Avanzando En La Implementación Del Derecho a La Ciudad En América Latina Y a Nivel Internacional

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Avanzando En La Implementación Del Derecho a La Ciudad En América Latina Y a Nivel Internacional Global Platform for the Right to the City Plataforma Global por el Derecho a la Ciudad Plataforma Global pelo Direito à Cidade Avanzando en la Implementación del Derecho a la Ciudad en América Latina y a nivel Internacional Proponentes Apoyo 1 Coordenadores Investigadores Nelson Saule Júnior América Latina Lorena Zárate Paulo Romeiro Maria Silvia Emanuelli Irene Maestro Guimarães Vanessa Koetz Colaboración Karina Uzzo Europe Eva Garcia Chueca Giovanni Allegretti Colaboración Yasar Adanali Michela Barbot Laura Colini Owen Dowsett Jez Hall Manuel Lutz Giulio Mattiazzi Michelangelo Sechi Michael Rostalski Colectivo Ministarstvo Prostora Sudáfrica Adoné Kitching Mirjam van Donk Scott Drimie Cairo y Jerusalén Joseph Schechla Kenia Alfred Omenya Akoth Ouma Tabitha Onyinge Waruguru Gikonyo 2 Presentación Las encuestas presentan un análisis crítico para revisar y actualizar las prácticas y formas de actuar a favor del La presente publicación contiene la investigación “Avanzando derecho a la ciudad – por medio de la identificación, registro en la Implementación del Derecho a la Ciudad en América y análisis sistemático de la legislación, políticas, programas, Latina y a nivel Internacional”, una iniciativa de la Plataforma proyectos, experiencias prácticas promovidas por organismos Global por el Derecho a la Ciudad. gubernamentales, instituciones públicas, organizaciones y La investigación tiene como su principal objetivo actualizar grupos sociales y culturales de la sociedad. La intención de y ahondar en el proceso Internacional de discusión sobre el esta investigación es de estimular la producción y la difusión contenido y las estrategias del derecho a la ciudad, a través del conocimiento sobre el derecho a la ciudad, de tal forma a de una Plataforma Global sobre ese derecho, para dar contribuir con la construcción de ciudades justas, democráticas impulso al proceso a nivel nacional y global y avanzar en su y sostenibles, en las distintas regiones del mundo, así como para reconocimiento y en su puesta en práctica en distintas escalas, propiciar la formación de una red mundial de investigadores, contribuyendo también al ámbito internacional para que se mediante el monitoreo de un Observatorio Internacional del incorpore una agenda de compromisos y acciones para la Derecho a la Ciudad, con miras a realizar un seguimiento y implantación del derecho a la ciudad en la Agenda Urbana monitoreo de políticas públicas e iniciativas locales, nacionales Mundial que será elaborada durante la celebración de la III e internacionales sobre la Plataforma Global del Derecho a conferencia de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible y la Ciudad, en especial en lo que respecta el cumplimiento de en la Agenda del Milenio Pos-2015 –Objetivos de Desarrollo los compromisos asumidos en pro de dicha plataforma y en Sostenible. Se llevaron a cabo 5 investigaciones en países relación a la Agenda del Milenio Pos-2015 - ODS y en la Agenda y ciudades de América Latina, Europa, Asia y África. En Urbana Global definida en Hábitat III. La investigación fue América Latina, los países fueron Brasil y Colombia, con las coordinada por el Instituto PÓLIS (miembro coordinador del ciudades de São Paulo y Bogotá; En Europa, Italia y España Foro Nacional de Reforma Urbana - FNRU) y por la Coalición fueron los focos de la encuesta, con las ciudades de Londres, Internacional del Hábitat para la América Latina (HIC-AL) con Estambul y Hamburgo; y en África, los países de África del Sur el apoyo de la Fundación Ford. y Kenia, y las ciudades del Cairo y Jerusalén fueron parte de la investigación. Las investigaciones realizadas tiene como miras aportar a la comprensión del derecho a la ciudad como un derecho colectivo de los habitantes de las ciudades, que abarca la dimensión de la condición de vida urbana adecuada y de la justicia social y el fortalecimiento de la participación, de la democracia directa y de la ciudadanía en las ciudades, que se ha estado construyendo desde el comienzo del Siglo XXI, mediante una articulación internacional de actores de la sociedad civil y de gobiernos nacionales y locales. Asimismo se ha desarrollado en los Foros Mundiales Sociales, Foros Sociales Urbanos, así como en los Foros Urbanos Mundiales. 