Fungicide Sensitivity and Characterization of Cobweb Disease on a Pleurotus Eryngii Mushroom Crop Caused by Cladobotryum Mycophilum
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Plant Pathol. J. 30(1) : 82-89 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2013.0098 The Plant Pathology Journal pISSN 1598-2254 eISSN 2093-9280 ©The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Open Access Fungicide Sensitivity and Characterization of Cobweb Disease on a Pleurotus eryngii Mushroom Crop Caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum Min Keun Kim1*, Su Won Seuk1, Young Han Lee1, Hye Ran Kim2 and Kye Man Cho3 1Environment-Friendly Research Division, Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Jinju 660- 360, Korea 2Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea 3Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea (Received on September 30, 2013; Revised on November 9, 2013; Accepted on November 11, 2013) In 2009-2010, unusual symptoms were observed on P. eryngii was estimated to be 54,820 tons. This species of Pleurotus eryngii grown in mushroom farms in Gyeongnam mushroom accounts for more than 30% of the market of Province, Republic of Korea. One of the main symptoms edible mushrooms in Korea. Demand for the mushroom was a cobweb-like growth of fungal mycelia over the is increasing rapidly because of its taste, excellent texture, surface of the mushroom. The colonies on the surface and culinary value; however, in 2009, some commercially rapidly overwhelmed the mushrooms and developed grown P. eryngii began to show symptoms similar to the several spores within 3-4 days. The colonized surface fungal disease caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum in turned pale brown or yellow. The fruit body eventually Agaricus bisporus. Several species of Cladobotryum, turned dark brown and became rancid. Koch’s including C. dendroides, C. mycophilum, C. varium, C. postulates were completed by spraying and spotting multiseptatum, and C. verticillatum, are known to be using isolated strains. The phylogenetic tree obtained the causal agents of “cobweb disease” in the cultivated from the internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis mushroom A. bisporus and are found in mushroom- showed that the isolated fungal pathogen corresponded growing countries worldwide (Adie et al., 2006; Gaze to Cladobotryum mycophilum (99.5%). In the fungicide and Fletcher, 2008; Grogan and Gaze, 2000; Mckay sensitivity tests, the ED50 values for the isolate with et al., 1999). Cobweb disease was considered the most respect to benomyl and carbendazim were from 0.29 to problematic disease affecting mushroom cultivation in 0.31 ppm. Benzimidazole fungicides were most effective the UK and Ireland in the 1990s, with recorded crop against C. mycophilum, a causal agent of cobweb disease production losses of up to 40% because of severe spotting in P. eryngii. symptoms and early crop terminations at the height of the epidemic (Gaze, 1995; Gaze, 1996). A number of fungal Keywords : Cladobotryum mycophilum, cobweb disease, and bacterial diseases, such as dry bubble disease in A. fungal pathogen, fungicides, Pleurotus eryngii bitorquiscaused by Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola (Gea et al., 2003), internal stipe necrosis in A. bitorquis caused by Ewingella americana (Inglisand Burden, 1996), Pleurotus eryngii, the king oyster mushroom, is one of and bacterial soft rot in Flammulina velutipes caused by the most commercially important mushrooms in Korea. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Okamoto et al., P. eryngii was originally cultivated in northern Italy and 1999), that result in severe damage to mushrooms have Switzerland, where it is known locally as cardoncello been reported, and management of these diseases is one (Ohga and Royse, 2004), but is now commonly cultivated of the major steps in the cultivation process. In P. eryngii, in Europe, the Middle East, and North America, as well as Kim et al. (2007) reported a bacterial soft rot disease in parts of Asia. Cultivation of P. eryngii on an industrial by Pantoea sp. Cladobotryum varium was reported to scale began in Korea in 1996, and by 2011, production of be a causal agent of fungal disease in P. eryngii and F. velutipes (Kim et al., 1999; Kim et al., 1998). Recently, C. *Corresponding author. mycophilum has been reported as a causal agent of cobweb Phone) +82-55-254-1364, FAX) +82-55-254-1339 disease in P. eryngii in Spain and Korea (Gea and Navarro, E-mail) [email protected] 2011; Kim et al., 2012). In the 1980s, benzimidazole Fungicide Control and Characterization of Cobweb Disease on Pleurotus eryngii 83 Table 1. List of strains used in this study. Isolate code Geographic origina Molecular identification Identity (%) CN Changnyeong County, GN C. mycophilum 99.0 DS Cheongdo county, GB C. mycophilum 99.0 HA Masan city, GN C. mycophilum 99.5 HC Hapcheon county, GN C. mycophilum 99.0 JR Hamyang county, GN C. mycophilum 99.0 NK Cheongdo county, GB C. mycophilum 99.0 TOY Goseong county, GN C. mycophilum 99.0 aAbbreviations: GN, gyeongsangnam-do; GB, gyeongsangbuk-do. fungicides such as benomyl, thiabendazole, carbendazim, DNA extraction. The isolate was grown in 100 ml