Neopagan Kemetik Hareketlerin Inanç Ve Ritüelleri

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Neopagan Kemetik Hareketlerin Inanç Ve Ritüelleri T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ NEOPAGAN KEMETİK HAREKETLERİN İNANÇ VE RİTÜELLERİ Abdülhamit Hüzeyfe NAZİLLİ 2501170157 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Şinasi GÜNDÜZ İSTANBUL – 2019 BEYAN Bu tez çalışmasının kendi çalışmam olduğunu, tezin planlanmasından yazımına kadar bütün safhalarda etik dışı davranışımın olmadığını, bu tezdeki bütün bilgileri akademik ve etik kurallar içinde elde ettiğimi, bu tez çalışmayla elde edilmeyen bütün bilgi ve yorumlara kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynakları da kaynaklar listesine aldığımı, yine bu tezin çalışılması ve yazımı sırasında patent ve telif haklarını ihlal edici bir davranışımın olmadığı beyan ederim. Abdülhamit Hüzeyfe NAZİLLİ iii ÖZ NEOPAGAN KEMETİK HAREKETLERİN İNANÇ VE RİTÜELLERİ ABDÜLHAMİT HÜZEYFE NAZİLLİ Bu çalışma 20.yy da başlayan eski Mısır dinini diriltme çabasını ele alıp bu görevi üstlenen farklı grupların inanç ve ritüellerini incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda Kemetik Ortodoksluğu, Ausar Auset Topluluğu ve En Yüce Tanrıça Kilisesi başta olmak üzere birbirinden bağımsız farklı küçük Kemetik grupları da ele almaktadır. Bu alanda daha önce ciddi bir araştırma yapılmadığından araştırmamızı direk Kemetiklerle irtibata geçerek, onların inisiyason süreçlerinden geçerek ve internet üzerinden yayınladıkları yazılarından istifade ederek hazırladık. Bununla birlikte gazete yayınlarını ve klasik Mısıroloji kaynaklarını da tezimiz için kullandık. Tezimizde Kemetizm’in ne olduğu üzerinde durularak onun karakteristik özellikleri ve kendi içinde oluşan farklılıkları anlatmaya çalıştık. Bu çerçevede Kemetiklerin homojen bir yapıya sahip olmadıklarını, gerek inanç gerek ibadet noktasında belirgin farkların olduğunu ortaya koyduk. Bu bağlamda neopagan Kemetikler’i eski Mısır kaynaklarına literal anlamda bağlı olan Ortodoks Kemetizm, bu kaynakları kabul etmenin yanında onlara ekleme veya çıkarma yapan Yeniden Yapılandırmacı Kemetizm ve son olarak da siyah ırkın yüceliğini ve spiritüel gelişimini vurgulayan Afrosentrik Kemetizm şeklinde üçe ayırdık ve onların birbirinden farklı teolojik açıklamalarına yer verdik. Tarihsel gelişiminin Neopaganizm ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin tarihsel süreciyle yakından alakalı olduğunu, Kemetizm’in İslam, Hıristiyanlık ve Budizm’den etkilenerek ortaya çıktığını örneklerle gösterdik. Kemetikler’in kendilerini inanç bakımından monolatrist kabul ettiklerini, eski Mısır tanrıları veya tanrıçaları hakkında çeşitli yaklaşımlarda bulunduklarını ve insana verdikleri değeri kendi açıklamaları çerçevesinde inceledik. Buna göre Kemetikler’in bir kısmının tanrıyı insanın içerisinde ve bir kısmının da dışında aradığını ve ibadetlerini bu inançlarına göre şekillendirdiklerini ortaya koyduk. Kemetiklerin iii ölüm sonrası hayatı nasıl tasavvur ettiklerini ve günah, cennet ve cehennem gibi anlayışlarını incelemeye aldık ve burada da Kemetiklerin eski Mısır’ın ahiret anlatısını onu literal veya metaforik olarak anlayanlar şeklinde ikiye ayırdık. Bununla birlikte Eski Mısır dininde adaleti ve dengeyi temsil eden Maat’ın Kemetiklerin ahlak öğretisi üzerinde nasıl bir etkisi olduğunu araştırdık. Kemetik ritüellerin sunak sunma, atalara tazim, yoga, meditasyon, gaybten bilgi alma ve mabet önünde tapınma gibi çeşitlerinin bulunduğunu ortaya koyduk ve bununla beraber kutlanılan bayramları inceledik. Son olarak Kemetikler’in eski Mısır devlet yönetim şeklini kendi cemaatlerine entegre etmeye çalıştıklarını, oluşan hiyerarşik sistemin krallar ve rahipler etrafında şekillendiğini ortaya koyduk. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kemetizm, Kemetisizm, Neopaganizm, Paganizm, Yeni Dini Hareketler, Kemetic Orthodoxy, Mısıroloji, Antik Mısır iv ABSTRACT THE RITUALS AND BELIEFS OF NEOPAGAN KEMETIC MOVEMENTS ABDÜLHAMİT HÜZEYFE NAZİLLİ This thesis investigates the groups trying to revive the Ancient Egyptian religion throughout the 20th century as the Kemetic Orthodoxy, the Ausar Auset Society and the Church of the Most High Goddess and other minor Kemetic movements. Because there hadn’t been done a serious research on these kind of new religious movement before we came directly in contact with the Kemetics and went through the religious initiation processes for our research to be done correctly. For our thesis we used the websites in which the Kemetics write their religious views as well. In our thesis we try to find answer about what Kemetism really is and what his characteristics are. We found out that the Kemetics are divided into several disciplines in belief and in ritual. So we concluded that there are three different types of Kemetic movements: The Orthodox Kemetism who takes the Ancient Egyptian scriptures literally, the Reconstructionist Kemetism who