SONYOW KERNOWEK DIWEDHES  THE SOUNDS OF LATE CORNISH gen Benjamin Bruch hag Albert Bock

BOGALEDNOW  VOWELS lytherednans son hwarvedhyans ensampel leveryans styr spelling sound incidence example pronunciation meaning i [] in closed monosyllables gwin [] wine [] when unstressed or short gwelis [] I saw *ei [] RLC only (~MC i) chei [] house in open stressed monosyllables my [me] I [e] and hiatus vyaj [e] journey, affair y [~e] short, in closed monosyllables gwydn [gwdn] white [] when unstressed enys [n] island [] in stressed monosyllables pe [] pay e [] stressed, in polysyllables peber [] baker [] when unstressed peber [] in stressed monosyllables da [] good a [] stressed, in polysyllables lader [l] goodness [] when unstressed onan [] one * oa [()] RLC only (~MC a) broas [] big [] in stressed monosyllables kost [] price [] stressed, in polysyllables koskys [] asleep o [] stressed, in some polysyllables sodhva [sv] office [] when unstressed kolon [] heart oo [] in stressed monosyllables goon [] moor [] when stressed and long our [] hour (duration) ou [] when stressed and short ouns [] ounce  when unstressed honour [h honour in monosyllables du [] black [] (open or closed by ) bugh [ cow u [] in closed monosyllables kuv  kind leave, permission, [ ] stressed, in polysyllables kubmyas [ ]  bm license [] when stressed and long meur [] great eu [] when stressed and short Meur’h [h] Mars, Tuesday, March

*Variant graphs which are given preference in the written representation of Late Cornish.

HANTERVOGALEDNOW  SEMIVOWELS lytherednans son hwarvedhyans ensampel leveryans styr spelling sound incidence example pronunciation meaning yar [] hen y // MC /-/ often > LC /-/ yeth, ’eth [] language war [] upon, aware w // MC /-/ often > LC /-/ wor, ’or [] knows Diwvogalednow  DIPHTHONGS lytherednans son hwarvedhyans ensampel leveryans styr spelling sound incidence example pronunciation meaning ay, ey // keyn [] back, ridge // koynt [] strange oy // in the words moy and oy moy [] more iw, uw // liw [] color ew, yw // lew [] lion aw // glaw [] rain ow // glow [] coal Jowan [] John owa, owe // Kernowek [] Cornish

KESSONEDNOW  CONSONANTS lytherednans son hwarvedhyans ensampel leveryans styr spelling sound incidence example pronunciation meaning p // pell [] far t // tan [] fire k // ke [] hedge, fence, go ck // in loanwords kwyck [] quick b // bos [] be, abode d // da [] good g // garr [] leg m // mos [] go after short stressed *bm /b / obma [ ] here  vowels bm n // noy [] nephew *dn /dn/ hedna [dn] that [one] (masc.) l // le [] place, less /ll, lh/ [ll], ll may be devoiced gwella best [, h [lh] r // [ ros [] wheel may be pronounced as rr /rh/ [ , hirra [ longer, longest  h a devoiced apical flap h may have been voiced in [], hw // [, ] hwans desire some LC variants [] f // [, ] almost always voiced fos [] wall may be elided in auslaut vyaj [e] journey, affair v // [, Ø] after an unstressed vowel rugav, ruga’ [ I did th koth [] old //  h MC /l, r/ > LC /l, r/ *’h lowar’h [h] garden dhybm ebm to me dh // Ø mute after fordh, for’  way, path s // [, ] almost always voiced sos [] friend, pal sh // shap [] shape only used word-finally, gh // before consonants, or in segh [] dry superlatives h // hei [] she ch // chei [] house, building j // jerkyn [] jerkin, jacket *Variant graphs which are given preference in the written representation of Late Cornish: lytherednans son hwarvedhyans ensampel leveryans styr spelling sound incidence example pronunciation meaning bm (~MC mm) /bm/ in stressed syllables obma [bm] here dn (~MC nn) /dn/ in stressed syllables hedna [dn] that [one] (masc.) ’h (~MC th / / < / / MC / , / > LC / , / lowar’h [ ] garden after l, r) h    h h h KD/MC often cor- j (~MC s) bohojek [ ] poor  responds to KD/LC 

PENNFENTYDNYOW  SOURCES

Bock, Albert, and Bruch, Benjamin. An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish. CLP, 2008. Brown, Wella. A Grammar of Modern Cornish. 2nd ed. Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1993. Comrie, Bernard, ed. The World’s Major Languages. Oxford University Press, 1990. Dunbar, Paul, and Ken George. Kernewek Kemmyn: Cornish for the Twenty-First Century. Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1997. Gendall, Richard. A Students’ Dictionary of Modern Cornish. 4th ed. Teere ha Tavaz, 1992. George, Ken, ed. Bywnans Ke. Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 2006. ————. Gerlyver Kernewek Kemmyn. Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1993. ————. Gerlyvrik Kernewek-Sowsnek & Sowsnek-Kernewek. Kesva an Taves Kernewek/Yoran Embanner, 2005. ————. The Pronunciation and Spelling of Revived Cornish. Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1986. Williams, Nicholas. Cornish Today. Kernewek dre Lyther, 1995. ————. Towards Authentic Cornish. Evertype, 2006. Wmffre, Iwan. Late Cornish. Lincom Europa, 1998.