DOCSLIB.ORG

Persistence of Host Defence Behaviour in the Absence of Avian Brood

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Persistence of Host Defence Behaviour in the Absence of Avian Brood Downloaded from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on February 12, 2015 Biol. Lett. (2011) 7, 670–673 selection is renewed, and therefore may accelerate an doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0268 evolutionary response to the selection pressure. Published online 14 April 2011 We examined the extent to which a behavioural Animal behaviour defence persists in the absence of selection from avian brood parasitism. The interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts are ideal for Persistence of host determining the fate of adaptations once selection has been relaxed, owing to shifting distributions of defence behaviour in the hosts and parasites [5,6] or the avoidance of well- defended hosts by parasites [7,8]. Host defences such absence of avian brood as rejection of parasite eggs may be lost in the absence parasitism of selection if birds reject their oddly coloured eggs [9,10], but are more likely to be retained because Brian D. Peer1,2,3,*, Michael J. Kuehn2,4, these behaviours may never be expressed in circum- Stephen I. Rothstein2 and Robert C. Fleischer1 stances other than parasitism [2,3]. Whether host 1Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, defences persist in the absence of brood parasitism is Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, critical to long-term avian brood parasite–host coevolu- Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 5503, Washington, tion. If defences decline quickly, brood parasites can DC 20013-7012, USA alternate between well-defended hosts and former 2Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA hosts that have lost most of their defences, owing to the 3Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, costs of maintaining them once parasitism has ceased, IL 61455, USA 4 or follow what has been termed the ‘coevolutionary Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, 439 Calle San Pablo, cycles’ model of host–brood parasite coevolution [3]. Camarillo, CA 93012-8506, USA *Author for correspondence ([email protected]). By contrast, if defences persist for long periods of time, as in the ‘single trajectory model’, brood parasites will The fate of host defensive behaviour in the have to evolve adaptations such as egg mimicry for one absence of selection from brood parasitism is critical to long-term host–parasite coevolution. or a small number of hosts, which will force them to We investigated whether New World Bohemian become specialized [3]. waxwings Bombycilla garrulus that are allopatric Cedar waxwings, Bombycilla cedrorum, are hosts of the from brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater and parasitic brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater in North common cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism America and eject most cowbird eggs added to their have retained egg rejection behaviour. We found nests [11,12]. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus that egg rejection was expressed by 100 per cent are closely related to cedar waxwings but breed north of Bohemian waxwings. Our phylogeny revealed of the cowbird’s range, with the exception of some over- that Bohemian and Japanese waxwings Bomby- lap in western Canada [13]. This overlap would have cilla japonica were sister taxa, and this clade little effect on the Bohemian waxwing gene pool because was sister to the cedar waxwing Bombycilla it is extremely rare in this area [13,14 ], making the cedrorum. In addition, there was support for a split between Old and New World Bohemian Bohemian waxwing an ideal host for testing the validity waxwings. Our molecular clock estimates suggest of the single trajectory model and the extent to which that egg rejection may have been retained for defences are retained in the absence of selection. Here, 2.8–3.0 Myr since New World Bohemian waxwings we tested whether Bohemian waxwings express egg rejec- inherited it from their common ancestor with the tion under conditions of relaxed selection, and therefore rejecter cedar waxwings. These results support probably inherited it from a common ancestor with cedar the ‘single trajectory’ model of host–brood para- waxwings. We also estimate how long this defence may site coevolution that once hosts evolve defences, have persisted under relaxed selection, using an estimate they are retained, forcing parasites to become of clade age based on a molecular clock. more specialized over time. Keywords: brood parasitism; coevolution; egg rejection; molecular clock; relaxed selection 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Material and methods can be found in the electronic supplementary material. 