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Sheila Fullowka, Doreen Shauna Hourie, Tracey Neill, Judit Pandev, Ella May Carol Riggs, Doreen Vodnoski, Carlene Dawn Rowsell 132 FULLOWKA v. PINKERTON’S OF CANADA [2010] 1 S.C.R. Sheila Fullowka, Doreen Shauna Hourie, Sheila Fullowka, Doreen Shauna Hourie, Tracey Neill, Judit Pandev, Ella May Carol Tracey Neill, Judit Pandev, Ella May Carol Riggs, Doreen Vodnoski, Carlene Dawn Riggs, Doreen Vodnoski, Carlene Dawn Rowsell, Karen Russell and Bonnie Lou Rowsell, Karen Russell et Bonnie Lou Sawler Appellants Sawler Appelantes v. c. Pinkerton’s of Canada Limited, Government Pinkerton’s of Canada Limited, of the Northwest Territories as represented gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, by the Commissioner of the Northwest représenté par le commissaire des Territoires Territories, National Automobile, Aerospace, du Nord-Ouest, Syndicat national de Transportation and General Workers Union l’automobile, de l’aérospatiale, du transport of Canada, Timothy Alexander Bettger and et des autres travailleurs et travailleuses du Royal Oak Ventures Inc. (formerly Royal Oak Canada, Timothy Alexander Bettger et Royal Mines Inc.) Respondents Oak Ventures Inc. (anciennement Royal Oak Mines Inc.) Intimés - and - - et - James O’Neil Appellant James O’Neil Appelant v. c. Pinkerton’s of Canada Limited, Government Pinkerton’s of Canada Limited, of the Northwest Territories as represented gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, by the Commissioner of the Northwest représenté par le commissaire des Territoires Territories, National Automobile, Aerospace, du Nord-Ouest, Syndicat national de Transportation and General Workers l’automobile, de l’aérospatiale, du transport Union of Canada and Timothy Alexander et des autres travailleurs et travailleuses Bettger Respondents du Canada et Timothy Alexander Bettger Intimés and et Attorney General of Canada and Attorney Procureur général du Canada et procureur General of Ontario Interveners général de l’Ontario Intervenants Indexed as: Fullowka v. Pinkerton’s of Répertorié : Fullowka c. Pinkerton’s of Canada Ltd. Canada Ltd. 2010 SCC 5 2010 CSC 5 File No.: 32735. No du greffe : 32735. 2009: May 14; 2010: February 18. 2009 : 14 mai; 2010 : 18 février. [2010] 1 R.C.S. FULLOWKA c. PINKERTON’S OF CANADA 133 Present: McLachlin C.J. and Binnie, LeBel, Deschamps, Présents : La juge en chef McLachlin et les juges Binnie, Fish, Abella, Charron, Rothstein and Cromwell JJ. LeBel, Deschamps, Fish, Abella, Charron, Rothstein et Cromwell. ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL FOR EN APPEL DE LA COUR D’APPEL DES THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES TERRITOIRES DU NORD-OUEST Torts — Negligence — Duty of care — Territorial Responsabilité délictuelle — Négligence — Obliga- government — Security company — Miners — Ongoing tion de diligence — Gouvernement territorial — Entre- bitter strike at mine — Striking members of local union prise de sécurité — Mineurs — Dure grève dans une committing several criminal acts against mine property mine — Grévistes membres du syndicat local ayant and replacement miners, including planting bomb in commis plusieurs infractions criminelles contre les mine that killed nine miners — Surviving family mem- biens de la mine et les mineurs de remplacement, dont un bers of murdered miners suing security company hired attentat à la bombe qui a tué neuf mineurs — Poursuite by mine owner to protect property and miners and ter- par les membres survivants de la famille des mineurs ritorial government for non-closure of mine in spite of tués contre l’entreprise de sécurité embauchée par la clear knowledge of dangerous situation — Miner among propriétaire de la mine pour protéger les biens et les first on scene of explosion also suing claiming damages mineurs et contre le gouvernement territorial pour ne for post-traumatic stress disorder — Trial judge finding pas avoir fermé la mine malgré sa connaissance mani- both security company and government liable in negli- feste du danger — Poursuite en dommages-intérêts pour gence for failing to prevent murders — Whether security trouble de stress post-traumatique par un mineur parmi company and government owed duty of care to murdered les premiers arrivés sur les lieux de l’explosion — Juge miners — If so, whether they breached that duty. du procès déclarant l’entreprise de sécurité et le gou- vernement responsables pour avoir fait preuve de négli- gence en ne prévenant pas les meurtres — L’entreprise de sécurité et le gouvernement avaient-ils une obligation de diligence envers les mineurs tués? — Dans l’affirma- tive, ont-ils manqué à cette obligation? Torts — Negligence — Duty of care — Unions — Responsabilité délictuelle — Négligence — Obliga- Miners — Ongoing bitter strike at mine — Striking mem- tion de diligence — Syndicats — Mineurs — Dure grève bers of local union committing several criminal acts dans une mine — Grévistes membres du syndicat local against mine property and replacement miners, includ- ayant commis plusieurs infractions criminelles contre ing