DOCSLIB.ORG

European Civil Law Rules in Robotics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Civil Law Rules in Robotics DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS’ RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS LEGAL AFFAIRS EUROPEAN CIVIL LAW RULES IN ROBOTICS STUDY Abstract The European Parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee commissioned this study to evaluate and analyse, from a legal and ethical perspective, a number of future European civil law rules in robotics. PE 571.379 EN ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION This study was requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs and commissioned, supervised and published by the Policy Department for “Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs”. Policy departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for “Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs” or to subscribe to its newsletter, please write to: [email protected] Research administrator responsible Udo Bux Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] AUTHOR Nathalie Nevejans, Université d’Artois, Centre de Recherche en Droit Ethique et Procédures (EA n° 2471) EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Monika Laura LAZARUK LANGUAGE VERSIONS Original: FR Translation: EN Manuscript completed in October 2016 © European Union, 2016 This document is available online at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/fr/supporting-analyses-search.html DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the European Parliament’s official position. Reproduction and translation of this document for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. European civil law rules in robotics __________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS 6 2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ROBOTS: THE NOTION OF THE ROBOT, ITS IMPLICATIONS AND THE QUESTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS 8 2.1. A common definition of smart autonomous robots 8 2.2. Terminological limits of the notions of an “autonomous robot” and a “smart robot” 9 2.2.1. Terminological limit of the notion of an “autonomous robot” 9 2.2.2. Terminological limits of the notion of a “smart robot” 9 2.3. Matters of consciousness and the role of Asimov’s Laws in robotics 12 3. ISSUES SURROUNDING LIABILITY IN ROBOTICS 14 3.1. Incongruity of establishing robots as liable legal persons 14 3.2. Liability for damages caused by an autonomous robot 16 4. ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES TO DEVELOP IN ROBOTICS 19 4.1. Devising a general ethical framework for robotics: proposal to establish the main roboethical principles for protecting humanity from robots 19 4.1.1. Protecting humans from harm caused by robots 20 4.1.2. Respecting the refusal of care by a robot 21 4.1.3. Protecting human liberty in the face of robots 21 4.1.4. Protecting humanity against privacy breaches committed by a robot 22 4.1.5. Managing personal data processed by robots 22 4.1.6. Protecting humanity against the risk of manipulation by robots 23 4.1.7. Avoiding the dissolution of social ties 24 4.1.8. Equal access to progress in robotics 24 4.1.9. Restricting human access to enhancement technologies 25 4.2. Analysing the legal value of the Charter on Robotics 26 REFERENCES 28 3 Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs __________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Bull. civ. Bulletin des arrêts des chambres civiles de la Cour de cassation française (= French journal) Cass. com. Commercial division of the French Cour de cassation chap. Chapter coll. Collection comm. Comments Comm. com. Communication Commerce électronique (=French journal) electr. D. Recueil Dalloz (=French journal) ECHR European Court of Human Rights ed. Edited by NBIC Nanotechnology (N), biotechnology (B), information technology (I) and cognitive science (C) obs. Observations OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development pub. Publisher req. Request RFID Radio Frequency Identification trad. Traduction Vol. Volume 4 European civil law rules in robotics __________________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With a view to developments in robotics and artificial intelligence, the Committee on Legal Affairs deemed it time for the European Union to take action in respect of the legal and ethical issues raised by these new technologies. To this end, the JURI Committee set up a working group in 2015 with the primary aim of drawing up “European” civil law rules in this area (lege ferenda). While respecting the European Commission’s right of initiative, on 31 May 2016 this group delivered a draft report (Initiative – Article 46 of theEP’s Rules of procedure) setting out a series of recommendations on civil law rules on robotics1. This draft includes a motion for a European Parliament resolution, accompanied by an annex containing detailed recommendations for the content of a possible legislative proposal. It also includes an explanatory statement which points out that the aim of the future instrument is to lay down the “general and ethical principles governing the development of robotics and artificial intelligence for civil purposes”. Scientific research on these emerging technologies seems to imply that they will change the face of society. Therefore, even if robots are not yet commonplace, the time has come to legislate. Once a new legal and ethical sector surfaces, a general approach