1. INTRODUCTION When selection pressures are relaxed, adaptations may 3. RESULTS decay because they incur costs [1]. However, when (a) Experimental parasitism adaptations are expressed only in the presence of Bohemian waxwings rejected 100 per cent (n ¼ 9 nests) specific stimuli, they may have no effect on fitness of cowbird eggs after an average of 1.6 days following and such neutral traits may persist for long periods parasitism (range 1–4 days). No host eggs were damaged after selection has been relaxed [2,3]. Information on or missing following ejections. We videotaped one nest how long adaptations are retained or conversely how following experimental parasitism and the bird returned quickly adaptations are lost in the absence of benefits to the nest, peered inside, grasped the egg between its is relatively scanty (but see [2,4]). Whether adaptations mandibles, and flew away with the egg. are lost or retained is significant, because an adaptation that is retained or declines slowly may be present if (b) Phylogenies and date estimates Electronic supplementary material is available at http://dx.doi.org/ Both Cyt b and ND2 genes, under maximum-parsimony 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0268 or via http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org. and maximum-likelihood criteria, produced similar Received 8 March 2011 Accepted 25 March 2011 670 This journal is q 2011 The Royal Society Downloaded from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on February 12, 2015 Persistence of host defence behaviour B. D. Peer et al. 671 Bombycilla cedrorum AF285792 Bombycilla cedrorum AF285791 Bombycilla cedrorum FFJ177315 100/100 Bombycilla cedrorum AY329448 Bombycilla cedrorum EEU834869 Bombycilla cedrorum AF285786 91/ Bombycilla garrulus AF285793 NW 85 100/100 Bombycilla garrulus AF285794 100 Bombycilla garrulus AY329449 96/99 Bombycilla garrulus FFJ177316 100/ Bombycilla garrulus AY228049 59/90 100 Bombycilla garrulus AF285796 OW Bombycilla garrulus AF285795 bootstraps ML 200/ MP 1000 Bombycilla japonica AF151394 50/99 Bombycilla japonica FFJ177317 Bombycilla japonica AF285798 Bombycilla japonica AF285797 100/69 Phainopepla nitens AY329469 Phainopepla nitens 9897 Phainopepla nitens AF285788 Phainopepla nitens FFJ177322 0.1 Figure 1. The best maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree produced by RAXML [15]. Numbers above branches are support values from 200 bootstraps of ML tree/support values from 1000 bootstraps of maximum-parsimony (MP) tree. Table 1. Divergence rates (per cent sequence change per million years), dates (in millions of years) and credibility intervals. (Rates are used as priors and were obtained for each gene from an external rate calibration based on a related clade of Hawaiian honeyeaters (S. Sonsthagen and R. C. Fleischer 2011, unpublished data). Dates are estimated in BEASTusing these rate priors.) age estimates in Myr (95% CI) rate prior (95% CI) gene % divergence Myr21 Bombycilla clade B. garrulus clade B. cedrorum clade B. garrulus versus B. japonicus Cyt b 2.26 (1.44–3.08) 2.96 (1.22–5.13) 1.50 (0.46–2.80) 1.67 (0.43–3.18) 2.29 (0.91–4.10) ND2 2.43 (1.59–3.45) 2.79 (1.20–4.52) 1.10 (0.06–2.22) 0.68 (0.07–1.62) 1.81 (1.20–4.52) topologies with generally high support for clades repre- waxwings may have originated in the New World, and senting traditional species (B. cedrorum, B. garrulus and this is supported by the observation that their closest Bombycilla japonica; figure 1). In all analyses, B. garrulus relatives are New World silky flycatchers [17]. They and B. japonica were sister taxa, and this clade was sister split into the Old World Bohemian waxwing after colo- to B. cedrorum. In addition, there was support in all nizing the Old World, which then split into the analyses for a split between Old World and New World Japanese waxwing and the New World Bohemian waxw- samples of B. garrulus. Combined gene analysis also ing after recolonizing North America. The alternative produced strong support via both inference methods scenario is that Old World Bohemian waxwings colo- for the topologies found in single gene analyses. nized North America and split into cedar waxwings; Dates for key nodes in the waxwing tree were highly