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Seite 58.365, Griechische Mythologie Internet eLexikon Bewährtes Wissen in aktueller Form Seite 58.365, Griechische Mythologie Internet: https://peter-hug.ch/58_0365 Main mehr Höhepunkt musischer Kunst in Griechenland. Im folgenden Jahrhundert begann durch Timotheos von Milet u. a. Dithyrambiker der Gesang in leere Künstelei auszuarten, und in der hellenistischen Zeit blühten zwar in Teos wie anderwärts Kunstschulen, allzeit bereit zu jedem Feste die gewünschte Zahl von Virtuosen zu entsenden, aber der edle Gehalt echter, anspruchsloser Kunst war geschwunden. Die griechische Notenschrift war eine Buchstabenschrift, die, nach den geringen Resten der überlieferten Tonstücke zu schließen, bereits weit entwickelt war und sogar die Singnoten von den Instrumentalnoten unterschied. Die Dauer des Tones wurde für den Gesang nicht notiert, weil sie sich aus dem Metrum des Textes ergab; dagegen hatte man bestimmte Zeichen für die Tondauer, Taktart, Pausen u. s. w. in der Instrumentalmusik. «Die Hymnen des Mesomedes» (120 n. Chr.), ziemlich die einzigen aus dem Altertum erhaltenen Melodien, hat F. Bellermann (Berl. 1840) herausgegeben. Reicher sind wir mit Schriften trockner Theoretiker versehen. Sieben derselben hat Meibom (Amsterd. 1652), drei andere (Ptolemäos, Porphyrios, Bryennios) Wallis («0pera», Bd. 3, Oxf. 1699), den Boethius Friedlein (Lpz. 1867), den Hauptschriftsteller Aristoxenos Marquard in neuer Bearbeitung (Berl. 1868) und Westphal (Lpz. 1893), den Theon Hiller (ebd. 1878), den Aristides Quintilianus A. Jahn (Berl. 1882), den Bakcheios C. von Jan (Straßb. 1890-91) herausgegeben. Von neuern Schriften sei erwähnt: F. Bellermann, «Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen» (Berl. 1847); Roßbach und Westphal, «Metrik der griech. Dramatiker und Lyriker», 2. Tl., 1. Abteil.: «Harmonik und Melopöie» (zuerst Lpz. 1863, in den spätern Auflagen nur mit großer Vorsicht zu benützen); der Artikel von Fortlage, «Griech. Musik» in Ersch und Grubers «Encyklopädie» (Sekt. 1, Bd. 83, Lpz. 1863); Gevaert, «Histoire et théorie de la musique de l'antiquité» (2 Bde., Gent 1875-81). Über die griech. Tonarten handelt C. von Jan in der «Allgemeinen Musikzeitung», 1878, S. 705, über die Flöten in der «Allgemeinen Musikzeitung», 1881, S. 465; über die Saiteninstrumente im «Programm» des Saargemünder Gymnasiums 1882; über pythische und andere Festspiele in dem «Bericht» über die Philologenversammlung zu Zürich 1887, S. 71. Altgriech. Musikinstrumente waren: 1) Saiteninstrumente, die oben erwähnten echt griechischen: Lyra und Kithara, die übrigen vermutlich asiat. und ägypt. Abstammung: Barbiton, Pectis, Magadis, Simikion, Epigonion, Trigonon, Sambyke, Psalterion, erst in spätröm. Zeit kommt das Pandurion auf, ein Instrument mit Griffbrett; 2) Blasinstrumente: Rohrflöte (Aulos), Pansflöte (Syrinx), Trompete (Salpinx), Horn (Keras), Wasserorgel (Hydraulis); 3) Schlaginstrumente: Krembalon, Krotalon (Holzklapper), Seistron (lat. Sistrum, ägypt. Klapperinstrument), Kymbalon (lat. Cymbalum, Becken), Tympanon (Handpauke, Tamburin), Krupezion (lat. Scabellum), mit dem Fuße getreten zur Angabe des Taktes. Griechische Mythologie, die Gesamtheit der Sagen oder Geschichten, welche die alten Griechen von Göttern und Heroen, göttlichen und halbgöttlichen Wesen, erzählten, sowie die Wissenschaft davon. Insofern das, was die Griechen von ihren Göttern glaubten, im wesentlichen in den Mythen enthalten ist, begreift man unter Griechische Mythologie wohl auch die Wissenschaft von der Religion der Griechen. Doch deckt sich beides nicht vollständig. Denn die Religion äußert sich ebensosehr in dem