to the big theoretical questions needs to be found in the first instance, so as to eliminate any misunderstanding or misconceptions about robotics and artificial intelligence. When we consider civil liability in robotics, we come up against fanciful visions about robots. Here we must resist calls to establish a legal personality based on science fiction. This will become all the more crucial once the liability law solutions adopted in respect of autonomous robots determine whether this new market booms or busts. Developments in civil robotics and artificial intelligence also call for reflection on the big ethical questions they raise. This analysis is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to predict what sometimes remains an experiment. In this regard, it is essential that the big ethical principles which will come to govern robotics develop in perfect harmony with Europe’s humanist values. The “Charter on Robotics”, which was introduced in the draft report, moves in this direction. 1 PE582.443 2015/2103(INL) 5 Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs __________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS KEY FINDINGS The motion for a resolution calls for the immediate creation of a legislative instrument governing robotics and artificial intelligence to anticipate any scientific developments foreseeable over the medium term, and which could be adapted to track progress (paragraph 25). There is a need to draft such a rolling text in certain legal sectors, particularly, it would seem, in response to the big ethical questions facing humanity. Paragraph 25 of the draft motion for a resolution not only recommends composing a legislative instrument “on legal questions related to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years”, but also suggests “once technological developments allow the possibility for robots whose degree of autonomy is higher than what is reasonably predictable at present to be developed, [that] an update of the relevant legislation [be proposed] in due time”. We therefore need to start asking ourselves whether a legislative instrument on these technologies is truly necessary and, if so, what this future text might look like. 1/ Have we already reached the point where we need to devise a legislative instrument on robotics and artificial intelligence? The classic line of thinking is that legislating becomes necessary once a societal or technological change calls for an adequate legal framework. Once each home and business has an autonomous robot, society will change dramatically. People will work, cooperate, interact, have fun, live, and perhaps even fall in love, with highly sophisticated machines. Society will need to reconsider humanity’s place in the face of these technologies. The presence of robots will give rise to unresolved questions and issues. The split between past and future societal models will be such that we cannot expect to take the emergence of information technology, the Internet or mobile phones as a starting point for reflection. However, new legislation ought to be required particularly in areas where the current legal response would be inappropriate or inexistent. For the time being, many legal sectors are coping well with the current and impending emergence of autonomous robots since only a few adjustments are needed on a case-by- case basis, as, for example, with literary and artistic property. Here the question that European policymakers might want to consider relates to the status of a robot’s own creations, as is rightly said in paragraph 10 of the motion for a resolution. Can an autonomous robot be deemed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Autonomous Multi-Robot Mobile Deposition for Construction
    YouWasps: Towards Autonomous Multi-Robot Mobile Deposition for Construction Julius Sustarevas1, Benjamin K. X. Tan1, David Gerber2, Robert Stuart-Smith1;3 and Vijay M. Pawar1;3 Abstract— Mobile multi-robot construction systems offer new ways to optimise the on-site construction process. In this paper we begin to investigate the functionality requirements for controlling a team of robots to build structures much greater than their individual workspace. To achieve these aims, we present a mobile extruder robot called YouWasp. We also begin to explore methods for collision aware printing and construction task decomposition and allocation. These are deployed via YouWasp and enable it to deposit material autonomously. In doing so, we are able to evaluate the potential for parallelization of tasks and printing autonomy in simulation as well as physical team of robots. Altogether, these results provide a foundation for future work that enable fleets of mobile construction systems to cooperate and help us shape our built environment in new ways. Fig. 1: Visualisation of YouWasp team of robots deployed in a construction scenario. I. INTRODUCTION The US$8.8 trillion global market value[1] of the con- manufacturing companies such as Apis Cor in Russia, Win- struction sector, shows the unmatched effort that construc- sun Decoration Engineering Company in China, NASA’s tion, as a human endevour, receives. In fact, construction 3D printing in Zero-G and US Armed Forces on-site 3D is often seen as the sector at the forefront of tackling printed barracks. Within this context, typical examples use global challenges like population growth, urbanisation and either gantry-type solutions or industrial robots with 3-to- sustainability[2].