Old World Bohemian waxwings also split from Japanese consistent between the two genes, and these indicate waxwings; and there was a second colonization of the that the radiation (basal split) of bombycillid species New World by Old World Bohemian waxwings that began roughly 2.79 (ND2)to2.96(Cyt b) Myr ago resulted in the New World Bohemian waxwings. (table 1). The split between New World and Old World Accordingly, egg rejection may have evolved in populations of B. garrulus was estimated at 1.1–1.5 Myr response to cowbird parasitism in the Nearctic or ago based on ND2 and Cyt b analyses, respectively. cuckoo parasitism in the Palaearctic. However, there are several factors that indicate that the first scenario of cowbird parasitism was the probable selection 4. DISCUSSION pressure. Based on current ecologies and ranges, Bohemian waxwings rejected 100 per cent of cases of there is greater overlap between cowbirds and cedar experimental parasitism despite being allopatric from waxwings than cuckoos and the two Old World wax- brown-headed cowbirds. The biogeographic history wing species [13,18,19]. There are also no records of of the Bombycillidae lineage is unclear [16], making parasitism on Old World waxwings by any cuckoo it difficult to ascertain the dynamics of egg rejection species [20], whereas the cedar waxwing is a regular evolution in waxwings; however, there appear to be host of the cowbird [21].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural History of Japanese Birds
    Natural History of Japanese Birds Hiroyoshi Higuchi English text translated by Reiko Kurosawa HEIBONSHA 1 Copyright © 2014 by Hiroyoshi Higuchi, Reiko Kurosawa Typeset and designed by: Washisu Design Office Printed in Japan Heibonsha Limited, Publishers 3-29 Kanda Jimbocho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0051 Japan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The English text can be downloaded from the following website for free. http://www.heibonsha.co.jp/ 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1 The natural environment and birds of Japan 6 Chapter 2 Representative birds of Japan 11 Chapter 3 Abundant varieties of forest birds and water birds 13 Chapter 4 Four seasons of the satoyama 17 Chapter 5 Active life of urban birds 20 Chapter 6 Interesting ecological behavior of birds 24 Chapter 7 Bird migration — from where to where 28 Chapter 8 The present state of Japanese birds and their future 34 3 Natural History of Japanese Birds Preface [BOOK p.3] Japan is a beautiful country. The hills and dales are covered “satoyama”. When horsetail shoots come out and violets and with rich forest green, the river waters run clear and the moun- cherry blossoms bloom in spring, birds begin to sing and get tain ranges in the distance look hazy purple, which perfectly ready for reproduction. Summer visitors also start arriving in fits a Japanese expression of “Sanshi-suimei (purple mountains Japan one after another from the tropical regions to brighten and clear waters)”, describing great natural beauty.
    [Show full text]
  • GRUNDSTEN Japan 0102 2016
    Birding Japan (M. Grundsten, Sweden) 2016 Japan, January 30th - February 14th 2016 Karuizawa – E Hokkaido – S Kyushu – Okinawa – Hachijo-jima Front cover Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus, common along eastern Hokkaido coasts. Photo: Måns Grundsten Participants Måns Grundsten ([email protected], compiler, most photos), Mattias Andersson, Mattias Gerdin, Sweden. Highlights • A shy Solitary Snipe in the main stream at Karuizawa. • Huge-billed Japanese Grosbeaks and a neat 'griseiventris' Eurasian Bullfinch at Karuizawa. • A single Rustic Bunting behind 7/Eleven at Karuizawa. • Amazing auks from the Oarai-Tomakomai ferry. Impressive numbers of Rhinoceros Auklet! • Parakeet Auklet fly-bys. • Blakiston's Fish Owl in orderly fashion at Rausu. • Displaying Black Scoters at Notsuke peninsula. • Majestic Steller's Sea Eagles in hundreds. • Winter gulls at Hokkaido. • Finding a vagrant Golden-crowned Sparrow at Kiritappu at the same feeders as Asian Rosy Finches. • No less than 48(!) Rock Sandpipers. • A lone immature Red-faced Cormorants on cliffs at Cape Nosappu. • A pair of Ural Owls on day roost at Kushiro. • Feeding Ryukyu Minivets at Lake Mi-ike. • Fifteen thousand plus cranes at Arasaki. • Unexpectedly productive Kogawa Dam – Long-billed Plover. • Saunders's Gulls at Yatsushiro. • Kin Ricefields on Okinawa, easy birding, lots of birds, odd-placed Tundra Bean Geese. • Okinawa Woodpecker and Rail within an hour close to Fushigawa Dam, Yanbaru. • Whistling Green Pigeon eating fruits in Ada Village. • Vocal Ryukyu Robins. • Good shorebird diversity in Naha. • Male Izu Thrush during a short break on Hachijo-jima. • Triple Albatrosses! • Bulwer's Petrel close to the ship. Planning the trip – Future aspects When planning a birding trip to Japan there is a lot of consideration to be made.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Bird Highlights 2013
