English-Iv (Content Major)

ENGLISH-IV (CONTENT MAJOR) B.ED Course Code: (6471) Units: 1–9 Faculty of Education Early Childhood Education and Elementary Teacher Education Department ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD (All Rights Reserved with the Publisher) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying Recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under AIOU copyright ACT. 1st First Printing .......................................... 2018 Quantity ..................................................... 3000 Composed by ............................................. Zahid Javed Bajwa Printer......................................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Publisher .................................................... Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. ii COURSE TEAM Chairman Course Team: Prof Dr Nasir Mahmood Course Development Coordinator: Dr. Rehmat Ullah Bhatti Writers: 1. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Senior Research Officer, Planning Division Ministry of Capital Administration and Development Division Islamabad 2. Dr. Muhammad Ismail Abbasi Lecturer Govt Gordon College, Rawalpindi 3. Zafar Ullah Shaheen Lecturer PhD Scholar Department of English Govt. Gordon College Rawalpindi 4. Khurrum Dad Lecturer IMCB F/10-4, Islamabad Reviewers: Dr. Zafar Iqbal Senior Research Officer, Planning Division Ministry of Capital Administration and Development Division Islamabad Editor: Ms. Humera Ejaz Layout & Design: Malik Mateen Ishfaq iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS English literature enjoys a unique position among the literatures created all over the world. Literature preserves human experience, human language, culture, tradition and history. It allows the coming generations to get acquaintance with the works of creative writings of previous generations. Literature is divided into various genres like: Poetry, Drama, Novel, Prose and Short Story. Literature could be read through traditional approach as well as modern approaches. Department of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Teacher Education lays strong emphasis on the interconnection of literature and language. Literature allows human beings to keep their norms, tradition and culture alive by means of artistic expressions using various genres. This book titled English IV, not only documents these approaches of reading and understanding literature but presents a number of methods and techniques to comprehend literary writings. In this regard the Department of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Teacher Education is thankful to the members of writing team, who contributed in various units in this updated book. It is worth mentioning that the course coordinator, Dr. Rehmat Ullah Bhatti, played a vital role in the publication of this book. He facilitated the team members in providing them all the facilities including related material. He also updated the team about the requirements of the course and book objectives, and other related demands. He communicated the team members timely and efficiently. Mr. Zahid Javed Bajwa and Mr. Muhammad Hameed professionally and efficiently completed the task of typing/composing the contents of this book. Special regard goes to the Vice Chancellor of the University, Professor Dr. Shahid Siddique for his mentorship, personal interests, and visionary insights into updating the course books, creating a conducive work environment to achieve professional and academic excellence. Prof. Dr. Nasir Mahmood Chairman/Dean Faculty of Education iv INTRODUCTION This book is based on teaching of English literature. Owing to the international status of English language and growing demand of English language, English literature has also long ago attained high prestige among the world literature. English literature is also used as a great source of providing material to language skills especially reading and writing. English literature is divided into various genres. These genres of English literature are sub types of literature that use different forms and expressions to promote literature. These genres include: Poetry, Novel, Drama, Prose and Short Stories. English literature started almost 15 centuries ago from raw oral poetry and developed into complex novels. All the genres of English literature are highly developed in their form, language and themes that they represent. With changing times and development in other fields, teaching of English literature also became subject to change. Earlier literature was taught through traditional approach that focused on the Author’s personality and age while giving authority to the critic to decipher meanings embedded in the text. Now days, literature is read through the lens of modern approaches starting from new Criticism and propagating the latest theories of Post Modernism, Post Structuralism, Feminism and others. This books deals with all these approaches and theories that a reader may use in order to interpret the text. The team of writers of this book hopes that this book will give brief insight into genres, techniques, methods and trends in literature of past and contemporary age. The readers of this book would find it a helpful book in understanding of literature. The readers can use this book can use the foundations given in this book to teach language and literature. v OBJECTIVES After completion of the course, you will be able to: 1. Give brief details about the significance of literature, uses and qualities of good literature. 2. Explain the genres used in English literature. 3. Describe poetic, linguistic and literary devices used in different genres of literature. 4. Enlist various techniques used in creation of various genres of literatures an their sub-types 5. Elucidate the different methods that could be utilized in teaching of literature 6. Present details about traditional approach to understanding of literature. 7. Highlight the modern contemporary trends in literature. 8. Bring to limelight the connections of language and literature. 9. See how literature could be used to teach English as a foreign language. vi CONTENTS Unit–1: Introduction to Literature ............................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 2 Objectives .......................................................................................... 2 1.1 What is Literature? .................................................................... 3 1.2 Scope of Literature .................................................................... 4 1.3 Literary Genres ......................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Short Story .................................................................... 6 1.3.2 The Stranger’s Narrative ............................................... 7 1.3.3 Commentary .................................................................. 13 1.4 Poetry ........................................................................................ 15 1.5 Drama ........................................................................................ 16 1.6 Novel ........................................................................................ 17 1.7 Prose ........................................................................................ 19 1.8 Common Elements Found in Literature .................................... 21 1.9 Questions................................................................................... 24 1.10 Bibliography ............................................................................. 24 Unit-2: Ages of English Literature .............................................................. 25 Introduction ........................................................................................ 26 Objectives ........................................................................................ 26 2.1 Old Age ..................................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Beowulf ......................................................................... 27 2.2 Middle Ages .............................................................................. 27 2.3 Romances .................................................................................. 28 2.4 Renaissance Age ....................................................................... 30 2.5 Age of John Milton ................................................................... 32 2.6 Metaphysical Age ..................................................................... 34 2.7 Augustan ................................................................................... 36 2.8 The Age of Novel...................................................................... 37 2.9 The Romantic Age .................................................................... 38 2.10 Victorian Age ............................................................................ 39 2.11 Modern Age .............................................................................. 41 2.12 Questions................................................................................... 41 2.13 Bibliography ............................................................................. 42 vii Unit-3: Place of Poetry in English Literature ............................................. 43 Introduction ....................................................................................... 44 Objectives

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