3 Tabla de Contenido Derecho a la Ciudad en América Latina 7 El Derecho a la Ciudad en el Contexto Brasileño 8 El Contexto Urbano de São Paulo 23 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Colombia 37 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Bogotá 54 Algunos Apuntamientos Relevantes 65 Bibliografia Consultada 66 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Europa 69 Agradecimientos 70 Introducción 71 Posicionamiento del Tema a Nivel Europeo 73 El Derecho a la Ciudad en España 83 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Italia 92 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Londres 104 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Estambul 114 El Derecho a la Ciudad en Hamburgo 121 Otras Experiencias de Interés 127 Conclusiones 132 Referencias 135 Sobre los Autores 143 Sudáfrica y el Derecho a la Ciudad 147 Introducción 148 Las Realidades Sudafricanas: la inequidad urbana y la necesidad de cambios institucionales y de actitud 149 Metodología 151 Políticas Progresivas y Legislación: El compromiso institucional de Sudáfrica con la justicia y equidad 151 Manifestaciones del Derecho a la Ciudad en Sudáfrica 157 Barreras a la Institucionalización: desafíos planteados por el caso Sudafricano 162 Conclusiones 163 Referencias 164 4 El Derecho a la Ciudad: Cairo 167 Introducción Histórica: De Menfis a Megalópolis 169 Obligaciones de los Derechos Humanos 1 74 Condiciones de Vida en Cairo 176 Producción y Consumo de Viviendas 177 Derechos a la Vivienda y Desalojos Forzados 179 Desarrollando el Cairo 181 Privatizando Cairo 182 Gobernando Cairo 183 Vislumbrando el Derecho a la Ciudad en el Cairo 187 Instituciones Gubernamentales 192 Conclusiones 194 Anexo I 195 Anexo II 200 Bibliografía 202 El Derecho a la Ciudad: Jerusalén 209 Introducción Histórica a Jerusalén: De Santuario a Segregación 211 Derechos Humanos y Obligaciones del Estado 215 Nacionalidad, Ciudadanía y las Organizaciones de “Desarrollo” de Israel 216 Gobernanza Municipal 222 Planificación y Desarrollo 224 Perspectivas y Capital Social para el Derecho a la Ciudad 233 Conclusión 238 Anexo I 241 Anexo II 246 Bibliografía 248 Ciudades sin Ciudadanos – Las Negociaciones Contradictorias de Kenia 255 Resumen 256 Introducción: Fundamentos Conceptuales del Derecho a la Ciudad 257 Nota Metodológica 258 Esbozo de la Urbanización en Kenia 258 La Carta Mundial por el Derecho a la Ciudad, la Situación de Kenia 260 Derechos Socio-Económicos en la Constitución de Kenia 2010 261 Desarrollo Urbano Inclusivo en la Ley Keniana 262 Negociando los Terrenos Jurídicos en Kibra y Garrissa 264 Conclusión 270 Referencias 271 5 Derecho a la Ciudad en América Latina Paulo Romeiro, Irene Maestro Sarrión dos Santos Guimarães, Vanessa Koetz 7 El Derecho a la Ciudad en el Contexto “El planeamiento regulatorio, fundado en la creencia de que la formulación de la política urbana Brasileño debería ocurrir en el ámbito de una esfera técnica de administración pública, en lugar de reverter este cuadro, 1. Trayectoria por reforma urbana acentuó sus efectos. La gestión tecnocrática alimentó un proceso caracterizado, de un lado, por la apropiación La trayectoria del derecho a la ciudad en Brasil está vinculada a privada de los investimentos públicos y, de otro, por la las luchas sociales que demandaban reformas estructurales en segregación de grandes masas poblacionales en favelas, la regulación de la tenencia de la tierra a través de la reforma conventillos y subdivisiones periféricas, excluidas del agraria y urbana. consumo de bienes y servicios urbanos esenciales.” 1 El modelo de desarrollo brasileño, basado en grandes propiedades agrarias, cuyos productos eran destinados a la En 1953, el documento final del III Congreso Brasileño exportación, fue la principal forma de inducción de la economía de Arquitectos propuso la edición de ley que creara un del país. Así, solamente a partir del siglo XX, hubo radicalmente ministerio específico de habitación y urbanismo. En 1959, el un cambio demográfico impulsado por la industrialización, que Departamento del Rio de Janeiro del Instituto de Arquitectos significó una intensa y desordenada migración poblacional a de Brasil presentó un proyecto de ley a los presidenciables los centros urbanos. (en las elecciones de 1960), intitulado “Ley de la propia La aglomeración en núcleos urbanos en Brasil, ocurrió a casa”, que propuso la constitución de sociedades comerciales partir de la crisis económica internacional de 1929 en que, la responsables por financiamiento y adquisición de habitaciones, crisis de exportación del café (base de la economía brasileña) entre otras medidas, como la creación de un Consejo Nacional hizo que millares de desempleados buscaran mejores de Habitación. Tal consejo fue creado en 1962, sub el gobierno condiciones de vida en las ciudades. de João Goulart. (BASSUL, 2010, p. 72) A pesar de que fue a los municipios que recayeron las Cumple destacar que, entre los años 1950 e 1960, hubo consecuencias de una urbanización desordenada y acelerada, una intensa movilización de diversos movimientos sociales sin embargo, no había la comprensión, a lo momento, del ente alrededor de la propuesta de las “reformas de base” del municipal como el principal inductor del desarrollo urbano. gobierno del presidente João Goulart, en que el campo De esa manera, los escasos recursos e inversiones del Poder brasileño tenía papel protagonista en las luchas de clases. Público beneficiaran al sector de intereses
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