    FROM PROJECT FEEDERWAtch 2012–13 Focus on citizen science • Volume 9 Winter BirdHighlights Winter npredictability is one constant as each winter Focus on Citizen Science is a publication highlight- ing the contributions of citizen scientists. This is- brings surprises to our feeders. The 2012–13 sue, Winter Bird Highlights 2013, is brought to you by Project FeederWatch, a research and education proj- season broke many regional records with sis- ect of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Bird Studies U Canada. Project FeederWatch is made possible by the kins and nuthatches moving south in record numbers efforts and support of thousands of citizen scientists. to tantalize FeederWatchers across much of the con- Project FeederWatch Staff tinent. This remarkable year also brought a record- David Bonter breaking number of FeederWatchers, with more than Project Leader, USA Janis Dickinson 20,000 participants in the US and Canada combined! Director of Citizen Science, USA Kristine Dobney Whether you’ve been FeederWatching for 26 years or Project Assistant, Canada Wesley Hochachka this is your first season counting, the usual suspects— Senior Research Associate, USA chickadees, juncos, and woodpeckers—always bring Anne Marie Johnson Project Assistant, USA familiarity and enjoyment, as well as valuable data, Rosie Kirton Project Support, Canada even if you don’t observe anything unusual. Whichever Denis Lepage birds arrive at your feeder, we hope they will bring a Senior Scientist, Canada Susan E. Newman sense of wonder that captures your attention. Thanks Project Assistant, USA for sharing your observations and insights with us and, Kerrie Wilcox Project Leader, Canada most importantly, Happy FeederWatching.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinecrest Golf Course
    Pinecrest Golf Course Birds on the Course In North America the Red-tailed Hawk is one of three species colloquially known as the “chicken hawk” or "hen hawk" even though chickens are not a major part of their diet. They were given this name in earlier times, when free-ranging chickens were preyed upon by first-year juveniles. They are also called buzzard hawks or red hawks. Red-tailed Hawks are easily recognized by their brick-red colored tails, from which its common name was derived. In the wild, they are expected to live for 10 -21 years. They reach reproductive maturity when they are about 3 years old. The Red-tailed Hawks is a bird of prey found in North and Central America, and in the West Indies. Throughout their range, they typically live in forests near open country or - depending on their range - in swamps, taigas and deserts. This species is legally protected in Canada, Mexico and the United States by the international Migratory Bird Treaty Act. In the United States, they are also protected by state, provincial and federal bird protection laws, making it illegal to keep hawks (without a permit) in captivity, or to Red-Tailed Hawk hunt them; disturb nests or eggs; even collecting their feathers is against the law. Red-Shouldered Hawk The Red-shouldered Sharp- Hawk is a medium-sized Hawk. A common Shinned forest-dwelling hawk of the East and California, Hawk the Red-shouldered Hawk favors woodlands near water. It is perhaps The sharp-shinned hawk is small with blue-gray upper parts and rufous bars on white the most vocal under parts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Birder's Guide to Cook County, Northeastern Minnesota Birding
