers. foreign (FAO 2005). Presently the fishermen used mostly traps to capture snappers. Note that the polyethylene gillnet (6-8 inch mesh size) opportunistically caught large coastal Note that the polyethylene gillnet (6-8 inch mesh size) opportunistically caught large coastal pelagics during the period June-July when these fish are abundant in coastal waters. For a pelagics during the period June-July when these fish are abundant in coastal waters. For a normal fishing trip a polyethylene gillnet vessel may spend 7-15 days at sea. normal fishing trip a polyethylene gillnet vessel may spend 7-15 days at sea. Approximately 4,000-6,000 small-scale fishermen operate in Guyana waters, but only 1,000 of Approximately 4,000-6,000 small-scale fishermen operate in Guyana waters, but only 1,000 of them are boat owners. Sixty percent (60%) of the boat owners are members of fishermen’s them are boat owners. Sixty percent (60%) of the boat owners are members of fishermen’s cooperatives where they can buy fishing gear and equipment. cooperatives where they can buy fishing gear and equipment.

Catch Data Catch Data The marine fishery of Guyana uses mostly gear toward the exploitation of demersal species such The marine fishery of Guyana uses mostly gear toward the exploitation of demersal species such as shrimp and seabob. Thus, pelagic species are not a big component of fish landings in Guyana. as shrimp and seabob. Thus, pelagic species are not a big component of fish landings in Guyana. Nevertheless, wahoo and blackfin tuna are taken in the demersal gillnet fishery as by-catch, Nevertheless, wahoo and blackfin tuna are taken in the demersal gillnet fishery as by-catch, whereas small coastal pelagics such as jacks and sardines are captured by Chinese seines and pin whereas small coastal pelagics such as jacks and sardines are captured by Chinese seines and pin seines (Table 8). However, the level of annual landings of both large and small pelagics is not seines (Table 8). However, the level of annual landings of both large and small pelagics is not well known, because historically, catches have not been recorded. well known, because historically, catches have not been recorded.

仮 283 仮 283 Table 8: Table 8: Estimated Total Landings* (mt) for Three Groups of Coastal Pelagic Fish, Estimated Total Landings* (mt) for Three Groups of Coastal Pelagic Fish, Guyana, 1997-2005. Guyana, 1997-2005. Ye ar Ye ar Species 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Species 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Kingfish (Wahoo & King mackerel) 270 440 398 214 239 267 391 311 245 Kingfish (Wahoo & King mackerel) 270 440 398 214 239 267 391 311 245 Sardines 0.30 4.00 34.00 24.00 21.00 Sardines 0.30 4.00 34.00 24.00 21.00 Jacks and Scads 42.00 48.00 5.00 12.00 10.00 9.00 Jacks and Scads 42.00 48.00 5.00 12.00 10.00 9.00 *Source: FMP 2007 *Source: FMP 2007 Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Technology Improvement & Extension Programs Two major objectives of the Guyana FMP are: Two major objectives of the Guyana FMP are:  To develop the capacity for optimizing catches of coastal pelagic fish migrating through  To develop the capacity for optimizing catches of coastal pelagic fish migrating through the EEZ of Guyana; the EEZ of Guyana;  To develop a fishery aimed at optimal utilisation of the underutilised small pelagic  To develop a fishery aimed at optimal utilisation of the underutilised small pelagic resources. resources. Accordingly, the Fisheries Division of Guyana will need technical and financial assistance Accordingly, the Fisheries Division of Guyana will need technical and financial assistance towards building a coastal pelagic fisheries development and management programme. In the towards building a coastal pelagic fisheries development and management programme. In the short term this program should aim to conduct: short term this program should aim to conduct: o Surveys to collect biological and fishery data; o Surveys to collect biological and fishery data; o Statistical sampling of catches from existing fisheries; o Statistical sampling of catches from existing fisheries; o Stock assessment for: o Stock assessment for: . Understanding of population dynamics of coastal pelagic fishes; . Understanding of population dynamics of coastal pelagic fishes; . Evaluating total and fishable biomasses of pelagic fishes in Guyana waters; . Evaluating total and fishable biomasses of pelagic fishes in Guyana waters; . Determining biological and fishing reference points for the management of . Determining biological and fishing reference points for the management of pelagic stocks. pelagic stocks. o Experimental trials for the determination of the most appropriate fishing gears and o Experimental trials for the determination of the most appropriate fishing gears and methods to sustainably exploit the pelagic stocks. methods to sustainably exploit the pelagic stocks. Technical and Research Capabilities Technical and Research Capabilities Several problems limit the technical and research capabilities of the fisheries department: Several problems limit the technical and research capabilities of the fisheries department:  Guyana generally lacks professional fisheries scientists, management and data collection  Guyana generally lacks professional fisheries scientists, management and data collection staff; staff;  In general, fisheries management has not been based on sound scientific evidence;  In general, fisheries management has not been based on sound scientific evidence;  It appears that limitations in human and financial resources prevent:  It appears that limitations in human and financial resources prevent: o Adequate monitoring of finfish fisheries; o Adequate monitoring of finfish fisheries; o Developing alternative technologies to replace the most destructive methods that, in o Developing alternative technologies to replace the most destructive methods that, in the past, have caused the collapse of fisheries; the past, have caused the collapse of fisheries; o Appropriate evaluation of underexploited pelagic stocks; o Appropriate evaluation of underexploited pelagic stocks;

Needs in funding Needs in funding  Funds to develop and implement a coastal pelagic fisheries development and  Funds to develop and implement a coastal pelagic fisheries development and management programme. management programme.  Establish scholarship funds to support undergraduate training of the Fisheries Division  Establish scholarship funds to support undergraduate training of the Fisheries Division staff; staff;  Funds to conduct a study on cost of fishing production;  Funds to conduct a study on cost of fishing production;  Funds to conduct socio-economic surveys.  Funds to conduct socio-economic surveys.

仮 284 CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 4: AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT COMPONENT

4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans 4.1 Policy, Supporting Legislation, Development Plans Policy Policy There is no National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries Management Plan for There is no National Fisheries Policy for Guyana. A draft Fisheries Management Plan for Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, which makes reference to aquaculture. There is no Guyana 2007-2011 has been prepared, which makes reference to aquaculture. There is no separate Aquaculture Policy for Guyana. separate Aquaculture Policy for Guyana. Aquaculture is designated as a subsector of the Overall Fisheries Sector and is divided into two, Aquaculture is designated as a subsector of the Overall Fisheries Sector and is divided into two, namely: namely: - Brackish-water Culture - Brackish-water Culture - Fresh-water Culture - Fresh-water Culture Policy for aquaculture in Guyana is at a draft stage. However the main objective of the policy is: Policy for aquaculture in Guyana is at a draft stage. However the main objective of the policy is: To ensure that aquaculture is developed in a timely, sustainable and controlled manner To ensure that aquaculture is developed in a timely, sustainable and controlled manner with economic and environmental benefits optimised with economic and environmental benefits optimised The objectives of the Aquaculture Programme would be: The objectives of the Aquaculture Programme would be: - to develop aquaculture as an important facet of agriculture diversification. - to develop aquaculture as an important facet of agriculture diversification. - to maximise the development of aquaculture as an alternative approach to capture - to maximise the development of aquaculture as an alternative approach to capture fisheries consistent with sound environmental management. fisheries consistent with sound environmental management. - to increase household incomes, generate employment and improve nutrition and living - to increase household incomes, generate employment and improve nutrition and living standards in coastal and inland communities, as well as among commercial investors. standards in coastal and inland communities, as well as among commercial investors. - To reduce poverty in coastal and inland areas and make communities increasingly - To reduce poverty in coastal and inland areas and make communities increasingly independent of government support independent of government support It is fair to say that social sustainability is a very important pillar supporting the draft policy. It is fair to say that social sustainability is a very important pillar supporting the draft policy. Legislation Legislation At present, there is no specific legislation in force to regulate aquaculture development. There is At present, there is no specific legislation in force to regulate aquaculture development. There is a Draft Aquaculture Bill, which on approval will become part of the new Fisheries Act, which a Draft Aquaculture Bill, which on approval will become part of the new Fisheries Act, which was approved in 2003. was approved in 2003. The Draft Aquaculture Bill envisages the Department of Fisheries being the main regulatory The Draft Aquaculture Bill envisages the Department of Fisheries being the main regulatory body as well as the enforcing institution of the aquaculture sector. This includes licensing of body as well as the enforcing institution of the aquaculture sector. This includes licensing of farms, specification of rearing areas, specification of inputs to be used in the rearing process, farms, specification of rearing areas, specification of inputs to be used in the rearing process, waste disposal, movement of aquatic species within Guyana, etc. waste disposal, movement of aquatic species within Guyana, etc. Other important aspects, such as importation of exotic species and aquaculture as it relates to the Other important aspects, such as importation of exotic species and aquaculture as it relates to the natural environment, fall under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency. natural environment, fall under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency. Currently Aquaculture falls under the Jurisdiction of the Fisheries Act 2002 by virtue of the fact Currently Aquaculture falls under the Jurisdiction of the Fisheries Act 2002 by virtue of the fact that under the Act “aquaculture products” means all fishery products born and raised in that under the Act “aquaculture products” means all fishery products born and raised in controlled conditions until placed on the market as a foodstuff. However, seawater or fresh controlled conditions until placed on the market as a foodstuff. However, seawater or fresh water fish or crustaceans caught in their natural environment when juvenile and kept until they water fish or crustaceans caught in their natural environment when juvenile and kept until they have reached the desired commercial size for human consumption are also considered to be have reached the desired commercial size for human consumption are also considered to be aquaculture products. Fish and crustaceans of commercial size caught in their natural aquaculture products. Fish and crustaceans of commercial size caught in their natural environment and kept alive to be sold at a later date are not considered to be aquaculture environment and kept alive to be sold at a later date are not considered to be aquaculture products if they are merely kept alive without any attempt being made to increase their weight or products if they are merely kept alive without any attempt being made to increase their weight or size. size. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 23 Development 23

