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Research Article Study on the Urban Air Quality Assessment and Pollution Characteristics in Daqing City

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Research Article Study on the Urban Air Quality Assessment and Pollution Characteristics in Daqing City Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7(3): 469-477, 2014 DOI:10.19026/rjaset.7.278 ISSN: 2040-7459; e-ISSN: 2040-7467 © 2014 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp. Submitted: February 05, 2013 Accepted: March 02, 2013 Published: January 20, 2014 Research Article Study on the Urban Air Quality Assessment and Pollution Characteristics in Daqing City 1, 2 Yuandong Hu, 1Xiaoshu Guan, 3Qingyu Wang and 2Liangjun Da 1Department of Landscape, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China 3Beijing Jinglin United Landscape Planning and Design Co. Ltd. 102488, China Abstract: The aim of this study is to reveal the spatial and temporal variations of the main atmospheric pollutants in Daqing City by mathematical analysis of the monitoring data according to the atmospheric environmental monitoring data for nearly 15 years of Daqing City. The comprehensive pollution index method, the pollutant load factor method and the rank correlation coefficient method were used for the evaluation of atmospheric environmental quality. The results showed that the air quality of Daqing City was good as a whole in 15 years and it improved better step by step. Dusts and PM 10 were the major air pollutants and the weight of NO2 was increasing year by year. In addition, the air pollution type was developing from “coal smoke” to “oil smoke”. Spearman rank correlation coefficient method was used to analyze the trend and significance of the main air pollutants in Daqing City. The results showed that PM 10 , dusts and SO 2 presented downward trend and NO 2 Presented upward trend, but the trends were not significant and fluctuated on the same level. The task of energy-saving and emission-reduction will be still arduous for Daqing City. Keywords: Characteristics of air pollution, Daqing ctiy, the air environmental quality assessment INTRODUCTION the rapid urbanization and energy increasing consumption, air quality of part region has deteriorated The atmospheric environment is a necessary year by year. In addition, it is always temperature condition for human survival and development and inversion weather in winter and long residence time of direct impacts the people’s production, life and physical all kinds of exhaust gas in the low-altitude leads health (Tian et al ., 2005; Helmm, 1999). With China's increased pollution. Although air quality is still rapid social and economic development and the relatively good, industries such as electricity, heat acceleration of industrialization and the urbanization production and supply, chemical raw materials, process (Liu et al ., 2004) our atmosphere shows the chemical products manufacturing, petroleum processing regional complex pollution characteristics (Wang et al ., and coking industry continue to affect air quality. The 2011) and air pollution has become a prominent urban comprehensive pollution index method, the pollutant environmental problem (Meng et al ., 2012). Air load factor method and the rank correlation coefficient pollution is harm to human health, affects the plant method were used for the evaluation of atmospheric growth, damages to cultural relics, reduces the visibility environmental quality and influencing factors during and adversely affects to the life of city residents (Kuo rapid urbanization process in this study. It can provide et al ., 2008; Qin et al ., 2006). The main factors causing some scientific basis for the government and the deterioration of the environmental quality of urban environmental protection departments to carry out air includes energy consumption, pollution sources, environmental protection and governance. dusts, outside sources, vehicle exhaust (Streets and The objective of the study is to explore the spatial Waldhoff, 2000; Department of Environmental and temporal variations of the main atmospheric Protection, 2010). Improving urban air quality in the pollutants in Daqing City by mathematical analysis of process of rapid urbanization becomes the main contents the monitoring data according to the atmospheric of urban ecological environmental protection. environmental monitoring data for nearly 15 years of Daqing City is a famous oil industrial and typical Daqing City. resource-based city and the economic and social development has great dependence on resources OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA (Daqing Municipal People's Government, 2002, 2004). The main energy consumption categories are crude oil, Daqing City is located in the central Songnen coal, natural gas (Barletta et al ., 2005). Accompanied by Plain, west of Heilongjiang Province. The geographical Corresponding Author: Liangjun Da, Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 469 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 7(3): 469-477, 2014 Table 1: Environmental quality standard values standard value ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Items