    A Birder’s Guide to Cook County, Northeastern Minnesota This guide will help you find the birds of Cook County, one of the best birding areas in the upper midwest. The shore of Lake Superior and the wildlands of the northeast are natural treasures that are especially rich in birds. Descriptions of the locatoins can be found inside, along with information about how to make the most of your birding during each season of the year. Birding around the year Spring: The migration is always most exciting along the shore of Lake Superior. Spring migration is smaller than fall, but spring specialties include Tundra Swan, Sandhill Crane, Gray-cheeked Thrush, American Tree Sparrow, Harris’ Sparrow, Lapland Longspur and Rusty Blackbird. Boreal species like Black-backed Woodpecker, Boreal Owl and Northern Saw-whet Owl begin nesting during spring, which can begin as early as March and extend until June. Summer: In summer the excitement moves inland where specialties inclue Common Loon, American Black Duck, Bald Eagle, Ruffled Grouse, American Woodcock, Black-billed Cuckoo, Barred Owl, Northern Saw- whet Owl, Whip-poor-will, Olive-sided, Yellow-bellied, and Alder Flycatchers, Gray Jay, Boreal Chickadee, Winter and Sedge Wrens, 20 species of warblers, Le Conte’s Sparrow, and Evening Grosbeak. The summer breeding season extends from late May through early August. Autumn: the fall migration along the Norht Shore of Lake Superior is not to be missed! Beginning with the sight of thousands of Common Nighthawks in late August, the sheer quantity of birds moving down the shore makes this area a world-class migration route.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Data
    Table 11. Summary List of Species Identified in 2001-2002, Squam Lakes Watershed, New Hampshire. Page 1 of 12 Type Common Name Scientific Name Amphibians Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Amphibians Eastern American toad Bufo americanus Amphibians Gray treefrog Hyla versicolor Amphibians Green frog Rana clamitans Amphibians Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens Amphibians Northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus Amphibians Northern spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer Amphibians Northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata Amphibians Pickerel frog Rana palustris Amphibians Redback salamander Plethodon cinereus Amphibians Red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens Amphibians Spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum Amphibians Wood frog Rana sylvatica Birds Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum Birds American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Birds American Black Duck Anas rubripes Birds American Coot Fulica americana Birds American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Birds American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis Birds American Green-winged Teal Anas crecca Birds American Kestrel Falco sparverius Birds American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla Birds American Robin Turdus migratorius Birds American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea Birds American Woodcock Scolopax minor Birds Atlantic Brant Branta bernicla Birds Bald Eagle* Haliaeetus leucocephalus* Birds Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula Birds Bank Swallow Riparia riparia Birds Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Birds Barred Owl Strix varia Birds Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon Birds Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia Birds
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Bird Highlights 2015, Is Brought to You by U.S
    Winter Bird Highlights FROM PROJECT FEEDERWATCH 2014–15 FOCUS ON CITIZEN SCIENCE • VOLUME 11 Focus on Citizen Science is a publication highlight- FeederWatch welcomes new ing the contributions of citizen scientists. This is- sue, Winter Bird Highlights 2015, is brought to you by U.S. project assistant Project FeederWatch, a research and education proj- ect of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Bird Studies Canada. Project FeederWatch is made possible by the e are pleased to have a new efforts and support of thousands of citizen scientists. Wteam member on board! Meet Chelsea Benson, a new as- Project FeederWatch Staff sistant for Project FeederWatch. Chelsea will also be assisting with Cornell Lab of Ornithology NestWatch, another Cornell Lab Janis Dickinson citizen-science project. She will Director of Citizen Science be responding to your emails and Emma Greig phone calls and helping to keep Project Leader and Editor the website and social media pages Anne Marie Johnson Project Assistant up-to-date. Chelsea comes to us with a back- Chelsea Benson Project Assistant ground in environmental educa- Wesley Hochachka tion and conservation. She has worked with schools, community Senior Research Associate organizations, and local governments in her previous positions. Diane Tessaglia-Hymes She incorporated citizen science into her programming and into Design Director regional events like Day in the Life of the Hudson River. Chelsea holds a dual B.A. in psychology and English from Bird Studies Canada Allegheny College and an M.A. in Social Science, Environment Kerrie Wilcox and Community, from Humboldt State University. Project Leader We are excited that Chelsea has brought her energy and en- Rosie Kirton thusiasm to the Cornell Lab, where she will no doubt mobilize Project Support even more people to monitor bird feeders (and bird nests) for Kristine Dobney Project Assistant science.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Anchorage Checklist