仮 285 “The Minister or the Chief Fisheries Officer, as the case may be, may take such measures as “The Minister or the Chief Fisheries Officer, as the case may be, may take such measures as he thinks fit to promote the management and sustainable development of fisheries so as to he thinks fit to promote the management and sustainable development of fisheries so as to ensure the optimum utilisation of fisheries resources in the fisheries waters for the benefit of ensure the optimum utilisation of fisheries resources in the fisheries waters for the benefit of Guyana, and in so doing shall promote precautionary approaches to fisheries management, Guyana, and in so doing shall promote precautionary approaches to fisheries management, as well as the need to conserve fisheries resources for future generations. The Chief as well as the need to conserve fisheries resources for future generations. The Chief Fisheries Officer shall progressively prepare and keep under review plans for the Fisheries Officer shall progressively prepare and keep under review plans for the management and development of significant exploitable fisheries in the fisheries waters.” management and development of significant exploitable fisheries in the fisheries waters.” The following outlines the key responsibilities of the Fisheries Division through its Aquaculture The following outlines the key responsibilities of the Fisheries Division through its Aquaculture Unit: Unit:  Identify species to be cultured based on scientific information.  Identify species to be cultured based on scientific information.  Collect and obtain disease-free specimens for culturing.  Collect and obtain disease-free specimens for culturing.  Establish culture systems to determine food requirements, growth rates, environmental  Establish culture systems to determine food requirements, growth rates, environmental tolerance, and rates of reproduction. tolerance, and rates of reproduction.  Implement an aquaculture programme in schools.  Implement an aquaculture programme in schools.  Maintain and operate the Anna Regina Fish Culture Station, with the intention of  Maintain and operate the Anna Regina Fish Culture Station, with the intention of establishing other stations to provide seed stock to farmers and to serve as centers of establishing other stations to provide seed stock to farmers and to serve as centers of technical excellence. technical excellence.  Co-ordinate the development of the aquaculture industry at the national/regional level.  Co-ordinate the development of the aquaculture industry at the national/regional level.  Identify incentives that will facilitate growth of the aquaculture industry.  Identify incentives that will facilitate growth of the aquaculture industry.  Collaborate with other agencies regarding the use of the shore zone.  Collaborate with other agencies regarding the use of the shore zone.  Promote the formation of a National Aquaculture association  Promote the formation of a National Aquaculture association

4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals 4.2 Aquaculture Development Status regarding Stated Policy Goals and Development Objectives and Development Objectives It is worthy of mention that appointment of a CFO was only recent, and that the National It is worthy of mention that appointment of a CFO was only recent, and that the National Aquaculture Policy and the aquaculture legislation currently exist as draft documents. These Aquaculture Policy and the aquaculture legislation currently exist as draft documents. These draft documents are due for immediate review in keeping with Fisheries Act 2003 and given draft documents are due for immediate review in keeping with Fisheries Act 2003 and given issues associated with climate change and the low carbon economic developmental approach issues associated with climate change and the low carbon economic developmental approach adopted by the Guyana government. adopted by the Guyana government. Notwithstanding, the list of achievements below indicates that key objectives are being realized Notwithstanding, the list of achievements below indicates that key objectives are being realized in keeping with the development objectives laid out in the Fisheries Management Plan. in keeping with the development objectives laid out in the Fisheries Management Plan. ACHIEVEMENTS ACHIEVEMENTS  Two persons obtained a ‘Certificate in Fisheries’ from the Guyana School of Agriculture.  Two persons obtained a ‘Certificate in Fisheries’ from the Guyana School of Agriculture. These officers would assist in the effective management of the Arapaima and support These officers would assist in the effective management of the Arapaima and support efforts of the Executive Fisheries Committee and Toushaos of the North Rupununi villages. efforts of the Executive Fisheries Committee and Toushaos of the North Rupununi villages.  Five additional fishermen were trained during the Fifth Arapaima Count Survey held in the  Five additional fishermen were trained during the Fifth Arapaima Count Survey held in the Rupununi. Rupununi.  Approximately 25 persons benefitted from 40 acres of semi-intensive freshwater  Approximately 25 persons benefitted from 40 acres of semi-intensive freshwater aquaculture. aquaculture.  Three training courses were successfully conducted during 2008, whereby a total of 32  Three training courses were successfully conducted during 2008, whereby a total of 32 persons were trained. The training courses were conducted at the Satyadeow Sawh persons were trained. The training courses were conducted at the Satyadeow Sawh Aquaculture Station; two were in collaboration with CRSP and GRPMU Rice Fish Project. Aquaculture Station; two were in collaboration with CRSP and GRPMU Rice Fish Project.  The Tilapia Hatchery was commissioned on the 7th August 2008.  The Tilapia Hatchery was commissioned on the 7th August 2008.  A total of 20,000 fingerlings of Red Tilapia were produced since the commissioning of the  A total of 20,000 fingerlings of Red Tilapia were produced since the commissioning of the Tilapia Hatchery in August 2008 Tilapia Hatchery in August 2008

仮 286  Forty-five farmers received advice from the technical personnel present on field visits that  Forty-five farmers received advice from the technical personnel present on field visits that were conducted in support of aquaculture development. were conducted in support of aquaculture development.  There is a large scale aquaculture development initiated by rice farming companies.  There is a large scale aquaculture development initiated by rice farming companies.  At least two aquaculture projects were implemented by the FAO: one in relation to the Mon  At least two aquaculture projects were implemented by the FAO: one in relation to the Mon Repos Aquaculture station and the other as a joint Guyana/Suriname Rice/Fish Culture Repos Aquaculture station and the other as a joint Guyana/Suriname Rice/Fish Culture project. project.  There are some large size farms being developed in Guyana; e.g at Onverwagt there is a  There are some large size farms being developed in Guyana; e.g at Onverwagt there is a farm of over 100 acres being developed. farm of over 100 acres being developed.

4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics 4.3 Aquaculture and Market Characteristics Low population, large and easy access of natural catch mean, limited demand for aquaculture Low population, large and easy access of natural catch mean, limited demand for aquaculture products, in addition to the seasonal nature of inland and coastal catch, means depressed prices products, in addition to the seasonal nature of inland and coastal catch, means depressed prices for aquaculture products. for aquaculture products. Local markets associated with small-scale aquaculture can at best be described as limited and Local markets associated with small-scale aquaculture can at best be described as limited and restricted to subsistence farming. However the large land holdings of the general population restricted to subsistence farming. However the large land holdings of the general population coupled with established market channels, and the processing sector associated with the capture coupled with established market channels, and the processing sector associated with the capture fishery, presents opportunities for small scale commercial aquaculture. fishery, presents opportunities for small scale commercial aquaculture. Successful test shipments of aquaculture products have been made in recent years; however Successful test shipments of aquaculture products have been made in recent years; however current production volumes and plant throughput currently hinder export marketing efforts. current production volumes and plant throughput currently hinder export marketing efforts. Cooperative farming efforts supported by central processors would spread risk and contribute to Cooperative farming efforts supported by central processors would spread risk and contribute to gainful economic enterprise for poorer Guyanese nationals. gainful economic enterprise for poorer Guyanese nationals. This approach/development model fits neatly within the current strategy for the development of a This approach/development model fits neatly within the current strategy for the development of a low carbon economy. low carbon economy. Most fish and shrimp sold in the local market are as “whole cleaned”, whilst the supermarket Most fish and shrimp sold in the local market are as “whole cleaned”, whilst the supermarket shelves will have “fillets”, “headless shell on” and other higher value-added products. shelves will have “fillets”, “headless shell on” and other higher value-added products. In some areas like Onverwagt, Blairmont, etc., farmed fish are marketed as soon as they are In some areas like Onverwagt, Blairmont, etc., farmed fish are marketed as soon as they are produced. Large-scale farmers are looking at markets in the tourist sector (restaurants, hotels) produced. Large-scale farmers are looking at markets in the tourist sector (restaurants, hotels) and for export. and for export.

