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Houbové Choroby Asimilačních Orgánů Různých Druhů Rodu Pinus

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Houbové Choroby Asimilačních Orgánů Různých Druhů Rodu Pinus ČESKÁ ZEM ĚDĚLSKÁ UNIVERZITA V PRAZE FAKULTA LESNICKÁ A ENVIRONMENTÁLNÍ KATEDRA OCHRANY LESA A MYSLIVOSTI diserta ční práce HOUBOVÉ CHOROBY ASIMILA ČNÍCH ORGÁN Ů RŮZNÝCH DRUH Ů RODU PINUS Autor práce: Ing. Ji ří Bílý Vedoucí práce: doc. Ing. Marek Turčáni, Phd. 2008 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diserta ční práci vypracoval samostatn ě a řádn ě uvedl všechny použité prameny a literaturu. V Praze dne 29.2.2008 Pod ěkování: Za pomoc a podn ěty při řešení mé diserta ční práce d ěkuji Mgr. Karlu Prášilovi, CSc., Mgr. Miroslavu Kola říkovi, PhD., Mgr. Ond řeji Koukolovi, PhD., Ing. Vlastislavu Jan čaříkovi, CSc., doc. Ing. Marku Tur čánimu, PhD., RNDr. Dan ě Čížkové, CSc., Ing. Petru Šr ůtkovi, PhD., za finan ční a materiální podporu d ěkuji GA FLE, VÚLHM Jílovišt ě – Strnady a Mikrobiologickému ústavu AV ČR. Obsah: 1 ÚVOD............................................................................................................................................6 1.1 POJETÍ PRÁCE ........................................................................................................................6 1.2 CÍLE PRÁCE ...........................................................................................................................6 2 LITERÁRNÍ REŠERŠE..............................................................................................................7 2.1 CHOROBY ASIMILA ČNÍCH ORGÁN Ů BOROVIC V ČR ...............................................................7 2.1.1 Nejvýznamn ější choroby borovic v posledních deseti letech ...........................................7 2.1.2 Prognózy v souvislosti se zm ěnou klimatu..................................................................... 11 2.2 PATOGENI NA BOROVICÍCH ................................................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Rod Lophodermium ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1.1 Anatomie rodu Lophodermium ...........................................................................................13 2.2.1.2 Hostitelé, rozší ření, výskyt a význam druh ů r. Lophodermium ..........................................14 2.2.1.3 Vývojový cyklus hub rodu Lophodermium ........................................................................16 2.2.1.4 Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall. (1826).............................................................22 2.2.1.5 Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley et Millar (1978)................................................24 2.2.1.6 Lophodermium conigenum (Brunaud) Hilitzer (1929) .......................................................25 2.2.2 Ostatní zaznamenané druhy........................................................................................... 27 2.2.2.1 Anthostomella pedemontana Ferraris & Sacc. (1902) ........................................................27 2.2.2.2 Athelia bombacina ..............................................................................................................27 2.2.2.3 Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter (1983) .......................................27 2.2.2.4 Cyclaneusma niveum (Pers.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter (1983) ......................................29 2.2.2.5 Crumenulopsis sp. ..............................................................................................................29 2.2.2.6 Desmazierella acicola Lib. (1829) .....................................................................................30 2.2.2.7 Fusicoccum sp....................................................................................................................30 2.2.2.8 Gelasinospora calospora (Mouton) C. Moreau & Moreau (1949).....................................30 2.2.2.9 Leptothyrium sp..................................................................................................................31 2.2.2.10 Meloderma desmazieri (Duby) Darker (1967)....................................................................31 2.2.2.11 Mucor hiemalis Wehmer (1903).........................................................................................32 2.2.2.12 Mycosphaerella pini Rostr. (1957) .....................................................................................32 2.2.2.13 Mycosphaerella dearnessii M.E. Barr (1972).....................................................................34 2.2.2.14 Paraphaeosphaeria michotii ..............................................................................................35 2.2.2.15 Pestalotia sp. ......................................................................................................................36 2.2.2.16 Phoma sp............................................................................................................................36 2.2.2.17 Phomopsis sp......................................................................................................................37 2.2.2.18 Rhizosphaera sp. ................................................................................................................37 2.2.2.19 Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton (1980)..........................................................38 2.2.2.20 Strasseria geniculata (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. (1919)......................................................39 2.2.2.21 Sydowia polyspora (Bref. & Tavel) E. Müll. (1953) ..........................................................40 2.2.2.22 Další druhy .........................................................................................................................41 2.3 EKOLOGIE HUB .................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Fyloplan......................................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Sukcese hub na jehli čí rodu Pinus a mezidruhové interakce......................................... 43 2.3.3 Vliv nadmo řské výšky na výskyt hub..............................................................................46 2.3.4 Vliv zne čišt ění na mykoflóru.......................................................................................... 47 2.4 MIKROKLIMA ...................................................................................................................... 48 2.5 LABORATORNÍ METODY ...................................................................................................... 50 2.5.1 Determinace patogen ů................................................................................................... 50 2.5.2 Sterilizace materiálu...................................................................................................... 51 2.5.3 Kultivace patogen ů ve vlhkých kom ůrkách.................................................................... 51 2.5.4 Kultivace patogen ů in vitro ...........................................................................................52 2.5.5 Zachycování opadu jehlic a kultivace hub v přirozeném prost ředí....................................... 53 2.5.6 Zachycování spor........................................................................................................... 54 2.5.7 Po čítání zachycených spor ............................................................................................ 54 2.5.8 Metody kvantifikace, hodnocení četnosti výskytu a intenzity choroby........................................... 55 3 METODIKA............................................................................................................................... 57 3.1 VÝSKYT PATOGEN Ů NA ÚZEMÍ JIHO ČESKÉHO KRAJE ........................................................... 57 3.1.1 Okruh zájmu .................................................................................................................. 57 3.1.2 Terénní práce................................................................................................................. 57 3.1.3 Laboratorní rozbor........................................................................................................59 3.1.4 Vyhodnocení dat, statistika............................................................................................ 61 3.2 VAZBY MEZI PATOGENY ...................................................................................................... 62 3.3 BIOLOGIE RODU LOPHODERMIUM ........................................................................................ 62 3.3.1 Terénní práce................................................................................................................. 62 3.3.2 Laboratorní rozbor, statistika........................................................................................ 64 4 VÝSLEDKY ............................................................................................................................... 65 4.1 VÝSKYT HUB ....................................................................................................................... 65 4.1.1 Systematické za řazení zaznamenaných druh ů hub ........................................................ 65 4.1.2 Výskyt hub na r ůzných druzích rodu Pinus.................................................................... 67 4.1.3 Výskyt druh ů hub ve v ěkových skupinách druh ů rodu Pinus......................................... 76 4.1.4 Výskyt druh ů hub ve v ěkových skupinách Pinus sylvestris ...........................................
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