    ACCIDENTAL, CASUAL, UNSUBSTANTIATED KEY THRUSHES J F M A M J J A S O N D n Casual: Occasionally seen, but not every year Northern Wheatear N n Accidental: Only one or two ever seen here Townsend’s Solitaire N X Unsubstantiated: no photographic or sample evidence to support sighting Gray-cheeked Thrush N W Listed on the Audubon Alaska WatchList of declining or threatened species Birds of Swainson’s Thrush N Hermit Thrush N Spring: March 16–May 31, Summer: June 1–July 31, American Robin N Fall: August 1–November 30, Winter: December 1–March 15 Anchorage, Alaska Varied Thrush N W STARLINGS SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER SPECIES SPECIES SPRING SUMMER FALL WINTER European Starling N CHECKLIST Ross's Goose Vaux's Swift PIPITS Emperor Goose W Anna's Hummingbird The Anchorage area offers a surprising American Pipit N Cinnamon Teal Costa's Hummingbird Tufted Duck Red-breasted Sapsucker WAXWINGS diversity of habitat from tidal mudflats along Steller's Eider W Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Bohemian Waxwing N Common Eider W Willow Flycatcher the coast to alpine habitat in the Chugach BUNTINGS Ruddy Duck Least Flycatcher John Schoen Lapland Longspur Pied-billed Grebe Hammond's Flycatcher Mountains bordering the city. Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Eastern Kingbird BOHEMIAN WAXWING Snow Bunting N Leach's Storm-Petrel Western Kingbird WARBLERS Pelagic Cormorant Brown Shrike Red-faced Cormorant W Cassin's Vireo Northern Waterthrush N For more information on Alaska bird festivals Orange-crowned Warbler N Great Egret Warbling Vireo Swainson's Hawk Red-eyed Vireo and birding maps for Anchorage, Fairbanks, Yellow Warbler N American Coot Purple Martin and Kodiak, contact Audubon Alaska at Blackpoll Warbler N W Sora Pacific Wren www.AudubonAlaska.org or 907-276-7034.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, Version 2018-07-24
    Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Species List, version 2018-07-24 Kenai National Wildlife Refuge biology staff July 24, 2018 2 Cover image: map of 16,213 georeferenced occurrence records included in the checklist. Contents Contents 3 Introduction 5 Purpose............................................................ 5 About the list......................................................... 5 Acknowledgments....................................................... 5 Native species 7 Vertebrates .......................................................... 7 Invertebrates ......................................................... 55 Vascular Plants........................................................ 91 Bryophytes ..........................................................164 Other Plants .........................................................171 Chromista...........................................................171 Fungi .............................................................173 Protozoans ..........................................................186 Non-native species 187 Vertebrates ..........................................................187 Invertebrates .........................................................187 Vascular Plants........................................................190 Extirpated species 207 Vertebrates ..........................................................207 Vascular Plants........................................................207 Change log 211 References 213 Index 215 3 Introduction Purpose to avoid implying
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of New York State