4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species 4.4 Current Levels of Aquaculture Production by Species Brackish Water Culture Brackish Water Culture The first reliable accounts of attempts at aquaculture in Guyana can be traced back to the early The first reliable accounts of attempts at aquaculture in Guyana can be traced back to the early East Indian inhabitants of the Corentyne Coast near the Berbice River estuary. These persons East Indian inhabitants of the Corentyne Coast near the Berbice River estuary. These persons and their present day descendants, practice a system of fishery enhancement similar to and their present day descendants, practice a system of fishery enhancement similar to aquaculture, but which does not contain all the activities to be properly defined as aquaculture. aquaculture, but which does not contain all the activities to be properly defined as aquaculture. This practice involves the legal or illegal opening of the sea defences, and taking advantage of This practice involves the legal or illegal opening of the sea defences, and taking advantage of tidal inflows of high tides during which juveniles, larvae, eggs, etc. are trapped in the coastal tidal inflows of high tides during which juveniles, larvae, eggs, etc. are trapped in the coastal empoldered swamps and in some cases, specially constructed impoundments near the foreshore, empoldered swamps and in some cases, specially constructed impoundments near the foreshore, where they are allowed to mature to marketable size. Many species are contained in the seawater, where they are allowed to mature to marketable size. Many species are contained in the seawater, with some of the targeted ones being swamp shrimp (Mesopenaeus tropicales), snook with some of the targeted ones being swamp shrimp (Mesopenaeus tropicales), snook (Centropomus undecimales), cuffum (Megalops atlanticus) and mullet (Mugil spps.). These (Centropomus undecimales), cuffum (Megalops atlanticus) and mullet (Mugil spps.). These brackish water farms operate as extensive polyculture systems. brackish water farms operate as extensive polyculture systems. During 1958 to 1981, this basic type of aquaculture benefited from a brackish water fish culture During 1958 to 1981, this basic type of aquaculture benefited from a brackish water fish culture station, the Onverwagt Brackish Water Fish Culture Station. station, the Onverwagt Brackish Water Fish Culture Station. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 25 Development 25

仮 287 Brackish water culture occurs mainly in the brackish water swamps along the Atlantic Coast in Brackish water culture occurs mainly in the brackish water swamps along the Atlantic Coast in Corentyne and Berbice. Towards the end of 1980, there were sixty-four (64) farms, which Corentyne and Berbice. Towards the end of 1980, there were sixty-four (64) farms, which included two registered fish culture cooperatives utilizing approximately 670 ha of coastal included two registered fish culture cooperatives utilizing approximately 670 ha of coastal lowlands. The average size of a farm was 11 ha. In 1987, it was estimated that 91 mt of fish and lowlands. The average size of a farm was 11 ha. In 1987, it was estimated that 91 mt of fish and shrimp were harvested from 400 ha of these swamps. shrimp were harvested from 400 ha of these swamps. Freshwater Culture Freshwater Culture Freshwater aquaculture was first started in the late 1940's, with the introduction of Mozambique Freshwater aquaculture was first started in the late 1940's, with the introduction of Mozambique Tilapia. It was thought that fish culture could be undertaken in association with agricultural Tilapia. It was thought that fish culture could be undertaken in association with agricultural practices such as fish in irrigated rice fields or flooded sugar cane fields. Also, the hundreds of practices such as fish in irrigated rice fields or flooded sugar cane fields. Also, the hundreds of miles of irrigation canals offered a ready possibility for undertaking freshwater aquaculture. miles of irrigation canals offered a ready possibility for undertaking freshwater aquaculture. None of these ideas were carried out at the time, primarily because Government placed emphasis None of these ideas were carried out at the time, primarily because Government placed emphasis on the development of the potential of the marine capture fisheries. on the development of the potential of the marine capture fisheries. Renewed interest in freshwater aquaculture occurred in Guyana in the 1970's with the Renewed interest in freshwater aquaculture occurred in Guyana in the 1970's with the establishment of three stations by the Department of Fisheries and a joint IDRC/GUYSUCO establishment of three stations by the Department of Fisheries and a joint IDRC/GUYSUCO venture. The Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus) was introduced, and attempts were made at the culture venture. The Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus) was introduced, and attempts were made at the culture of alternate indigenous species such as the armoured catfish or hassar (Hoplosternum littorale). of alternate indigenous species such as the armoured catfish or hassar (Hoplosternum littorale). The government stations supplied tilapia for close to 500 private ponds in the country in the The government stations supplied tilapia for close to 500 private ponds in the country in the 1980s. After decentralization of the government into 10 Administrative Regions, these facilities 1980s. After decentralization of the government into 10 Administrative Regions, these facilities were handed over to the regional authorities. Without the management capabilities or human were handed over to the regional authorities. Without the management capabilities or human resources required to continue operations, the installations both in the government and private resources required to continue operations, the installations both in the government and private sector fell into disrepair and were eventually abandoned. This type of culture produced an sector fell into disrepair and were eventually abandoned. This type of culture produced an estimated 34 mt of fish in 1987 from about 115 ha of ponds. estimated 34 mt of fish in 1987 from about 115 ha of ponds. In its efforts to revive and stimulate aquaculture development, the GOG with the assistance of In its efforts to revive and stimulate aquaculture development, the GOG with the assistance of the FAO and CIDA, designed and constructed the Mon Repos Freshwater Aquaculture the FAO and CIDA, designed and constructed the Mon Repos Freshwater Aquaculture Demonstration Farm. This was commissioned on July 13, 2001. The main purpose of the Centre Demonstration Farm. This was commissioned on July 13, 2001. The main purpose of the Centre is to stimulate and promote the development of aquaculture through the training and provision of is to stimulate and promote the development of aquaculture through the training and provision of technical assistance, including start-up fingerlings, to farmers, and to conduct adaptive and technical assistance, including start-up fingerlings, to farmers, and to conduct adaptive and applied research. Work is presently being carried out on Jamaican Red Tilapia, Nile Tilapia applied research. Work is presently being carried out on Jamaican Red Tilapia, Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), Hassar (Hoplosternum littorale), Giant Malaysian Freshwater Prawn (Oreochromis nilotica), Hassar (Hoplosternum littorale), Giant Malaysian Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Freshwater Pacu (Colossoma macropomum). (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Freshwater Pacu (Colossoma macropomum). The GOG with assistance of the FAO also implemented FAO Project TCP/RLA/3003: “The The GOG with assistance of the FAO also implemented FAO Project TCP/RLA/3003: “The introduction of aquaculture and other integrated production management practices to rice introduction of aquaculture and other integrated production management practices to rice farmers,” (2003 to 2005) and the Guyana Rice Producers Association Project “Improve standard farmers,” (2003 to 2005) and the Guyana Rice Producers Association Project “Improve standard of living in rice farming communities” (2005 to 2006). These projects were aimed at farmers of living in rice farming communities” (2005 to 2006). These projects were aimed at farmers operating in sugar and rice cultivation and who were interested in diversifying their operations operating in sugar and rice cultivation and who were interested in diversifying their operations and dedicating portions to the culture of freshwater fish and shrimp for sale in the local markets and dedicating portions to the culture of freshwater fish and shrimp for sale in the local markets and for export. and for export. The National Aquaculture Association of Guyana (NAAG) was formed in early 2006 to The National Aquaculture Association of Guyana (NAAG) was formed in early 2006 to contribute to the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector. Members include private contribute to the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector. Members include private farmers, lending agencies, public sector agencies, feed producers and fish processors. The farmers, lending agencies, public sector agencies, feed producers and fish processors. The Association seeks to identify the constraints to aquaculture development and initiate actions to Association seeks to identify the constraints to aquaculture development and initiate actions to remove them. remove them. Government’s policy is to facilitate the development of the aquaculture industry by the private Government’s policy is to facilitate the development of the aquaculture industry by the private sector. According to the Private Sector Commission of Guyana, US$1.2 million was invested in sector. According to the Private Sector Commission of Guyana, US$1.2 million was invested in aquaculture in 2002. However, with the start-up of two commercial aquaculture facilities in aquaculture in 2002. However, with the start-up of two commercial aquaculture facilities in

仮 288 2004 and 2005, this investment was surpassed in both years. In 2003, 1,197 mt of shrimp and 2004 and 2005, this investment was surpassed in both years. In 2003, 1,197 mt of shrimp and finfish were produced by the combined fresh and brackish water aquaculture operations. finfish were produced by the combined fresh and brackish water aquaculture operations. At present, it is estimated that about 100 persons are involved in aquaculture as a part time activity. At present, it is estimated that about 100 persons are involved in aquaculture as a part time activity. Their other activities include rice and cattle farming, chicken farming and cash crop farming. Most Their other activities include rice and cattle farming, chicken farming and cash crop farming. Most of these persons are involved in brackish water culture. Freshwater aquaculture is practiced mainly, of these persons are involved in brackish water culture. Freshwater aquaculture is practiced mainly, but not entirely, in Regions 2-5. but not entirely, in Regions 2-5.