potato and prochloraz manganese were effective against an isolate dextrose broth (PDB) in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks incubated of Cladobotryum in a cropping experiment (Fletcher et at 25°C for 7 days. Mycelial mats were collected by vacuum al., 1983); however, outbreaks became more frequent, filtration, washed with sterilized double-distilled water, and reached epidemic proportions in 1994 and 1995 and allowed to air dry. The sample was finely ground with in the UK. Fletcher and Jaffe (1993) reported that 14 a mortar. Genomic DNA was extracted from 30 mg of Cladobotryum isolates from British mushroom farms were fungal tissue using the i-genomic BYF DNA Extraction still capable of growth when thiabendazole was applied Mini Kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Korea) according to the at concentrations of 2 and 20 ppm. A survey of cobweb manufacturer’s protocol for DNA isolation. The genomic isolates from British mushroom farms in 1995 established DNA was quantified by Nano-Drop 1000 (Thermo Fisher that under in vitro conditions, 25% of isolates tested were Scientific Inc., München, Germany). sensitive to thiabendazole and carbendazim, while 75% were resistant, although carbendazim was still inhibitory Amplification of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 at high concentrations (McKay et al., 1998). Because of and 5.8S rDNA regions. The internal transcribed spacer the commercial importance of the king oyster mushroom (ITS) region of rDNA in the isolated strain was amplified in Korea, this study was carried out to characterize the by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal symptoms of the disease and provide information on the primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCG-3′) efficacy of several fungicides in controlling cobweb disease and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). on P. eryngii. Amplification reactions were performed in a total volume of 50.0 µl containing 5.0 µl 10× PCR buffer, 4.0 µl 2.5- Materials and Methods mM dNTP, 8.0 µl of each primer (1 pmol/µl), 0.5 µl Taq DNA polymerase, 5.0 µl genomic DNA (10 ng/µl), and Fungal isolation and identification. Diseased fruitbodies 19.5 µl sterilized double-distilled water. The reactions were of P. eryngii were collected at five mushroom farms in performed using a thermocycler (PTC-200, MJ Research Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk Provinces (Korea) between Inc., Watertown, USA), according to the following 2009 and 2010. The infected regions were washed program: 1 cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles at 94°C for carefully, soaked for 5 min in 1.0% NaOCl solution, rinsed 30 s, 52°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min; and 1 cycle at with sterile distilled water, placed on potato dextrose agar 72°C for 10 min. (PDA) plates, and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. After incubation, the colonies that grew on the plates were cut Sequencing of PCR products. Amplification products into 1-cm segments and transferred to fresh PDA. To were analyzed by gel electrophoreses on a 1.5% agarose gel preserve the cultures, the mycelia and conidia from wild with a 1-Kb DNA Plus Ladder (Bioneer, Korea) as a marker. strains were transferred to 1 ml sterilized mineral oil (Sigma, The purified PCR product was ligated into a pGEM-T St. Louis, USA) solution and stored at 4°C to observe their easy vector (Promega, Madison, USA) and transformed cultural and microscopic characteristics. All of isolates into competent Escherichia coli DH5α cells. Nucleotide used in this study are listed in Table 1. sequencing was performed using the dideoxy-chain 84 Kim et al. termination method using the PRISM Ready Reaction WP (Dongbu gabenda, Dongbu Farm, Korea), prochloraz Dye terminator/primer cycle sequencing kit (Perkin-Elmer manganese 50% WP (Sporgon, Hankook Samgong Co., Corp., Norwalk, USA). The samples were analyzed using Ltd, Korea), chlorothalonil 75% WP (Daconil, Kyung an automated DNA sequencer (Model 3100; Applied Nong Co., Ltd, Korea), and thiophanate-methyl 70% Biosystems, Foster City, USA). The sequence data from WP (Topsin M, Kyung Nong Co., Ltd, Korea) were used the isolate were deposited in GenBank under the Accession as active ingredients in this study. Both benomyl and No. JF693809. carbendazim are benzimidazole fungicides that bind to fungal beta-tubulins and inhibit microtubule function. DNA sequence analysis. The GenBank databases were Prochloraz manganese is a sterol C-14 demethylation used for similarity searches using BLAST (National inhibitor that impairs the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI], U.S. essential compound for the stability and functioning of National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). The ITS lipoprotein membranes (Hassall, 1990). Freshly-prepared sequence was aligned for phylogenetic analysis using stock solutions were used to provide specific concentrations Cluster W (Thompson et al., 1994). The phylogenetic tree of active ingredients in ppm. Volumes of stock solution was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using were added to molten sterile culture media before pouring, DNAMAN (Lynnon Biosoft, Canada).