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Robotic Systems Architectures and Programming
    187 8. RoboticRobotic Systems Architectures and Programming Syste David Kortenkamp, Reid Simmons 8.1 Overview.............................................. 187 Robot software systems tend to be complex. This 8.1.1 Special Needs complexity is due, in large part, to the need to con- of Robot Architectures .................. 188 trol diverse sensors and actuators in real time, in 8.1.2 Modularity and Hierarchy.............. 188 the face of significant uncertainty and noise. Robot 8.1.3 Software Development Tools.......... 188 systems must work to achieve tasks while moni- toring for, and reacting to, unexpected situations. 8.2 History ................................................ 189 Doing all this concurrently and asynchronously 8.2.1 Subsumption ............................... 189 adds immensely to system complexity. 8.2.2 Layered Robot Control Architectures 190 The use of a well-conceived architecture, 8.3 Architectural Components ..................... 193 together with programming tools that support 8.3.1 Connecting Components................ 193 the architecture, can often help to manage that 8.3.2 Behavioral Control........................ 195 complexity. Currently, there is no single archi- 8.3.3 Executive .................................... 196 tecture that is best for all applications – different 8.3.4 Planning ..................................... 199 architectures have different advantages and dis- 8.4 Case Study – GRACE ............................... 200 advantages. It is important to understand those strengths and weaknesses when choosing an 8.5 The Art of Robot Architectures ............... 202 architectural approach for a given application. 8.6 Conclusions and Further Reading ........... 203 This chapter presents various approaches to architecting robotic systems. It starts by defining References .................................................. 204 terms and setting the context, including a recount- ing of the historical developments in the area of robot architectures.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Robotics: Timeline
    History of Robotics: Timeline This history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress. Technology used in computing, electricity, even pneumatics and hydraulics can all be considered a part of the history of robotics. The timeline presented is therefore far from complete. Robotics currently represents one of mankind’s greatest accomplishments and is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce an artificial, sentient being. It is only in recent years that manufacturers are making robotics increasingly available and attainable to the general public. The focus of this timeline is to provide the reader with a general overview of robotics (with a focus more on mobile robots) and to give an appreciation for the inventors and innovators in this field who have helped robotics to become what it is today. RobotShop Distribution Inc., 2008 www.robotshop.ca www.robotshop.us Greek Times Some historians affirm that Talos, a giant creature written about in ancient greek literature, was a creature (either a man or a bull) made of bronze, given by Zeus to Europa. [6] According to one version of the myths he was created in Sardinia by Hephaestus on Zeus' command, who gave him to the Cretan king Minos. In another version Talos came to Crete with Zeus to watch over his love Europa, and Minos received him as a gift from her. There are suppositions that his name Talos in the old Cretan language meant the "Sun" and that Zeus was known in Crete by the similar name of Zeus Tallaios.