Table 9: Table 9: Aquaculture Production, Guyana, 2000-2008 Aquaculture Production, Guyana, 2000-2008 Species Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Species Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Tonnes(mt) Tonnes(mt) Price (US$) Price (US$) Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp mt 215 Oreochromis (=Tilapia) spp mt 215 US$ 437,246 US$ 437,246 Penaeus mt 77 Penaeus mt 77 US$ 652,340 US$ 652,340 Hoplosternum litorale mt Hoplosternum litorale mt US$ US$ Macrobrachium mt Macrobrachium mt US$ US$ combined fish and shrimp mt 292 combined fish and shrimp mt 292 US$ 1,089,586 US$ 1,089,586

4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category 4.5 Knowledge on Aquaculture Issues by Category Among the issues and constraints in the aquaculture industry are: Among the issues and constraints in the aquaculture industry are: - Lack of an indigenous knowledge base within the private sector and the Fisheries - Lack of an indigenous knowledge base within the private sector and the Fisheries Department to stimulate aquaculture development. Department to stimulate aquaculture development. - Land tenure/land ownership. - Land tenure/land ownership. - Absence of affordable credits to encourage investment in aquaculture. - Absence of affordable credits to encourage investment in aquaculture. - Lack of tax and investment incentives to encourage aquaculture development. - Lack of tax and investment incentives to encourage aquaculture development. - Partial flooding - Partial flooding - Very poor quality of local fish food. - Very poor quality of local fish food.

仮 289 Table 10 below gives some general costs as obtains within Guyana; please note that the values Table 10 below gives some general costs as obtains within Guyana; please note that the values derived are based on averages as obtained from personal interviews and store prices. derived are based on averages as obtained from personal interviews and store prices.

Table 10: Comments on Cost Structure Table 10: Comments on Cost Structure

COST STRUCTURES COST STRUCTURES US$  Prices of farm reared products compare well if US$  Prices of farm reared products compare well if

Electricity (Kwh) 0.2 are not cheaper that wild-caught products. Electricity (Kwh) 0.2 are not cheaper that wild-caught products. Gas (Liters) 0.93  Labour cheap from a regional perspective Gas (Liters) 0.93  Labour cheap from a regional perspective Diesel (lLiters) 0.99  Feed costs are of no essence, as quality of Diesel (lLiters) 0.99  Feed costs are of no essence, as quality of feed is poor. This is unfortunate, as an feed is poor. This is unfortunate, as an Wild caught fish (/Kg) 2.50 Wild caught fish (/Kg) 2.50 abundance of raw material is available from abundance of raw material is available from Wild caught shrimp (/Kg) 5 Wild caught shrimp (/Kg) 5 by-catch, processing waste, rice and cane by- by-catch, processing waste, rice and cane by- Farmed fish (/Kg) Tilapia 1.50-2 Farmed fish (/Kg) Tilapia 1.50-2 products. products. Farmed shrimp (/Kg) 3-4.50 Farmed shrimp (/Kg) 3-4.50  Pond construction costs appear to be  Pond construction costs appear to be Fish Food (/Kg) 0.49 Fish Food (/Kg) 0.49 favourable favourable Beef (/Kg) 1.5  No information on costs or mechanisms for Beef (/Kg) 1.5  No information on costs or mechanisms for

Chicken (/Kg) 1.5 land acquisition and land tenure were Chicken (/Kg) 1.5 land acquisition and land tenure were Pork (/Kg) 2-2.50 obtained. Pork (/Kg) 2-2.50 obtained. Rice (/Kg) 0.5 Rice (/Kg) 0.5

Pond construction/Ha 3000 Pond construction/Ha 3000 Land costs Lease/Ha ? Land costs Lease/Ha ? Labor/week unskilled 70 Labor/week unskilled 70 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and 4.6 Technical Aspects of Small-Scale Aquaculture Operations and Stock Enhancement Stock Enhancement A. STOCK ENHANCEMENT A. STOCK ENHANCEMENT A review of the data suggests that the basic practices are sound and there is evidence of A review of the data suggests that the basic practices are sound and there is evidence of appropriate use of technology. appropriate use of technology. The site selection, pond construction and production technologies in place are, for the most part, The site selection, pond construction and production technologies in place are, for the most part, properly designed given the local conditions. properly designed given the local conditions. Extensive and semi-intensive production systems are currently in existence. Extensive and semi-intensive production systems are currently in existence. Current efforts are underway to determine the optimal/appropriate production model. This Current efforts are underway to determine the optimal/appropriate production model. This seems critical as the Mega/Intensive farm approach practiced elsewhere has proven to be seems critical as the Mega/Intensive farm approach practiced elsewhere has proven to be inflexible, and poses too high a risk for the Guyanese investor; and to compound the matter, inflexible, and poses too high a risk for the Guyanese investor; and to compound the matter, there are little to no sustained benefits to the country nationals as is evidenced in Belize. there are little to no sustained benefits to the country nationals as is evidenced in Belize. Considered interventions should seek to shift the scale of production from a subsistence level to Considered interventions should seek to shift the scale of production from a subsistence level to one that displays economic returns; this can only be achieved through increased efficiencies one that displays economic returns; this can only be achieved through increased efficiencies associated with innovative technological approaches within the following key areas: associated with innovative technological approaches within the following key areas:  Water Quality management  Water Quality management  Feed Formulation  Feed Formulation  Feed Management  Feed Management  Health Management  Health Management  Extension Services  Extension Services Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 28 Development 28

仮 290 4.7. Technical and Research Capabilities of Fisheries At present, technical and research capability is resident in the Fisheries Division and other Government departments. The Organogram below shows personnel placement and technical responsibilities.

The staff complement (6 in total) needs to be increased simply because of the size of the country and the geographic location of farms. Academic training for the staff members was average, but noticeably, extension and support staff could benefit from farm-level training on proper husbandry techniques. The department currently has limited capacity to conduct the critical research needed to drive the sector; however effective partnerships and collaborative efforts with regional and international institutes and universities could fill this void. At present the University of Guyana (UG) and the Agricultural Farmer Training Center offer training in aquaculture. The UG program is limited to the Bachelors level, and courses offered are just part of a general Fisheries Program. Specialization will have to be sought outside of the region and efforts to this end are being pursued and/or could fall within the frame of this project.

SUMMARY It would appear as though there is need to finalise the aquaculture policy and have it approved in order to provide the context for the legislative and institutional arrangements, and an aquaculture development plan that would cover research, technology transfer, training, fiscal incentives, environmental protection, marketing, etc.

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 29

仮 291 CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE CHAPTER 5: REGIONAL FISHERIES DATABASE DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT

5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents 5.1 Policy and Data Management Documents Generally, the policy and management objectives for the fisheries sector in Guyana aim to Generally, the policy and management objectives for the fisheries sector in Guyana aim to promote the sustainable use of fisheries as well as equitable benefit sharing. Though not listed as promote the sustainable use of fisheries as well as equitable benefit sharing. Though not listed as an explicit objective, it is apparent that the objectives for the management of the fisheries require an explicit objective, it is apparent that the objectives for the management of the fisheries require effective and consistent fisheries information systems. effective and consistent fisheries information systems. In 2008, a review of the Fisheries Information System in Guyana was conducted by Paul Medley In 2008, a review of the Fisheries Information System in Guyana was conducted by Paul Medley (Appendix 1). The Fisheries Management Objectives in Guyana and the fisheries data required (Appendix 1). The Fisheries Management Objectives in Guyana and the fisheries data required for the effective monitoring of these objectives are tabulated below: (excerpt from Medley, for the effective monitoring of these objectives are tabulated below: (excerpt from Medley, 2008): 2008): Overall Objective Data Required for Monitoring Overall Objective Data Required for Monitoring To optimise the development of the fishery Catch and prices by commercial category To optimise the development of the fishery Catch and prices by commercial category sector through effective management in order to Fishing effort and vessel crew sector through effective management in order to Fishing effort and vessel crew create employment and stable sources of income create employment and stable sources of income for the fishers and the communities involved in for the fishers and the communities involved in fisheries and related activities. fisheries and related activities. To optimise the amount of fish protein available Consumption survey To optimise the amount of fish protein available Consumption survey for domestic consumption and export consistent Production and Exports for domestic consumption and export consistent Production and Exports with sound resource management practices. with sound resource management practices. To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries Catch and prices by commercial category To optimise on the value of the limited fisheries Catch and prices by commercial category resources through cost effective harvesting, Fishing effort resources through cost effective harvesting, Fishing effort value added processing and diversification of Vessel registration data value added processing and diversification of Vessel registration data markets. Costs of vessel, gear, fuel, bait etc. markets. Costs of vessel, gear, fuel, bait etc. Exports by market category Exports by market category To promote the image of fishing as an Catch and prices by commercial category To promote the image of fishing as an Catch and prices by commercial category occupation that is socially desirable and Fishing effort and vessel crew occupation that is socially desirable and Fishing effort and vessel crew financially rewarding. Number of employed in processing and financially rewarding. Number of employed in processing and marketing sectors marketing sectors Interviews with fishers and general public Interviews with fishers and general public To maintain or restore populations of marine Research for harvest control rule To maintain or restore populations of marine Research for harvest control rule species at levels that can produce the optimum development and monitoring. species at levels that can produce the optimum development and monitoring. sustainable yield as qualified by relevant Catch and prices by commercial category sustainable yield as qualified by relevant Catch and prices by commercial category environmental and economic factors, taking into Fishing effort environmental and economic factors, taking into Fishing effort consideration relationships among species. Vessel registration data consideration relationships among species. Vessel registration data Costs of vessel, gear, fuel, bait etc. Costs of vessel, gear, fuel, bait etc. To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as Habitat mapping and basic ecosystem To preserve rare or fragile ecosystems, as well as Habitat mapping and basic ecosystem habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, modelling. habitats and other ecologically sensitive areas, modelling. especially estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, Research on ecology may be required. especially estuaries, mangroves, seagrass beds, Research on ecology may be required. and other spawning and nursery areas. and other spawning and nursery areas.

仮 292 The data parameters listed above are consistent with the objectives, and form a good basis for the The data parameters listed above are consistent with the objectives, and form a good basis for the development of the required FIS. This is an adequate framework within which to manage development of the required FIS. This is an adequate framework within which to manage fisheries information. fisheries information. There are some protocols to be observed, though not documented. These are outlined below: There are some protocols to be observed, though not documented. These are outlined below: • All commercial companies must submit their monthly report on the 7th day of every • All commercial companies must submit their monthly report on the 7th day of every month for the preceding month. month for the preceding month. • Catch and effort and Biological data are collected from landing sites by staff of • Catch and effort and Biological data are collected from landing sites by staff of Department of Fisheries (DOF). Department of Fisheries (DOF). • Staff from the DOF collects retail prices (Market survey) from municipal markets. • Staff from the DOF collects retail prices (Market survey) from municipal markets. • Data collection activities take precedence over all other activities within the Department • Data collection activities take precedence over all other activities within the Department • Data collected by the DOF are confidential • Data collected by the DOF are confidential • All processing plants are required by law to maintain production log books • All processing plants are required by law to maintain production log books • Socio data is collected by the DOF via the licensing form • Socio data is collected by the DOF via the licensing form In 1998, Robin Mahon prepared a “Review of Catch, Effort and Biological Data Collection In 1998, Robin Mahon prepared a “Review of Catch, Effort and Biological Data Collection Systems of the Inshore Artisanal and Offshore Industrial Fisheries of Guyana” for CFRAMP. Systems of the Inshore Artisanal and Offshore Industrial Fisheries of Guyana” for CFRAMP. This document outlines all the components for the FIS for Guyana. It addresses all the This document outlines all the components for the FIS for Guyana. It addresses all the components quite effectively, and over the years, has become the Working Document for the FIS. components quite effectively, and over the years, has become the Working Document for the FIS. There have been some changes (such as the sampling sites), but overall, the document is still There have been some changes (such as the sampling sites), but overall, the document is still applicable. The data collection forms are still being used by the DOF. applicable. The data collection forms are still being used by the DOF. There is no written policy for data access, but some protocols are practiced, such as limiting the There is no written policy for data access, but some protocols are practiced, such as limiting the persons that can enter the system, as well as ensuring that sensitive data (such as commercial persons that can enter the system, as well as ensuring that sensitive data (such as commercial seabob production) are treated accordingly. seabob production) are treated accordingly.

5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation 5.2 Data Collection – Current Situation The Department of Fisheries started to collect data since in the 1980’s; however because of The Department of Fisheries started to collect data since in the 1980’s; however because of constant office relocation, floods and limited computers, the data are either missing or destroyed. constant office relocation, floods and limited computers, the data are either missing or destroyed. 1. CPUE Data: from 1996-2007, 2008-2009 1. CPUE Data: from 1996-2007, 2008-2009 2. Market Survey data: from 1986-2006, 2008-2009. Again the data for the majority of 2. Market Survey data: from 1986-2006, 2008-2009. Again the data for the majority of years are either lost or destroyed. There is an electronic copy for the period 2008-2009. years are either lost or destroyed. There is an electronic copy for the period 2008-2009. 3. Registration & Licensing 1986-2009 3. Registration & Licensing 1986-2009 4. Exports 1986-2009; Electronic 2000-2009 4. Exports 1986-2009; Electronic 2000-2009 The types of fisheries targeted for data collection are: The types of fisheries targeted for data collection are:  The Marine Fishery [Seabob, Finfish (pelagic, and demersal), Red Snapper]  The Marine Fishery [Seabob, Finfish (pelagic, and demersal), Red Snapper]  Aquaculture (in its infancy).  Aquaculture (in its infancy). The types of data collected are: The types of data collected are:  Catch & Effort (landing sites)  Catch & Effort (landing sites)  Biological (length and weight from landing sites)  Biological (length and weight from landing sites)  Social (licensing forms)  Social (licensing forms)  Export (export form)  Export (export form)  Economic (export form)  Economic (export form)  Price (market survey and data collection form)  Price (market survey and data collection form)  Production by Species (processed weight from plants)  Production by Species (processed weight from plants)

仮 293 The mechanism to collect data is outlined below: The mechanism to collect data is outlined below: Market Survey Market Survey  The DOF collect data twice per week  The DOF collect data twice per week Data Collection Data Collection  The DOF collect data at least five times per week  The DOF collect data at least five times per week  The contracted employee provide data twice per week  The contracted employee provide data twice per week  The Co-operative societies (#66 Fish Port Complex and Rosignol Fish Port  The Co-operative societies (#66 Fish Port Complex and Rosignol Fish Port Complex) will submit forms on ice sale on a monthly basis Complex) will submit forms on ice sale on a monthly basis Export Data Export Data  The DOF collect export data monthly from processors, individual exporters and  The DOF collect export data monthly from processors, individual exporters and the Guyana Revenue Authority the Guyana Revenue Authority Licensing Licensing  Licensing is done by the DOF, registration by the Maritime Administration  Licensing is done by the DOF, registration by the Maritime Administration There are nine (9) staff members collecting data, and one (1) one contracted employee. Two There are nine (9) staff members collecting data, and one (1) one contracted employee. Two volunteers from the Fish Port complex collect sale of ice data for the Department of Fisheries. volunteers from the Fish Port complex collect sale of ice data for the Department of Fisheries.

5.3 Data Management – Current Situation 5.3 Data Management – Current Situation The entity solely responsible for the management of the FIS is the Department of Fisheries. The entity solely responsible for the management of the FIS is the Department of Fisheries.  There is need to rebuild the database software and obtain a specific computer for data  There is need to rebuild the database software and obtain a specific computer for data entry (Market Survey, Export, Production etc). entry (Market Survey, Export, Production etc).  Realistically the duplicates of the database should be stored at the Bureau of Statistics,  Realistically the duplicates of the database should be stored at the Bureau of Statistics, Planning Division, and at the Ministry of Agriculture; but this is not done. Planning Division, and at the Ministry of Agriculture; but this is not done.  The number of staff members responsible for data management is one (1).  The number of staff members responsible for data management is one (1). Data are stored in Microsoft Excel® because staff members are comfortable with that software. Data are stored in Microsoft Excel® because staff members are comfortable with that software. The DOF is unable to enter data into CARIFIS, although staff received training; the registration The DOF is unable to enter data into CARIFIS, although staff received training; the registration data for the vessels are not accurately and consistently recorded. data for the vessels are not accurately and consistently recorded. The data present in electronic form are outlined below: The data present in electronic form are outlined below: Market Survey: 2000-2009 Electronic data Market Survey: 2000-2009 Electronic data Data Collection: 2001-2005 EXCEL Data Collection: 2001-2005 EXCEL Registration & Licensing: 2007-2009 Registration & Licensing: 2007-2009 Exports: 2003-2009 Exports: 2003-2009 There are currently no Information Technology personnel in the DOF, and there is severe lack of There are currently no Information Technology personnel in the DOF, and there is severe lack of computer hardware. computer hardware. The data is superficially validated upon entry and again while in the system prior to assimilation. The data is superficially validated upon entry and again while in the system prior to assimilation. Currently the information is stored on one (1) workstation. This machine is not dedicated to the Currently the information is stored on one (1) workstation. This machine is not dedicated to the FIS. The data are stored on the hard drive on this computer. There is no effective back-up FIS. The data are stored on the hard drive on this computer. There is no effective back-up system in place for the safety of the data. There are no external hard drives. CDs, floppy discs system in place for the safety of the data. There are no external hard drives. CDs, floppy discs and thumb drives are used as storage devices. Much of the data is stored in paper files, some of and thumb drives are used as storage devices. Much of the data is stored in paper files, some of which have been damaged in the past. which have been damaged in the past. Each year, since 2004, the CRFM has held a Scientific Meeting where all participating countries Each year, since 2004, the CRFM has held a Scientific Meeting where all participating countries take data collected and have analyses (such as stock assessments) done. This collaboration is take data collected and have analyses (such as stock assessments) done. This collaboration is important and has shown real progress over the years. It is also a useful way to share resources important and has shown real progress over the years. It is also a useful way to share resources