Time First level Second level Third level Unit SO2 Annual mean 0.02 0.06 0.10 mg/m 3 NOX Annual mean 0.05 0.05 0.10 mg/m 3 PM10 Annual mean 0.08 0.02 0.30 mg/m 3 dust Monthly mean 10.0 Ton/km 2/30 d Sources of data: ambient air quality standard (GB3095-1996), the dust standard value is provincial standard (10.0 Ton/ km 2.30 d). position is 123°45′~125°47′E and 45°23′~47°28′N The environmental air quality assessment method: including Saertu District, Longfeng District, Ranghulu District, Honggang District, Datong District and • The comprehensive pollution index method: Zhaoyuan Country, Zhaozhou Country, LinxunCountry Combined with air quality evaluation criteria and and Duerbote Mongolia Autonomous Country. The environmental air pollution character, grade two total area is 21200 Km 2. Daqing City is an industrial (Table 1) of ambient air quality standard (GB3095- city mainly in the petrochemical and oil extraction 1996) is adopted for pollution evaluation standard industry. The main air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, and the environmental air quality assessment nitrogen oxides and PM 10 . The hydrocarbons has been method is used to calculate. The computational the characteristic pollutants in ambient air. Daqing City formulae are: is the main research region in the study. Ci Pi = THE DATA SOURCE AND THE Si EVALUATION METHOD n Ci P = ∑ Si i =1 The data source and the main monitoring items: Daqing City is famous for petrochemical industry. The where, main air pollutants are SO 2, NO 2, PM 10 and dust. The P = Comprehensive pollution index data is provided by the environmental monitoring Pi = The single pollution index station. Based on the monitoring data of 1996-2010, the Ci = Annual average pollutant concentrations of different time and different monitoring Si = Pollution assessment standard points in the region are studied and the spatial and n = Items number temporal distributions are analyzed of SO 2, NO 2, PM 10 and dust. The seasonal and annual variation • The pollutant load factor method: By calculating characteristics, variation characteristics of heating the pollution load proportion, the influences of period and non-heating period and the distribution different pollutants are reflected and the importance characteristics at the different monitoring points are sequences of pollution factors are confirmed. The analyzed in order to understand the air pollution computational formula is: characteristics and distribution of main pollutants P providing the certain basis for the future trend of f = i i P atmospheric environmental pollutions and environmental governance. • The rank correlation coefficient method: This is According to the population and area sampling a commonly used at home and abroad pollution method, five environmental air monitoring points are trends quantitative analysis method. By comparing established by city environmental monitoring stations the absolute value of rank correlation coefficient rs including Saertu District Environmental Monitoring with the critical value of Spearman rank correlation Station, Longfeng District Environmental Monitoring coefficient table, if rs >wp, it means the trends are Station, Ranghulu District Environmental Monitoring remarkable. If rs is negative, it means the downward Station, Honggang district environmental monitoring trend. station, Datong District Environmental Monitoring The computational formulae are: Station. Datong District Environmental Monitoring n Station is the clean and control point. The main 2 6∑ di monitoring items include: SO 2, NO 2, PM 10 , dust etc. ' i=1 ，di = xi-yi rs =1 − which are 24 h automatic monitoring. n() n 2 −1 470 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 7(3): 469-477, 2014 n = Number of time period SO 2 di = Difference of xi and yi 0.6 NO 2 xi = The sorted No. concentration values from cycle i to PM 10 cycle n 0.5 yi = The sorted No. by time RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 0.4 3 Seasonal variations of air pollutions: It can be seen 0.3 from the monitoring data results (Fig. 1 and 2) that mg/m from 1996 to 2010 the sequence sorted by seasonal 0.2 average concentrate of major pollutants is: the fourth quarter, the first quarter, the second quarter, the third 0.1 quarter. It is significantly higher in winter than other seasons. Mainly due to the northern winter heating, 0.0 first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter boiler emissions increase the concentration of SO 2. At the same time, it is always temperature inversed weather which makes against the pollution diffusions Fig. 1: Seasonal average changes of SO 2、NO 2、PM 10 and it increases the concentration of SO 2. The 18 concentrations of PM 10 and dust are high in spring and dust at the end of spring and the beginning of summer 16 because it is drought, lack of rain, high wind and bare for land causing the serious dust pollutions. 14 12 Annual variations of the comprehensive pollution 3 index: It can be seen from evaluation results of the air 10 mg/m quality from 1996 to 2010 (Table 2) that annual 8 variations of the comprehensive pollution index trends 6 are downward in the whole (Fig.
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