    [Show full text]
  • National Robotics Initiative (NRI)(Nsf11553)
    This document has been archived and replaced by NSF 12-607. National Robotics Initiative (NRI) The realization of co-robots acting in direct support of individuals and groups PROGRAM SOLICITATION NSF 11-553 National Science Foundation Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering Division of Information & Intelligent Systems Directorate for Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences Directorate for Engineering Directorate for Education & Human Resources National Institutes of Health National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute on Aging National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Center for Research Resources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute of Nursing Research U.S. Dept. of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture National Aeronautics and Space Administration Directorate for Education and Human Resources, Game Changing Technology Division Letter of Intent Due Date(s) (required) (due by 5 p.m. proposer's local time): October 01, 2011 October 1, Annually Thereafter Small Proposals December 15, 2011 December 15, Annually Thereafter Group Large Proposals Full Proposal Deadline(s) (due by 5 p.m. proposer's local time): November 03, 2011 November 3, Annually Thereafter Small Proposals January 18, 2012 January 18, Annually Thereafter Group Large Proposals IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND REVISION NOTES Public Briefings: One or more collaborative webinar briefings with question and answer functionality will
    [Show full text]
  • Multiprocess Communication and Control Software for Humanoid Robots Neil T
    IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine Multiprocess Communication and Control Software for Humanoid Robots Neil T. Dantam∗ Daniel M. Lofaroy Ayonga Hereidx Paul Y. Ohz Aaron D. Amesx Mike Stilman∗ I. Introduction orrect real-time software is vital for robots in safety-critical roles such as service and disaster response. These systems depend on software for Clocomotion, navigation, manipulation, and even seemingly innocuous tasks such as safely regulating battery voltage. A multi-process software design increases robustness by isolating errors to a single process, allowing the rest of the system to continue operating. This approach also assists with modularity and concurrency. For real-time tasks such as dynamic balance and force control of manipulators, it is critical to communicate the latest data sample with minimum latency. There are many communication approaches intended for both general purpose and real-time needs [19], [17], [13], [9], [15]. Typical methods focus on reliable communication or network-transparency and accept a trade-off of increased mes- sage latency or the potential to discard newer data. By focusing instead on the specific case of real-time communication on a single host, we reduce communication latency and guarantee access to the latest sample. We present a new Interprocess Communication (IPC) library, Ach,1 which addresses this need, and discuss its application for real-time, multiprocess control on three humanoid robots (Fig. 1). There are several design decisions that influenced this robot software and motivated development of the Ach library. First, to utilize decades of prior development and engineering, we implement our real-time system on top of a POSIX-like Operating System (OS)2.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying Machine Learning to Robotics WHITEPAPER
    WHITEPAPER Credit: Pixabay Applying Machine Learning to Robotics TABLE OF CONTENTS MACHINE LEARNING - TOP MARKS FOR POTENTIAL MACHINE LEARNING SOLVES BUSINESS PROBLEMS CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AND SUPPLIERS MACHINE LEARNING IN ROBOTICS: EXAMPLE 1 MACHINE LEARNING IN ROBOTICS: EXAMPLE 2 MACHINE LEARNING IN ROBOTICS: EXAMPLE 3 NEXT-GENERATION INDUSTRY WILL RELY ON MACHINE LEARNING roboticsbusinessreview.com 2 APPLYING MACHINE LEARNING TO ROBOTICS Advances in artificial intelligence are making robots smarter at pick-and- place operations, drones more autonomous, and the Industrial Internet of Things more connected. Where else could machine learning help? By Andrew Williams A growing number of businesses worldwide are waking up to the potentially transformative capabilities of machine learning - particularly when applied to robotics systems in the workplace. In recent years, the capacity of machine learning to improve efficiency in fields as diverse as manufacturing assembly, pick-and-place operations, quality control and drone systems has also gathered a great deal of momentum. Knowing that machine learning is improving also heightens awareness of great strides being made in artificial intelligence (AI), to the extent that the two technologies are often viewed interchangeably. Major recent advances in topics such as logic and data analytics, algorithm development, and predictive analytics are also driving AI’s growth. In this report, we’ll review the latest cutting-edge machine learning research and development around the globe, and explore some emerging applications in the field of robotics. MACHINE LEARNING - TOP MARKS FOR POTENTIAL A September 2017 report by Research and Markets predicts the global machine learning market will grow from $1.4 billion in 2017 to $8.81 billion by 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 44.1%.