    __ Common Goldeneye RAILS, GALLINULES, __ Baird's Sandpiper __ Black-tailed Gull __ Black-capped Petrel Birds of __ Barrow's Goldeneye AND COOTS __ Little Stint __ Common Gull __ Fea's Petrel __ Smew __ Least Sandpiper __ Short-billed Gull __ Cory's Shearwater New York State __ Clapper Rail __ Hooded Merganser __ White-rumped __ Ring-billed Gull __ Sooty Shearwater __ King Rail © New York State __ Common Merganser __ Virginia Rail Sandpiper __ Western Gull __ Great Shearwater Ornithological __ Red-breasted __ Corn Crake __ Buff-breasted Sandpiper __ California Gull __ Manx Shearwater Association Merganser __ Sora __ Pectoral Sandpiper __ Herring Gull __ Audubon's Shearwater Ruddy Duck __ Semipalmated __ __ Iceland Gull __ Common Gallinule STORKS Sandpiper www.nybirds.org GALLINACEOUS BIRDS __ American Coot __ Lesser Black-backed __ Wood Stork __ Northern Bobwhite __ Purple Gallinule __ Western Sandpiper Gull FRIGATEBIRDS DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS __ Wild Turkey __ Azure Gallinule __ Short-billed Dowitcher __ Slaty-backed Gull __ Magnificent Frigatebird __ Long-billed Dowitcher __ Glaucous Gull __ Black-bellied Whistling- __ Ruffed Grouse __ Yellow Rail BOOBIES AND GANNETS __ American Woodcock Duck __ Spruce Grouse __ Black Rail __ Great Black-backed Gull __ Brown Booby __ Wilson's Snipe __ Fulvous Whistling-Duck __ Willow Ptarmigan CRANES __ Sooty Tern __ Northern Gannet __ Greater Prairie-Chicken __ Spotted Sandpiper __ Bridled Tern __ Snow Goose __ Sandhill Crane ANHINGAS __ Solitary Sandpiper __ Least Tern __ Ross’s Goose __ Gray Partridge
    [Show full text]
  • (2007): Birds of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska Please
    Bold* = Breeding Sp Su Fa Wi Bold* = Breeding Sp Su Fa Wi OSPREYS FINCHES Osprey Ca Ca Ac Brambling I Ca Ca EAGLES and HAWKS Hawfinch I Ca Northern Harrier I I I Common Rosefinch Ca Eurasian Sparrowhawk Ac (Ac) Pine Grosbeak Ca Bald Eagle* C C C C Asian Rosy-Finch Ac Rough-legged Hawk Ac Ca Ca Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch* C C C C OWLS (griseonucha) Snowy Owl I Ca I I Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch (littoralis) Ac Short-eared Owl* R R R U Oriental Greenfinch Ca FALCONS Common Redpoll I Ca I I Eurasian Kestrel Ac Ac Hoary Redpoll Ca Ac Ca Ca Merlin Ca I Red Crossbill Ac Gyrfalcon* R R R R White-winged Crossbill Ac Peregrine Falcon* (pealei) U U C U Pine Siskin I Ac I SHRIKES LONGSPURS and SNOW BUNTINGS Northern Shrike Ca Ca Ca Lapland Longspur* Ac-C C C-Ac Ac CROWS and JAYS Snow Bunting* C C C C Common Raven* C C C C McKay's Bunting Ca Ac LARKS EMBERIZIDS Sky Lark Ca Ac Rustic Bunting Ca Ca SWALLOWS American Tree Sparrow Ac Tree Swallow Ca Ca Ac Savannah Sparrow Ca Ca Ca Bank Swallow Ac Ca Ca Song Sparrow* C C C C Cliff Swallow Ca Golden-crowned Sparrow Ac Ac Barn Swallow Ca Dark-eyed Junco Ac WRENS BLACKBIRDS Pacific Wren* C C C U Rusty Blackbird Ac LEAF WARBLERS WOOD-WARBLERS Bold* = Breeding Sp Su Fa Wi Wood Warbler Ac Yellow Warbler Ac Dusky Warbler Ac Blackpoll Warbler Ac DUCKS, GEESE and SWANS Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Ac Yellow-rumped Warbler Ac Emperor Goose C-I Ca I-C C OLD WORLD FLYCATCHERS "HYPOTHETICAL" species needing more documentation Snow Goose Ac Ac Gray-streaked Flycatcher Ca American Golden-plover (Ac) Greater White-fronted Goose I
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Mongolia Cumulative Bird List Column A
    China: Inner Mongolia Cumulative Bird List Column A: total number of days that the species was recorded in 2016 Column B: maximum daily count for that particular species Column C: H = Heard only; (H) = Heard more often than seen Globally threatened species as defined by BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-Rom Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International are identified as follows: EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near- threatened. A B C Ruddy Shelduck 2 3 Tadorna ferruginea Mandarin Duck 1 10 Aix galericulata Gadwall 2 12 Anas strepera Falcated Teal 1 4 Anas falcata Eurasian Wigeon 1 2 Anas penelope Mallard 5 40 Anas platyrhynchos Eastern Spot-billed Duck 3 12 Anas zonorhyncha Eurasian Teal 2 12 Anas crecca Baer's Pochard EN 1 4 Aythya baeri Ferruginous Pochard NT 3 49 Aythya nyroca Tufted Duck 1 1 Aythya fuligula Common Goldeneye 2 7 Bucephala clangula Hazel Grouse 4 14 Tetrastes bonasia Daurian Partridge 1 5 Perdix dauurica Brown Eared Pheasant VU 2 15 Crossoptilon mantchuricum Common Pheasant 8 10 Phasianus colchicus Little Grebe 4 60 Tachybaptus ruficollis Great Crested Grebe 3 15 Podiceps cristatus Eurasian Bittern 3 1 Botaurus stellaris Yellow Bittern 1 1 H Ixobrychus sinensis Black-crowned Night Heron 3 2 Nycticorax nycticorax Chinese Pond Heron 1 1 Ardeola bacchus Grey Heron 3 5 Ardea cinerea Great Egret 1 1 Ardea alba Little Egret 2 8 Egretta garzetta Great Cormorant 1 20 Phalacrocorax carbo Western Osprey 2 1 Pandion haliaetus Black-winged Kite 2 1 Elanus caeruleus ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WINGS ● 1643 N. Alvernon Way Ste.
    [Show full text]