Kultus, der den Göttern gewidmet wird, als in den Mythen, die in betreff ihrer geglaubt und erzählt werden, und wenn die Mythologie in der ältesten Zeit so ziemlich mit dem religiösen Glauben zusammenfällt, so tritt hierin später eine wesentliche Änderung ein. Immer kann man sich aus der Mythologie der Griechen ein annähernd deutliches Bild ihres Glaubens in der frühesten Periode ihres Volkslebens machen, wo der Volksgeist, zum begrifflichen Denken noch nicht erstarkt, die Dinge und Kräfte, von welchen die Menschen sich beeinflußt fühlen, als beseelte mächtigere Wesen dachte, die nicht nach bestimmten Gesetzen, sondern wie Menschen nach den Eingebungen ihres Charakters, ihrer Stimmungen und Leidenschaften handeln. (S. Mythus und Mythologie.) Dabei schloß man aus der besondern Art jeder Kraftäußerung auf das Wesen der in ihr wirksamen Gottheit. Im Lichte und der Bewegung der Sonne sah man die Thätigkeit des den Sonnenwagen lenkenden Helios, in dem des Mondes die der fackeltragendcn Artemis, Hekate oder Selene; in der Befruchtung der Erde durch den vom Himmel herabfallenden Regen erkannte man die Liebesvereinigung des Uranos mit der Gaia oder des Zeus mit Demeter. Die finstern Gewitterwolken erschienen als furchtbare Gorgonen; der zuckende, vom Himmel fallende Blitz als hinkender, auf die Erde herabgeworfener Hephaistos; der wilde Aufruhr der Elemente bei Gewitter und Erdbeben als ein Kampf der Götter und Riesen (Titanomachie, Gigantomachie, Kampf des Bellerophon mit der Chimaira); Seite 1 / 2 eLexikon Bewährtes Wissen in aktueller Form Seite 58.365, Griechische Mythologie Internet: https://peter-hug.ch/58_0365 im Sturmwind zeigte sich die Kraft des geflügelten Hermes, im tosenden Flusse vermutete man ein stierartiges Wesen (s. Flußgötter). In den Leben und Nahrung spendenden Quellen wohnten fruchtbare Nymphen; das gewaltige Meer mit seinen stürmenden Wogen beherrschte der mächtige rosselenkende Poseidon, der die Erde durch den Stoß seines Dreizacks erbeben läßt. Dann wieder war es die geheimnisvolle Macht des glänzenden Feuers, das in feuerspeienden Bergen in unbändiger Macht aus der Erde hervorquillt (Typhon), aber auch von den Altären der Götter oder von den Feuerherden inmitten der Wohnstätten, wo es zugleich zur Bereitung der Speisen diente, aufflammend die Gaben der Menschen zu den Göttern hinaufzutragen schien (Hestia). Eine andere Reihe göttlicher Wesen verdankt ihre Entstehung dem Seelen- und dem verwandten Alp- oder Marenglauben, der vor allem die den alltäglichen Verlauf des Lebens unterbrechenden Erscheinungen von Krankheit und Tod zu erklären sucht. Obwohl dieser niederste religiöse Standpunkt von den Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Zeit sonst längst überwunden ist, so bleiben doch auch bei ihnen die an Krankheit, Tod und das Fortleben der Seele nach dem Ausscheiden aus dem Körper anknüpfenden Vorstellungen im wesentlichen immer auf dieser ältesten Stufe stehen. Mit der Herausbildung einer gemeinsamen hellenischen Mythologie galt es nun nicht bloß, die Masse der verschiedenartigen Mythen zu einem Ganzen zu verschmelzen; gleichzeitig fand eine Umbildung statt, die mit Notwendigkeit aus der Doppelnatur dieser Götter sich ergab. Denn obgleich die wichtigsten derselben ihrer Grundbedeutung nach Naturgewalten Quelle: Brockhaus` Konversationslexikon, 1902-1910; Autorenkollektiv, F. A. Brockhaus in Leipzig, Berlin und Wien, 14. Auflage, 1894-1896;8. Band, Seite 363 [Suche = 58.365] im Internet seit 2005; Text geprüft am 15.9.2008; publiziert von Peter Hug; Abruf am 29.9.2021 mit URL: Weiter: https://peter-hug.ch/58_0366?Typ=PDF Ende eLexikon. Seite 2 / 2.
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