    [Show full text]
  • Moral and Ethical Questions for Robotics Public Policy Daniel Howlader1
    Moral and ethical questions for robotics public policy Daniel Howlader1 1. George Mason University, School of Public Policy, 3351 Fairfax Dr., Arlington VA, 22201, USA. Email: [email protected]. Abstract The roles of robotics, computers, and artifi cial intelligences in daily life are continuously expanding. Yet there is little discussion of ethical or moral ramifi cations of long-term development of robots and 1) their interactions with humans and 2) the status and regard contingent within these interactions– and even less discussion of such issues in public policy. A focus on artifi cial intelligence with respect to differing levels of robotic moral agency is used to examine the existing robotic policies in example countries, most of which are based loosely upon Isaac Asimov’s Three Laws. This essay posits insuffi ciency of current robotic policies – and offers some suggestions as to why the Three Laws are not appropriate or suffi cient to inform or derive public policy. Key words: robotics, artifi cial intelligence, roboethics, public policy, moral agency Introduction Roles for robots Robots, robotics, computers, and artifi cial intelligence (AI) Robotics and robotic-type machinery are widely used in are becoming an evermore important and largely un- countless manufacturing industries all over the globe, and avoidable part of everyday life for large segments of the robotics in general have become a part of sea exploration, developed world’s population. At present, these daily as well as in hospitals (1). Siciliano and Khatib present the interactions are now largely mundane, have been accepted current use of robotics, which include robots “in factories and even welcomed by many, and do not raise practical, and schools,” (1) as well as “fi ghting fi res, making goods moral or ethical questions.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCS-Assisted Teaching Robots Based on Anticipatory Computing and Emotional Big Data for Improving Sustainable Learning Efficiency and Motivation
    sustainability Article ARCS-Assisted Teaching Robots Based on Anticipatory Computing and Emotional Big Data for Improving Sustainable Learning Efficiency and Motivation Yi-Zeng Hsieh 1,2,3 , Shih-Syun Lin 4,* , Yu-Cin Luo 1, Yu-Lin Jeng 5 , Shih-Wei Tan 1,*, Chao-Rong Chen 6 and Pei-Ying Chiang 7 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan; [email protected] (Y.-Z.H.); [email protected] (Y.-C.L.) 2 Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan 3 Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan 4 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 202, Taiwan 5 Department of Information Management, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan; [email protected] 6 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; [email protected] 7 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.-S.L.); [email protected] (S.-W.T.) Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 17 June 2020; Published: 12 July 2020 Abstract: Under the vigorous development of global anticipatory computing in recent years, there have been numerous applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in people’s daily lives. Learning analytics of big data can assist students, teachers, and school administrators to gain new knowledge and estimate learning information; in turn, the enhanced education contributes to the rapid development of science and technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Canine Inspired Quadruped Robot As a Platform for Synthetic Neural Network Control
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 7-15-2019 Design of a Canine Inspired Quadruped Robot as a Platform for Synthetic Neural Network Control Cody Warren Scharzenberger Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Robotics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Scharzenberger, Cody Warren, "Design of a Canine Inspired Quadruped Robot as a Platform for Synthetic Neural Network Control" (2019). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5135. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7014 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Design of a Canine Inspired Quadruped Robot as a Platform for Synthetic Neural Network Control by Cody Warren Scharzenberger A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Thesis Committee: Alexander Hunt, Chair David Turcic Sung Yi Portland State University 2019 Abstract Legged locomotion is a feat ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, but modern robots still fall far short of similar achievements. This paper presents the design of a canine-inspired quadruped robot named DoggyDeux as a platform for synthetic neural network (SNN) research that may be one avenue for robots to attain animal-like agility and adaptability. DoggyDeux features a fully 3D printed frame, 24 braided pneumatic actuators (BPAs) that drive four 3-DOF limbs in antagonistic extensor-flexor pairs, and an electrical system that allows it to respond to commands from a SNN comprised of central pattern generators (CPGs).