仮 294 in a coordinated manner to allow member states with limited in-country capacity to analyze their in a coordinated manner to allow member states with limited in-country capacity to analyze their data. Guyana has participated in these meetings. data. Guyana has participated in these meetings. Apart from Summary Statistics, other treatments of the data include: Apart from Summary Statistics, other treatments of the data include:  Stock assessment was done on Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (seabob) - 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003,  Stock assessment was done on Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (seabob) - 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 & 2009 2006, 2007, 2008 & 2009  Stock assessment was done on Penaeus subtilis, Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus  Stock assessment was done on Penaeus subtilis, Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus notialis (prawns) - 1998 notialis (prawns) - 1998  Stock assessment on fish was done on the following species:  Stock assessment on fish was done on the following species: Macrodon ancylodon (Bangamary) – 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 Macrodon ancylodon (Bangamary) – 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000 Nebris microps (Butterfish) – 2000 Nebris microps (Butterfish) – 2000 Cynoscion virescens (Sea Trout) – 2007 Cynoscion virescens (Sea Trout) – 2007 Lutajanus pupureus (Red Snapper) – 2003 Lutajanus pupureus (Red Snapper) – 2003

5.4 Information Dissemination 5.4 Information Dissemination Information emanating from the CRFM Annual Scientific Meetings also contains Country Information emanating from the CRFM Annual Scientific Meetings also contains Country Reports with the data from Guyana, and this report is widely circulated and available. Reports with the data from Guyana, and this report is widely circulated and available. Annual Reports of the DOF are generated and are widely circulated and readily available. Agencies such Annual Reports of the DOF are generated and are widely circulated and readily available. Agencies such as the Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Bank of as the Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Bank of Guyana and Commercial Banks, Institute of Private Enterprise Development, University of Guyana and Guyana and Commercial Banks, Institute of Private Enterprise Development, University of Guyana and Guyana Office for Investment (Go- Invest) request and are provided with information from the data Guyana Office for Investment (Go- Invest) request and are provided with information from the data gathered, and the information shared is limited to Summary Statistics. This information is enclosed in the gathered, and the information shared is limited to Summary Statistics. This information is enclosed in the Annual Fisheries Report. Annual Fisheries Report. The information generated from the FIS is used to: The information generated from the FIS is used to:  Update of Fisheries Management Plan  Update of Fisheries Management Plan  Change regulations (gears, mesh size, size of hooks etc) - Regulation mandatory for example all  Change regulations (gears, mesh size, size of hooks etc) - Regulation mandatory for example all trawlers must be equipped with a Turtle Exclusive Device (TED) trawlers must be equipped with a Turtle Exclusive Device (TED)  Update price schedule for export  Update price schedule for export  Assess the value of the fishery (species)/year  Assess the value of the fishery (species)/year  For addendum to Fisheries legislation  For addendum to Fisheries legislation Stakeholder involvement in Fisheries Management is wide. The main stakeholders include: Stakeholder involvement in Fisheries Management is wide. The main stakeholders include:  *The Fishermen Co-operative societies  *The Fishermen Co-operative societies  *Fishers from artisanal landing sites  *Fishers from artisanal landing sites  *Guyana Trawlers Operators and Seafood Processors Association  *Guyana Trawlers Operators and Seafood Processors Association  *National Aquaculture Association of Guyana  *National Aquaculture Association of Guyana  Ministry of Amerindian Affairs  Ministry of Amerindian Affairs  Middlemen/Hucksters  Middlemen/Hucksters  Ministry of Health  Ministry of Health  Guyana Coast Guard  Guyana Coast Guard  Marine Police  Marine Police  Environment Protection Agency  Environment Protection Agency  Maritime Administration  Maritime Administration  University of Guyana  University of Guyana  Guyana National Bureau of Standards  Guyana National Bureau of Standards  Hydro-meteorological Service  Hydro-meteorological Service  Boat Builders  Boat Builders  Sea Defence Board  Sea Defence Board * Only four (4) of the above have regular scheduled meetings with the DOF where information from the FIS is * Only four (4) of the above have regular scheduled meetings with the DOF where information from the FIS is discussed. The level of involvement should be improved. discussed. The level of involvement should be improved. Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 33 Development 33

仮 295 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 5.5 Gaps in the Capacity for Management of Fisheries Information Systems 1. Human Resources 1. Human Resources The number of staff members in the Guyana Fisheries Department is significantly smaller than The number of staff members in the Guyana Fisheries Department is significantly smaller than what is required to effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. The geography of what is required to effectively collect and manage the national fisheries data. The geography of Guyana also adds another dimension to the difficulty in collecting data efficiently. The table Guyana also adds another dimension to the difficulty in collecting data efficiently. The table below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal staff complement. below summaries the current situation, and recommends the optimal staff complement.

Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Position Current Staff Recommended Staff Gap Training Complement Complement Required** Complement Complement Required** Data Manager-Administrator 1 1 0 Yes Data Manager-Administrator 1 1 0 Yes Data Collectors* 9 12 3 Yes Data Collectors* 9 12 3 Yes Data Input Clerks 1 2 1 Yes Data Input Clerks 1 2 1 Yes Fisheries Statistician 0 2 2 Yes Fisheries Statistician 0 2 2 Yes Total 11 17 6 Total 11 17 6 * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. * some of these data collectors can be based at selected field locations based on logistics and level of fishing at the sites to ensure efficiency. **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer **Training is required also in CARIFIS and it is necessary for this training to be conducted in-house with real data after gaps in the computer infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below). infrastructure are dealt with (as outlined below). 2. Equipment 2. Equipment There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. Though There is a lack of equipment to effectively input, store and manage the fisheries data. Though some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information System, some equipment is available for use, these are not dedicated to the Fisheries Information System, and this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. The system and this will have implications for safety of data as well as access to the data. The system requires at a minimum: requires at a minimum:  One (1) dedicated Server for the Unit  One (1) dedicated Server for the Unit  Two (2) Desktop Workstations for data input  Two (2) Desktop Workstations for data input  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data  One (1) Desktop Workstation for validation of data, summary statistics, and data assimilation assimilation  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) field-hardy laptop  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) UPS dedicated for the FIS  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (desktop)  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site  One (1) external hard drive (portable) that can be kept off-site

仮 296 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP 6. RESULT OF THE BASELINE WORKSHOP