adds into or removes from Egyptian theology, and lastly the Afrocentric Kemetism who beliefs in the racial supremacy of the black skinned people and whose main objective is the spiritual evolution of men. We explained that the Kemetic development in history is highly connected with the history of the United States and of Neopaganism and we showed with examples how Islam, Christianity and Budhism influenced the Kemetic thought. We explained how the Kemetics describe themselves as monolatrists, how they approach the Ancient Egyptian gods and what value they put on the human being. We found out that the Kemetics have seperated view on the gods and the goddesses and have mainly two ideas about the concept of god. The first one is the believe that the gods reside inside the human being and can be achieved through inner investigation while the second one believes that the gods are outside and should be respected through action and worship. We did research on their beliefs of the life after v death, paradise and hell and concluded that some Kemetics take the Egyptian view literally while others take it as metaphorical. And with that we researched the importance of the Ancient Egyptian concept of truth and justice, the goddess Maat and how it has an impact on the ethical thoughts of the Kemetics. We explained that the Kemetic rituals include offering, praying to the ancestors, yoga, meditation, oracl and worship in front of a shrine and what festivals there are in Kemetic calendar. Lastly we explained how the Kemetic movements took the Ancient Egyptian state system and incorporated it into their hierarchical structure of kings and queens and priests and priestesses. Keywords: Kemetism, Kemeticism, Neopaganism, Paganism, New Religious Movements, Kemetic Orthodoxy, Egyptology, Ancient Egypt vi ÖNSÖZ Bu tezin amacı Neopaganizm hareketinin Kemetik kolunu incelemek ve bu çerçevede onun tarihsel gelişimini, inançlarını, ritüellerini ve cemaat yapılanmalarını açıklamaktır. Antik Mısır'ın inanç sistemini benimsemiş olan bu dini hareketin açıklanması aynı zamanda eski Mısır da mevcut teolojik yapının ve uygulanan ritüellerin arka planının da anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bununla birlikte tezimiz bu hareketin ilham kaynağı olan Neopaganizm cereyanının diğer kollarının teolojik başlangıç noktalarının ve arkasında yatan pagan felsefesinin bu vesileyle anlaşılmasına destek olacaktır. Günümüzde birbirinden farklı yeni dini hareketler vardır ve gelecekte de yenileri ortaya çıkacaktır. Bunların arasında Hırstiyanlık, İslam ve Hinduizm gibi büyük dinlerden kopma oluşumların olduğu gibi ufo dinleri gibi oldukça yeni yapılar da vardır. İnsanlar mevcut yaygın dinlerin içlerinde hissettikleri dini tecrübeyi açıklayamadığını düşündüklerinde bunları açıklayabileceklerini inandıkları çeşitli inançlara yönelmektedirler. Modernizmin sunduğu özgürlükten güç alan bu bireyler bazen farklı inançlardan kaynaklanan görüşleri sentezleyerek yeni dini oluşumlar meydana getirebilmektedirler. İşte Kemetizm de bu oluşumların ve neopagan cereyanın tam da içerisindedir. Bunlara dayanarak Kemetizm'i anlamanın pagan felsefesini ve New Age hareketini anlamak olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Kemetik hareketlerin tanrı tasavvurları, ritüelleri ve arka planı diğer yeni dini hareketlerle paralellik gösterdiğini ve bu sebeple aslında geniş bir düşünce modelini ele aldığımızı söyleyebiliriz. Her ne kadar Kemetizm müntesiplerinin sayı itibariyle diğer dinlere nazaran az olsa da aynı düşünce ve inanç kalıplarını bir çok dinde bulabilmekteyiz. Bu sebeple tezimiz Kemetizm'i incelemenin yanında antik tarihte mevcut olan pagan düşüncesini ve genel itibariyle pagan felsefesini de incelemekte ve bu meseleye açıklık getirmeye çalışmaktadır. Neopaganizm gün geçtikçe güçlenen bir harekettir ve dallarının çeşitlenmesiyle daha farklı insanları kendisine çekmeyi başarmaktadır. Bu sebeple vii Neopaganizm’in ve onun farklı dallarının anlaşılması çağımızın dini alandaki gelişmelerini ortaya çıkarılması için oldukça önemlidir. Neopaganizm daha önce çok defa çalışılmıştır, fakat Kemetik kolu üzerinde sistematik bir çalışma şu ana kadar yapılmamıştır, bu sebeple bu çalışma Kemetizm alanında yapılan ilk ciddi çalışmadır. Tezimiz genel olarak Kemetiklerin tarihsel gelişimini, temsilcilerini, inançlarını, ritüellerini ve cemaat yapılanmalarını çeşitli Kemetik gruplarla kıyaslayarak incelemektedir. Tezimiz de Kemetik hareketlerin en büyüklerine ve ana gövdesine, yani Kemetik Ortodoksluğuna ve Ausar Auset Topluluğuna ağırlık verdik. Bununla birlikte diğer oldukça küçük Kemetik hareketleri de ihmal etmemeye çalıştık. Daha önce Kemetikler üzerinde sistemli bir çalışma yapılmadığından tezimizi yazarken kaynak bulma noktasında ciddi sıkıntılar yaşadık. Kendileri hakkında internette birbiriyle çelişkili bilgilerle karşılaştık ve bunları çalışmamız için yetersiz bulduk.
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