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FUNDAMENTOS EN EL MANEJO DEL TIZÓN FOLIAR Lophodermium Sp

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FUNDAMENTOS EN EL MANEJO DEL TIZÓN FOLIAR Lophodermium Sp FUNDAMENTOS EN EL MANEJO DEL TIZÓN FOLIAR Lophodermium sp. EN BOSQUES DE PINO DE LA SIERRA NORTE DE PUEBLA Tesis realizada por Edgar Espinosa Guerrero, bajo la dirección del Comité Asesor indicado, aprobada por el mismo y aceptada como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN CIENCIAS FORESTALES DIRECTOR: _____________________________________ DR. DAVID CIBRIÁN TOVAR CO-DIRECTOR: __________________________________ DRA. LUZ JUDITH RODRIGUEZ ESPARZA ASESOR: ______________________________________ DRA. SILVIA EDITH GARCIA DÍAZ ASESOR: ______________________________________ DR. DANTE ARTURO RODRIGUEZ TREJO I II ÍNDICE INDICE DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................. IV INDICE DE CUADROS ................................................................................................. V DEDICATORIA ............................................................................................................ VI AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................ VII DATOS BIOGRÁFICOS ............................................................................................ VIII RESUMEN GENERAL ................................................................................................ IX GENERAL ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ X CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .................................................................. 1 1.1 Objetivo general ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................... 3 CAPÍTULO 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................. 3 2.1 Estudios de Lophodermium a nivel mundial ............................................................. 3 2.1.1 Estudios de Lophodermium en México ................................................................. 7 2.2 Lophodermium sp. ................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Clasificación taxonómica....................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Ciclo biológico ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Distribución ......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Ecología .............................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Diagnosis ............................................................................................................... 12 2.4 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ...................................................................................................... 13 CAPÍTULO 3.- FLUCTUACIÓN DE ASCOSPORAS DE Lophodermium sp. EN Pinus oaxacana MIROV. EN ZAUTLA, PUEBLA. ................................................................ 18 3.1 RESUMEN ............................................................................................................. 18 3.2 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... 19 3.3 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 20 3.4 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................................. 22 3.5 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................. 26 3.6 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 35 3.7 AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................ 36 III 3.8 REFERENCIAS ..................................................................................................... 36 Capitulo 4. Taxonomic determination of Lophodermium in the forest of pino de Zautla, Puebla. ........................................................................................................... 38 Determinación taxonómica de Lophodermium en bosque de pino de Zautla, Puebla. ........................................................................................................................ 38 4.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................. 38 4.2 Resumen ............................................................................................................... 39 4.3 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 40 4.4 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................................. 42 4.5 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .............................................................................. 45 4.6 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................. 51 4.7 AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................ 51 4.8 LITERATURA CITADA .......................................................................................... 52 5. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES ............................................................................. 53 6. APÉNDICES ............................................................................................................ 54 Apéndice 1. Medición de histerotecios ......................................................................... 54 Apéndice 2. Medición de ascas y ascosporas .............................................................. 55 Apéndice 3. Código de muestreo sistemático en el sofware R ..................................... 58 INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Acículas infectadas por Lophodermium. ....................................................... 13 Figura 2. Estructuras reproductivas de Lophodermium. ............................................... 13 Figura 3. A) Elaboración de trampas. B) y C) Colocación de trampas en campo. D) Caja de preparaciones para llevar a campo las trampas. ..................................................... 23 Figura 4. Vista del muestreo de ascosporas sobre una trampa, las líneas de color naranja indican las unidades de muestreo. ............................................................................... 25 Figura 5. Ascosporas observadas en las trampas para esporas fungales aéreas (vaselina). .................................................................................................................... 27 IV Figura 6. Tipos de ascosporas en las Hypodermataceae. a) Busiforme en Bifusella, Isthmiella; b) Simétrica en Melloderma y Virgella; c) Clavado en Hypodermella y Lophodermella; d) Clavado-septado en Elytroderma; e) Filiforme en Lophodermium y Rhytisma; f) Filiforme-septado en Lophomerum (Tomado de Funk, 1985). .................. 28 Figura 7. Comportamiento de la esporulación de Lophodermium sp. en Zautla, Puebla. .................................................................................................................................... 29 Figura 8. Correlación entre precipitación y la fluctuación de ascosporas de Lophodermium sp. ....................................................................................................... 31 Figura 9. Correlación entre temperatura y la fluctuación de ascosporas de Lophodermium sp. ............................................................................................................................... 32 Figura 10. A. Pestalotiopsis sp., B y G. Colletotrichum sp., C. Lasiodiplodia sp., D. Alternaria sp., E y F. Seiridium sp., H. Helminthosporium sp., I. Sphaeropsis sapinae. 34 Figura 11. Lophodermium indianum. A) Acículas con histerotecios. B) Corte transversal de un histerotecio. C) Histerotecio. D) Colonia del hongo creciendo en MEA. ............. 46 Figura 12. Crecimiento de la colonia en EMA de Lophodermium indianum. A) Sitio 1. B) Sitio 2. C) Sitio 3. ......................................................................................................... 47 INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Factores que inciden el desarrollo y crecimiento de Lophodermium. ............ 11 Cuadro 2. Fechas de cambio de trampas fungales aéreas en Zautla, Puebla. .............. 24 Cuadro 3. Número de ascosporas de Lophodermium sp. capturadas por trampa. ........ 28 Cuadro 4. Estimación del total por periodo con intervalos de confianza al 95 % ........... 30 Cuadro 5. Condiciones climáticas donde se ha presentado Lophodermium. ................. 33 Cuadro 6. Coordenadas de los sitios de colecta en Zautla, Puebla. ................................ 45 Cuadro 7. Secuencias de los ADNs amplificados con ITS. ................................................ 48 Cuadro 8. Porcentaje de acículas dañadas por tipos de agente causal (tomado de Cabrían, 2016). .......................................................................................................................... 51 V DEDICATORIA A mi familia Por mi formación profesional, gracias a su cariño, guía y apoyo. Este presente simboliza mi gratitud por toda la responsabilidad e invaluable ayuda que siempre me han proporcionado. Sabiendo que no existirá forma alguna de agradecer
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