6.1. Output from Workshop with Staff of the Fishery Division 6.1. Output from Workshop with Staff of the Fishery Division Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop A PCM workshop was held at Red House in Georgetown on the25th of August 2009 and an ID/OS A PCM workshop was held at Red House in Georgetown on the25th of August 2009 and an ID/OS workshop the following day at the same venue. A PCM workshop was held separately for marine workshop the following day at the same venue. A PCM workshop was held separately for marine fisheries and aquaculture. In addition to the officers from the headquarters, those from a regional branch fisheries and aquaculture. In addition to the officers from the headquarters, those from a regional branch attended these workshops. attended these workshops. Problem Analysis Problem Analysis During the problem analysis session, the main focus is on issues related to data management. Even During the problem analysis session, the main focus is on issues related to data management. Even though data management is vital for resource management, the collection of data has been suspended though data management is vital for resource management, the collection of data has been suspended since 2007. Officers attending discussed and disseminated issues to identify the root cause of less since 2007. Officers attending discussed and disseminated issues to identify the root cause of less developed data management. developed data management. The aquaculture session focused on issues related to the inadequate feed supply, since these make The aquaculture session focused on issues related to the inadequate feed supply, since these make aquaculture less economically feasible and limit the quality and quantity of the harvest. Other input- aquaculture less economically feasible and limit the quality and quantity of the harvest. Other input- related issues are also addressed such as land, water, and finance for start up and operation. The less related issues are also addressed such as land, water, and finance for start up and operation. The less developed market is another issue, because tilapia has not yet become popular in Guyana. developed market is another issue, because tilapia has not yet become popular in Guyana. ID/OS Analysis ID/OS Analysis The result of the external analysis session revealed many negative aspects or threats, related to law The result of the external analysis session revealed many negative aspects or threats, related to law enforcement and resource management activities with other government stakeholders. Many officers enforcement and resource management activities with other government stakeholders. Many officers seem to consider the fisheries sector as a lower priority, despite its contribution to GDP. The less seem to consider the fisheries sector as a lower priority, despite its contribution to GDP. The less cooperative community is also considered a threat by officers. cooperative community is also considered a threat by officers. There were many weaknesses and a few strengths addressed in the internal analysis session. In There were many weaknesses and a few strengths addressed in the internal analysis session. In particular, the strategy and structure of the organization had many weaknesses. The result also reveals that particular, the strategy and structure of the organization had many weaknesses. The result also reveals that most officers seem dissatisfied with the current situation. most officers seem dissatisfied with the current situation. 6.2. Output from the Workshop and Interview with Local Fishers 6.2. Output from the Workshop and Interview with Local Fishers Brief Overview of the Workshop Brief Overview of the Workshop An interview survey was conducted to collect information on the community instead of a workshop. An interview survey was conducted to collect information on the community instead of a workshop. The study team visited the fishing communities of Upper Corentyne, Lima and Better hope and The study team visited the fishing communities of Upper Corentyne, Lima and Better hope and aquaculture communities of Trafargar, Mahaicony and Rockstone. aquaculture communities of Trafargar, Mahaicony and Rockstone. Summary of the Community Summary of the Community As Guyana has large fish stocks, many fishers are fishing in a more commercially-oriented rather As Guyana has large fish stocks, many fishers are fishing in a more commercially-oriented rather than community–based way. Accordingly, not many communities formulate organizations like than community–based way. Accordingly, not many communities formulate organizations like cooperatives and few such activities are observed. However, some cooperatives such as that in Upper cooperatives and few such activities are observed. However, some cooperatives such as that in Upper Corentyne have organized market activity. Conversely, fishers in Better Hope are engaging in fishing Corentyne have organized market activity. Conversely, fishers in Better Hope are engaging in fishing individually, which implies the current fisheries community situation in Guyana varies in accordance with individually, which implies the current fisheries community situation in Guyana varies in accordance with each site. each site. Regarding aquaculture, some has been conducted on a small-scale basis. Although there are some Regarding aquaculture, some has been conducted on a small-scale basis. Although there are some individual farmers, their objectives are not to establish a livelihood but to invest. However, one enterprise individual farmers, their objectives are not to establish a livelihood but to invest. However, one enterprise in Trafalgar is union-managed by a women’s group and is a good model of a community development in Trafalgar is union-managed by a women’s group and is a good model of a community development program through the use of aquaculture. program through the use of aquaculture. Present Status of Local Fishery Present Status of Local Fishery As is often the case in the region, declining resources have been identified by every fisher in Guyana. As is often the case in the region, declining resources have been identified by every fisher in Guyana. In addition, the local fisher’s situation is further threatened by the decrease in fish prices due to the global In addition, the local fisher’s situation is further threatened by the decrease in fish prices due to the global recession as well as fuel price increases. Compounding matters, the fisheries division cannot evaluate recession as well as fuel price increases. Compounding matters, the fisheries division cannot evaluate stock or take appropriate measures because there has been no data collection since 2007. stock or take appropriate measures because there has been no data collection since 2007.

仮 297 Although there are many locations of commercial tilapia culture, community-based small-scale Although there are many locations of commercial tilapia culture, community-based small-scale culture remains underdeveloped. Trafargar has major potential as a base for community-based culture remains underdeveloped. Trafargar has major potential as a base for community-based aquacultural development. Since the aquaculture project has been managed by a women’s group in an aquacultural development. Since the aquaculture project has been managed by a women’s group in an area of limited local job opportunities, it may serve as a model for community and women empowerment, area of limited local job opportunities, it may serve as a model for community and women empowerment, job creation, and food security in rural areas of Guyana. job creation, and food security in rural areas of Guyana. Needs of Local Fishers Needs of Local Fishers In three sites, fishers expressed a need t to improve fishing facilities and equipment such as landing In three sites, fishers expressed a need t to improve fishing facilities and equipment such as landing sites, ice plants, and gear storage. Alternative sources of income are required by inland fishers in the sites, ice plants, and gear storage. Alternative sources of income are required by inland fishers in the Rockstone area. Data collection and its feedback are also addressed as one of the fishers’ needs. Rockstone area. Data collection and its feedback are also addressed as one of the fishers’ needs. Individual farmers’ needs are mainly in market development, given the insufficient domestic market Individual farmers’ needs are mainly in market development, given the insufficient domestic market for tilapia. The community-based aquaculture project in Trafargar and Rockstone both require technical for tilapia. The community-based aquaculture project in Trafargar and Rockstone both require technical and financial support, especially with pond creation and water management. and financial support, especially with pond creation and water management. 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshops 6.3. Key issues identified for the coastal resources management in the workshops Both workshops and interview surveys revealed that key fishery-related issues involve data Both workshops and interview surveys revealed that key fishery-related issues involve data management for resource management. Without data, proper resource assessment and strategy making is management for resource management. Without data, proper resource assessment and strategy making is impossible. Therefore, a pilot project aiming to improve data collection and management was proposed in impossible. Therefore, a pilot project aiming to improve data collection and management was proposed in the workshop. It includes restructuring data collection, a management system, and training for officers the workshop. It includes restructuring data collection, a management system, and training for officers who will operate such a system. who will operate such a system. Another proposed project for the aquaculture sector aims to establish good practice in community- Another proposed project for the aquaculture sector aims to establish good practice in community- based aquaculture, consisting of technical support and facility provisions such as water pumps. based aquaculture, consisting of technical support and facility provisions such as water pumps.

仮 298 RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fisheries)

Net Income of fishing activity

Unit price of Amount of Operation Fish catch cost

Poaching Inadequate Weak Inadequate Less value Resource and piracy Price of Price of Amount of Recession marketing bargaining fishing add activity degradation by foreign fuel gear fuel channel power gear/technique vessels

Small scale Stick to Inappropriate Fishing Fishing fishers have Unutilized Less Inappropri unsustainabl Net length resource Insufficient ground days few access to women functional ate e or getting management fishing gear gets getting export power Cooperatives Policing inefficient longer strategy further longer market method

Less collaborati Inappropriate Inappropri No knowledge on Inaccessibility resource ate for new between to finance management resources law method enforceme nt body

insufficient Inappropriate Inadequate Collateral High Interest awareness pay back Data collection requiremen rate and training scheme program

Limited data Forms are not Difficulty in on Poor storage of data collection filled collecting aquaculture Data was stopped accurately biological data and Inland 仮 299 fisheries

Difficulty Lack of Inadequate Purpose and Commercia Unskilled Lack of in Limited Fishers and Staff biological Limited facility importance of Fishers are lly staff in understanding collecting economic data Industry cannot knowledge Knowledge Inadequate data /equipment. e.g. data collection not Important data of data data on and Fishing report spices identify for some of data system software, space are not well cooperative species are collection collection suitable operation as mixed. species species and collection for hard copy understood by discarded and encode activities time season back up staff

Fishers are Taxing prevent Captains Limited Limited too busy to No feed back Inadequate fishers from sometimes fund for Resource provide to fishers on price providing cannot read and traveling to e.g. staff, data to data collected information aculeate data write distant site vehicle collectors

Poor relation Fishers with fishers reluctant to and DOA provide data

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 37

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Fisheries)

Net Income of fishing activity

Unit price of Amount of Operation Fish catch cost

Less collaborati Inappropriate Inappropri No knowledge on Inaccessibility resource ate for new between to finance management resources law method enforceme nt body

insufficient Inappropriate Inadequate Collateral High Interest awareness pay back Data collection requiremen rate and training scheme program

Limited data Forms are not Difficulty in on Poor storage of data collection filled collecting aquaculture Data was stopped accurately biological data and Inland fisheries

Poor relation Fishers with fishers reluctant to and DOA provide data

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 37

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Aquaculture)

Developmen t of aquaculture

Inadequate Inadequate farmers for capacity of internation small scale al market farmers

Food Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate security Inadequate knowledge knowledge water land for financial market water land for finance and Feed supply on on supply aquaculture incentive mechanism supply aquaculture capacity Community aquaculture aquaculture empowerme nt

Inadequate Lack of Difficulty in High fuel Agrochemic Lack of Less Inadequate Lack of Inadequate Conflict in land tenure Inadequate Difficulty in comprehens loan access Quantity Quality cost for al in water technical organized market technical irrigation demand arrangemen budgeting loan access ive survey to start or pump resource assistance farmers channel assistance t on Market extend farm

Supply Producers Deterioratio Inadequate Inadequate Collateral Inadequate doesn't Cost of Feed focus on n in the food experienced requiremen experienced meet is high surroundin quality of formulation staff t staff demand g area the feed

difficulty in Inadequate Unavailabil Lack of Distribution Inadequate Lack of Inadequate competition ity of raw Cost of raw Feed and demand quality storage of for materials materials Producers transportati information control fees producers for feed on 仮 300

Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Supply of High cost of knowledge demand raw equipment of information materials at critical Producers production

Inadequate No study standard for Inadequate and feed and technical planning quality support undertaken assurance

Incomplete aquaculture plan

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 38

RESULT OF THE PCM WORKSHOP (Aquaculture)

Developmen t of aquaculture

Inadequate Inadequate farmers for capacity of internation small scale al market farmers

Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Supply of High cost of knowledge demand raw equipment of information materials at critical Producers production

Inadequate No study standard for Inadequate and feed and technical planning quality support undertaken assurance

Incomplete aquaculture plan

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 38

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / sustainable management and development of fisheries sector?