    [Show full text]
  • CPS Platform Approach to Industrial Robots
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems PACIS 2015 Proceedings (PACIS) 2015 CPS Platform Approach to Industrial Robots: State of the Practice, Potentials, Future Research Directions Martin Mikusz University of Stuttgart, [email protected] Akos Csiszar University of Stuttgart, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2015 Recommended Citation Mikusz, Martin and Csiszar, Akos, "CPS Platform Approach to Industrial Robots: State of the Practice, Potentials, Future Research Directions" (2015). PACIS 2015 Proceedings. 176. http://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2015/176 This material is brought to you by the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in PACIS 2015 Proceedings by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact [email protected]. CPS PLATFORM APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS: STATE OF THE PRACTICE, POTENTIALS, FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Martin Mikusz, Graduate School of Excellence for advanced Manufacturing Engineering, GSaME, University of Stuttgart, Germany, [email protected] Akos Csiszar, Graduate School of Excellence for advanced Manufacturing Engineering, GSaME, University of Stuttgart, Germany, [email protected] Abstract Approaches, such as Cloud Robotics, Robot-as-a-Service, merged Internet of Things and robotics, and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in production, show that the industrial robotics domain experiences a paradigm shift that increasingly links robots in real-life factories with virtual reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Asimov's Automatons
    Dr. Asimov’s Automatons Take on a Life of their Own Twenty years after his death, author Isaac Asimov’s robot fiction offers a blueprint to our robotic future...and the problems we could face by Alan S. Brown HIS PAST April, the University of Miami School These became the Three Laws. Today, they are the starting of Law held We Robot, the first-ever legal and point for any serious conversation about how humans and policy issues conference about robots. The name robots will behave around one another. of the conference, which brought together lawyers, As the mere fact of lawyers discussing robot law shows, engineers, and technologists, played on the title the issue is no longer theoretical. If robots are not yet of the most famous book intelligent, they are increasingly t ever written about robots, autonomous in how they carry out I, Robot, by Isaac Asimov. tasks. At the most basic level, every The point was underscored by day millions of robotic Roombas de- Laurie Silvers, president of Holly- cide how to navigate tables, chairs, wood Media Corp., which sponsored sofas, toys, and even pets as they the event. In 1991, Silvers founded vacuum homes. SyFy, a cable channel that specializ- At a more sophisticated level, es in science fiction. Within moments, autonomous robots help select in- she too had dropped Asimov’s name. ventory in warehouses, move and Silvers turned to Asimov for ad- position products in factories, and vice before launching SyFy. It was a care for patients in hospitals. South natural choice. Asimov was one of the Korea is testing robotic jailers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turing Test Q: Can Machines Think?
    The Turing Test Q: Can machines think? I compute, therefore I am. Problem: We don’t know what ―think‖ means. Q: What is intelligence? Problem: We can’t define ―intelligence‖. But, we usually ―know it when we see it‖. The Turing Test Q: Which of the following can think? The Turing Test Q: Can you distinguish a machine from a person? ≡ Can a machine impersonate a person? The Turing Test • The first deep investigation into whether machines can ―behave intelligently‖ • Helped usher in field of AI • Decoupled ―intelligence‖ from ―human‖ • Based ―intelligence‖ on I/O, not entity’s ―look and feel‖ • Proposed a practical, formal test for intelligence • Definitions & test are operational & easily implementable • Turing test variants: ―immortality‖, ―fly-on-wall‖, ―meta‖, ―reverse‖, ―subject matter expert‖, ―compression‖, ―minimum intelligent signal‖ Turing Test Milestones Turk (von Kempelen), 1770: • Played a strong game of chess • Toured the world for 84 years • Generated much interest in automata • Was a hoax (hidden human operator) Turing Test Milestones Eliza (Weizenbaum), 1966: • First ―chatterbot‖ • Named after ―Eliza Doolittle‖ of Shaw’s Pygmalion • Simulated Rogerian psychotherapist • Often convinced people it is human • Influence computer games (e.g., Dungeon, Adventure) • Inspired Arthur C. Clarke’s HAL 9000 • Chatterbots appear today in chatrooms and dating services • Chatterbot competitions (Turing Test format): – Loebner Prize – Chatterbox Challenge, 2010 Turing Test Milestones Elbot, 2008: • Won 2008 Loebner Prize • Fooled 3 of 12 judges (Turing: >30%) • Typical excerpt: Judge: What's your favourite novel? Elbot: I often read telephone books, or dadaist poetry: Brä brä brä Judge: Typical computer! Elbot: You tend towards generalizations.
    [Show full text]