planting bomb in mine that killed nine miners — les biens de la mine et les mineurs de remplacement, Surviving family members of murdered miners suing dont un attentat à la bombe qui a tué neuf mineurs — unions — Miner among first on scene of explosion also Poursuite contre les syndicats par les membres sur- suing claiming damages for post-traumatic stress disor- vivants de la famille des mineurs tués — Poursuite en der — Whether trial judge erred finding that national dommages-intérêts pour trouble de stress post-trauma- and local unions breached their duty of care to miners — tique par un mineur parmi les premiers arrivés sur les Whether national and local unions separate legal enti- lieux de l’explosion — Le juge du procès a-t-il commis ties — Whether national union directly or vicariously une erreur en concluant que les syndicats national et liable for acts of striking members of local union. local avaient manqué à leur obligation de diligence envers les mineurs?— Les syndicats national et local constituaient-ils une seule entité? — Le syndicat natio- nal était-il responsable, directement ou du fait d’autrui, pour les actes des grévistes membres du syndicat local? In May 1992, a strike began at the Giant Mine near En mai 1992, une grève a débuté à la mine Giant, Yellowknife. The employees’ bargaining agent, CASAW près de Yellowknife. L’agent négociateur des employés, Local 4, and the mine owner, Royal, had reached a ten- la section locale no 4 de la CASAW, et la propriétaire tative agreement, but it was rejected by the Local’s de la mine, Royal, sont parvenus à une entente de prin- membership. Royal decided to continue operating the cipe, qui a toutefois été rejetée par les membres de la 134 FULLOWKA v. PINKERTON’S OF CANADA [2010] 1 S.C.R. mine during the ensuing strike with replacement work- section locale. Royal a décidé de continuer à exploiter ers. The strike rapidly degenerated into violence. Faced la mine pendant la grève qui a suivi en faisant appel with attacks on its security guards and unable to con- à des travailleurs de remplacement. La grève a rapide- trol the situation, the private security firm Royal had ment dégénéré et basculé dans la violence. Aux prises hired withdrew. Royal turned to Pinkerton’s for secu- avec des attaques contre ses agents et incapable de rity services and by the end of May, Pinkerton’s had 52 maîtriser la situation, l’entreprise privée de sécurité guards on site. The violence continued and escalated embauchée par Royal s’est retirée. Royal a demandé à after Pinkerton’s arrival. In mid-June, a large number Pinkerton’s de lui fournir des services de sécurité et, of strikers rioted, damaging property and injuring à la fin mai, 52 agents de Pinkerton’s se trouvaient security guards and replacement workers. Following sur le site. Les actes de violence ont continué et se the riot, Royal fired about 40 strikers, including W, sont aggravés après l’arrivée de Pinkerton’s. À la mi- and the police laid many criminal charges. Later in the juin, un nombre important de grévistes ont participé same month, three strikers, including B, entered the à une émeute, causant des dommages aux biens et des mine through a remote entrance. While underground, blessures aux agents de sécurité et aux travailleurs they stole explosives and painted graffiti threatening de remplacement. À la suite de l’émeute, Royal a replacement workers. As the summer progressed, the congédié environ 40 grévistes, dont W, et la police a atmosphere grew calmer although some trespassing, porté de nombreuses accusations criminelles. Plus property damage and violence continued. On Royal’s tard le même mois, trois grévistes, dont B, se sont intro- urging, Pinkerton’s reduced its force to 20 guards. The duits dans la mine en utilisant une entrée isolée. Une police presence was also reduced. In late July, some fois sous terre, ils ont volé des explosifs et fait des graf- strikers, including B, set an explosion which blew a fitis menaçant les travailleurs de remplacement. Au hole in a satellite dish on mine property and, in early cours de l’été, la situation s’est peu à peu calmée, quoi- September, set a second explosion which damaged que quelques intrusions, actes de violence et domma- the mine’s ventilation shaft plant. In the early morn- ges aux biens aient continué à survenir. Pinkerton’s a ing hours of September 18, W evaded security, entered réduit le nombre de ses agents à 20, comme Royal la the mine and, while underground, planted an explosive pressait de le faire. La présence policière a également device. When a man car carrying nine miners triggered diminué. Des grévistes, dont B, ont provoqué, à la fin the trip wire, they were all killed in the explosion. N juillet, une explosion qui a fait un trou dans une antenne was among the first on the scene and discovered the parabolique sur le site de la mine et, début septembre, dismembered bodies of his colleagues, including a une deuxième explosion qui a endommagé le puits de close friend. The territorial government ordered clo- ventilation de la mine.
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