Demand on fish meat as cheap animal Lack of marketing and price Fishers have weakness Out of Control control for fishers in their marketing activity Some landing site facilities need improvement. Inadequate National fisheries Aquaculture provide as Insufficient support to Fishers in terms of facility, technical and financial. Political influence determine target Guyana has largest fisheries alternative for marine capture of license fee payment. industry in the Caribbean and ideal environmental for various projects. Less focus on the utilization of fish Lending institution's rate is discards and resource management high with no exception for Licensing of boat need to be done Catch quota & size regulations should Land tenure for Artisanal vessels destroy juvenile country wide be implemented for commercial species Aquaculture purpose is commercial species Farmers complain Close season should not be Potential to train small scale Insufficient feed supply for seabob and prawn alone. about shortage of fishers in post harvest fingerlings Fishing gear needs monitoring Inadequate monitoring and techniques Aquaculture is developing 仮 301 management for swamp fishing. Fisheries Lack of proper regulation for aquaculture Unlicensed vessel Communication between fisheries Division Controllab CRFM/JICA to increase department and other departments in Lack of trust between fellowship to staff for specialized DOA is not good. Positive relationships between fisheries fishers/industry and fisheries cooperative society and fisheries CRSP has assisted in conducting research on identifying Need more cooperation with other agencies National aquaculture alternative materials to replace fish meal and fish diets e.g. sea defense board, lands and survey association reaches out to Need improvement of cooperation for GATO&P assists DOF with Inadequate support of coast Industrial companies supply the data collection with aquaculture period for closed season guard to piracy issues department with production National aquaculture association of Coop supports fishers by cheap gear Guyana and Guyana trade and Inadequate bank loan for aquaculture Inadequate marine enforcement itt t lt The sector is not given Technical and Scientific Research in fishing significant importance despite support from CRFM seems Data submission of Industry usually late zone seems like low of 3% of GDP scarce disjointed and without Marine police and coast Lack of funding institutions for Government needs to Insufficient financial projects revise role of the guard need more monitoring support for coop Opportunit cooperatives Coop needs more support to association Ministry needs to enact legislation to fishers Need community promote sustainable resource Lack of funding institutions for Threat projects involvement for fishermen Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition /

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39

RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (External Factor Analysis)

Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve Factors (Policy / Rule / Environment / Economy / sustainable management and development of fisheries sector?

Demand on fish meat as cheap animal Lack of marketing and price Fishers have weakness Out of Control control for fishers in their marketing activity Some landing site facilities need improvement. Inadequate National fisheries Aquaculture provide as Insufficient support to Fishers in terms of facility, technical and financial. Political influence determine target Guyana has largest fisheries alternative for marine capture of license fee payment. industry in the Caribbean and ideal environmental for various projects. Less focus on the utilization of fish Lending institution's rate is discards and resource management high with no exception for Licensing of boat need to be done Catch quota & size regulations should Land tenure for Artisanal vessels destroy juvenile country wide be implemented for commercial species Aquaculture purpose is commercial species Farmers complain Close season should not be Potential to train small scale Insufficient feed supply for seabob and prawn alone. about shortage of fishers in post harvest fingerlings Fishing gear needs monitoring Inadequate monitoring and techniques Aquaculture is developing management for swamp fishing. Fisheries Lack of proper regulation for aquaculture Unlicensed vessel Communication between fisheries Division Controllab CRFM/JICA to increase department and other departments in Lack of trust between fellowship to staff for specialized DOA is not good. Positive relationships between fisheries fishers/industry and fisheries cooperative society and fisheries CRSP has assisted in conducting research on identifying Need more cooperation with other agencies National aquaculture alternative materials to replace fish meal and fish diets e.g. sea defense board, lands and survey association reaches out to Need improvement of cooperation for GATO&P assists DOF with Inadequate support of coast Industrial companies supply the data collection with aquaculture period for closed season guard to piracy issues department with production National aquaculture association of Coop supports fishers by cheap gear Guyana and Guyana trade and Inadequate bank loan for aquaculture Inadequate marine enforcement itt t lt The sector is not given Technical and Scientific Research in fishing significant importance despite support from CRFM seems Data submission of Industry usually late zone seems like low of 3% of GDP scarce disjointed and without Marine police and coast Lack of funding institutions for Government needs to Insufficient financial projects revise role of the guard need more monitoring support for coop Opportunit cooperatives Coop needs more support to association Ministry needs to enact legislation to fishers Need community promote sustainable resource Lack of funding institutions for Threat projects involvement for fishermen Relations (Cooperation / Collaboration / Competition /

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 39

Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) sustainable management and development of fisheries sector?

仮 302 of farmers workshop Research and Development adequately. Need Re-introduce the fisheries Determined suitable National frame survey and Inadequate TED inspector equipment facility grant aid species for boat count program should monitoring to turtle breeding program for coop and fishers aquaculture Promotion site. association be continuous effort. opportunity is Insufficient market uncertain Inadequate communication Insufficient visit to landing sites related data Inadequate resources e.g. between and within government to listen disputes and complain. PC,Software and vehicle agencies. Staff to be trained in the field Insufficient training of data collection/ analysis and scholarship for Need to conduct and species identification staff surveys e.g. inland Fishers feedback on data fishing, DOF provide to fishers are not well Data collection/observe endangered/over fingerlings to implemented. program need re-started. Aquaculture fished species, new farmers gear, time related farmers are species, by-catch, life interested in Aquaculture More training for small cycle. knowledge and information training foster an scale fisher is needed Strengths Weakness provided by environment of Rank training self reliance in the Output

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 40

Basic Question How can Fisheries Division improve RESULT OF THE ID/OS WORKSHOP (Internal Factor Analysis) sustainable management and development of fisheries sector?

Input Unavailability of Less budget allocation Mission equipment/facilities to considering industry's Insufficient manpower. carry out function and contribution Need reorganization so as to better carry Need more duties e.g. PC, specific mission. Vehicle, research out its mission The department was able to get vessel Fisheries CFO after 7 years Structure Human Division inadequate Inadequate Development Strategy management and involvement of staffs Need for speedy resolution of decision making for decision making. Active in Close season should not be disputes between artisanal seabob and prawn alone. Key duties and Uncertainly job security promoting basic fishers and industries. training to staff responsibilities of staffs are due to semi-autonomous Monitoring of artisanal fleet not clear. plan. should be strengthened Insufficient skill and Payment structure is not well Poor communication Inadequate monitoring of knowledge to Need to maximize revenue accepted by staff especially among sectors in offshore fishing to prevent respond to demands for the first salary. Fisheries department. Need more participatory juvenile fish catch. of farmers workshop Research and Development adequately. Need Re-introduce the fisheries Determined suitable National frame survey and Inadequate TED inspector equipment facility grant aid species for boat count program should monitoring to turtle breeding program for coop and fishers aquaculture Promotion site. association be continuous effort. opportunity is Insufficient market uncertain Inadequate communication Insufficient visit to landing sites related data Inadequate resources e.g. between and within government to listen disputes and complain. PC,Software and vehicle agencies. Staff to be trained in the field Insufficient training of data collection/ analysis and scholarship for Need to conduct and species identification staff surveys e.g. inland Fishers feedback on data fishing, DOF provide to fishers are not well Data collection/observe endangered/over fingerlings to implemented. program need re-started. Aquaculture fished species, new farmers gear, time related farmers are species, by-catch, life interested in Aquaculture More training for small cycle. knowledge and information training foster an scale fisher is needed Strengths Weakness provided by environment of Rank training self reliance in the Output

Final Country Report for Grenada – Formulation of a Master Plan on Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources for Coastal Community Development 40

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