Morphological Variation and Different Branch Modularity Across Contrasting Flow Conditions in Dominant Pocillopora Reef‑Building Corals
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Oecologia DOI 10.1007/s00442-014-3199-9 POPULATION ECOLOGY - ORIGINAL RESEARCH Morphological variation and different branch modularity across contrasting flow conditions in dominant Pocillopora reef‑building corals David A. Paz‑García · Alejandro Aldana‑Moreno · Rafael A. Cabral‑Tena · Francisco J. García‑De‑León · Michael E. Hellberg · Eduardo F. Balart Received: 19 April 2014 / Accepted: 12 December 2014 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Pocillopora corals, the dominant reef-builders corresponded to a pattern of morphological variation in the in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, exhibit a high level of phe- Gulf of California. Overall, P. damicornis had the thinnest notypic plasticity, making the interpretation of morphologi- branches and its colonies the highest branch density, fol- cal variation and the identification of species challenging. lowed by P. verrucosa, and then by P. meandrina, which To test the hypothesis that different coral morphospecies had the thickest branches and its colonies the lowest branch represent phenotypes that develop in different flow condi- density. (2) The differentiation among morphospecies was tions, we compared branch characters in three Pocillopora promoted by different levels of modularity of traits. P. ver- morphospecies (P. damicornis, P. verrucosa, and P. mean- rucosa had the highest coordination of traits, followed by P. drina) from two communities in the Gulf of California damicornis, and P. meandrina. (3) The variation and modu- exposed to contrasting flow conditions. Morphological var- larity of branch traits were related to water flow condition. iation and branch modularity (i.e., the tendency of differ- Morphology under the high-flow condition was more simi- ent sets of branch traits to vary in a coordinated way) were lar among morphospecies than under the low-flow condi- assessed in colonies classified as Pocillopora type 1 accord- tion and seemed to be related to mechanisms for coping ing to two mitochondrial regions. Our results can be sum- with these conditions. Our results provide the first evidence marized as follows. (1) Pocillopora type 1 morphospecies that in scleractinian corals different levels of modularity can be promoted by different environmental conditions. Communicated by Andrew Baker. Keywords Phenotypic modularity · Morphometrics · Electronic supplementary material The online version of this Pocillopora morphospecies · Phenotypic plasticity · article (doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3199-9) contains supplementary Easter Tropical Pacific · Mitochondrial lineage material, which is available to authorized users. D. A. Paz-García · A. Aldana-Moreno · R. A. Cabral-Tena · E. F. Balart (*) Introduction Laboratorio de Necton y Ecología de Arrecifes, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Organisms with broad distributions are often exposed Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico to environmental heterogeneity across their geographi- e-mail: [email protected] cal range. Environmental heterogeneity can favor differ- ent phenotypes between sites and morphological variation D. A. Paz-García · F. J. García-De-León along environmental gradients (Veron 1995; Todd 2008; Laboratorio de Genética para la Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Fusco and Minelli 2010). This difference of expression Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, La Paz 23096, Baja California response is known as phenotypic plasticity and can be, or Sur, Mexico not, due to an underlying genetic program of the organ- ism (Pigliucci et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2013). Phenotypic M. E. Hellberg Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, plasticity can contribute to an individual’s ability to cope Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA with such environmental variation, as well as with changes 1 3 Oecologia that occur in one place over an organism’s lifetime (Fusco distributed, ranging from the Red Sea, across the Indian and Minelli 2010; Pfennig et al. 2010). Understanding and Pacific Oceans to the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Glynn phenotypic plasticity is crucial to the correct identification and Ault 2000; Veron 2000). In the Eastern Tropical of species, accurate estimates of diversity, the application Pacific, these corals are found in shallow waters (depth of appropriate efforts of conservation and management, 1–8 m) and are the most important reef-builders in this as well as for providing information about mechanisms environment—yet they show a high variation in colony responsible for morphological variation and its evolution- morphology (Glynn and Ault 2000). The identification of ary potential. species belonging to this genus has been based mainly on Tropical marine reefs are physically built by sessile the skeletal morphology of the colony, shape and size of the organisms (corals, sponges, gorgonians, and algae) that branches and verrucae, and corallite features (Veron and often show a high degree of morphological plasticity. Tra- Pichon 1976; Glynn 1999; Veron 2000, 2002). However, ditionally, skeletal morphology has been used as the main studies that included transplants (Nakamura and Yama- character for the identification of coral species (Veron saki 2006; Mass and Genin 2008) and growth simulations and Pichon 1976; Glynn 1999; Veron 2000). However, (Kaandorp 1999; Chindapol et al. 2013) have shown that modular organisms such as corals are composed of repeti- Pocillopora corals have the capacity to produce differ- tive units that exhibit high levels of phenotypic plasticity ent morphologies in response to water flow. In particular, at each module (Kaandorp 1999; Shaish et al. 2007; Todd branches of Pocillopora species are thick and compact in 2008; Chindapol et al. 2013). Three units of morphologi- habitats exposed to high-flow velocities and thinner and cal organization or modules can be distinguished in branch- wider under low-flow velocities (Kaandorp 1999; Naka- ing corals: features of (1) individual polyps, (2) individual mura and Yamasaki 2006). One possible explanation of branches, and (3) the whole colony (Ryaland and Warner these different trait morphologies is that the modifications 1986; Shaish et al. 2007). Most studies of morphological may be morphological responses of the coral to decrease variation in corals focus on individual branches (Nakamura drag and prevent breakage at high-flow velocities. Under and Yamasaki 2006; Shaish et al. 2007; Kaniewska et al. low-flow conditions, thin but wide branches induce tur- 2008; Einbinder et al. 2009), however the coordination of bulence, thereby enhancing the mass transport of nutri- different traits (or lack thereof) can have large effects on ents (Chamberlain and Graus 1975; Kaandorp 1999; Ein- the morphological variation, as seen in octocorals (Sánchez binder et al. 2009; Filatov et al. 2010). Water flow is not and Lasker 2003; Sánchez et al. 2007). This coordination, only a critical factor in determining the mechanical aspects or integration, of morphological traits implies a strong rela- of colonial morphology, but it also influences the abil- tionship among the traits that is conditional and mutually ity of polyps to capture particles (Sebens et al. 1998) and informative about patterns of variability and not merely a exchange gas (Sebens et al. 2003; Finelli et al. 2007), and it correlate (Magwene 2001). Modularity refers to the ten- affects uptake rates (Falter et al. 2004), which in turn affect dency of different sets of branch traits to vary in a coordi- respiration, photosynthesis, and growth (Finelli et al. 2007; nated way (Klingenberg 2008, 2014). Thus, characteristics Mass et al. 2010; Schutter et al. 2011) and might also deter- of corals are consistent with the modular concept of phe- mine susceptibility to bleaching (Nakamura and Yamasaki notypic plasticity seen in plants (de Kroon et al. 2005) in 2005). Thus, water flow is one of the most important envi- that whole-organism plasticity is the sum of all modular ronmental factors influencing the morphology of Pocillo- responses triggered by environmental conditions, plus all pora corals throughout the Eastern Tropical Pacific. interaction effects among modules due to the coordination Pocillopora species have been delimited morphologi- of traits. However, little is known about the effects of mod- cally using numerical taxonomy in Hawaii (Powers 1970; ularity in the morphology of scleractinian corals in natural Powers and Rohlf 1972) and Colombia (Cantera et al. populations. 1989), and by morphometric analysis in the Galapagos Differences in skeletal morphology of corals can also (Budd 1990). Based on their results, these authors were be attributed to the disruption of gene flow between popu- able to distinguish P. damicornis, P. capitata, and a group lations (Carlon and Budd 2002; Prada et al. 2008). Thus, composed of P. elegans–P. eydouxi in the Eastern Tropi- plastic responses to environmental variation and genetic cal Pacific (Cantera et al. 1989; Budd 1990); in Hawaii, P. divergence may occur simultaneously to mold colonial damicornis, P. meandrina, and P. lingulata were morpho- morphology (Mass and Genin 2008; Prada et al. 2008; logically differentiated (Powers 1970; Powers and Rohlf Todd 2008), making the interpretation of morphological 1972). Taxonomic studies have likewise described mor- variation and identification of species challenging. phological variation in both recognized species (Veron and Pocillopora corals illustrate