Staða Barna Og Unglinga Með ADHD Í Grunnskólum Á Íslandi Mikilvægi Seiglu

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Staða Barna Og Unglinga Með ADHD Í Grunnskólum Á Íslandi Mikilvægi Seiglu BA ritgerð Félagsráðgjöf Staða barna og unglinga með ADHD í grunnskólum á Íslandi Mikilvægi seiglu Hulda Sigurðardóttir Sigrún Harðardóttir Júní 2020 Staða barna og unglinga með ADHD í grunnskólum á Íslandi Mikilvægi seiglu Hulda Sigurðardóttir 300987-2229 Lokaverkefni til BA-gráðu í félagsráðgjöf Leiðbeinandi: Sigrún Harðardóttir Stærð ritgerðar í ECTS einingum: 12 einingar Félagsráðgjafardeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Júní 2020 Staða barna og unglinga með ADHD í grunnskólum á Íslandi Mikilvægi seiglu Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til BA gráðu í félagsráðgjöf og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Hulda Sigurðardóttir, 2020 Reykjavík, Ísland, 2020 Útdráttur Miklar breytingar hafa orðið í samfélaginu og er félagsmótunarhlutverk skóla orðið viðameira en áður var. Kennarar taka oft fyrst eftir því ef grípa þarf inn í hjá barni og mikilvægt er að beita heildarsýn í vinnu með börnum. Einungis eru starfandi tólf félagsráðgjafar í íslenskum grunnskólum í dag og því afar mikilvægt að fjölga þeim. Eitt af markmiðum félagsráðgjafa er að meta og greina þá þætti sem mögulega hafa áhrif á námsframvindu og almenna líðan nemenda. Grunnskólinn gegnir mikilvægu hlutverki á mótunarskeiði barna en hlutverk hans er að; „gefa nemendum tækifæri til að tileinka sér þekkingu, leikni og hæfni sem býr þá undir nám að loknum grunnskóla og ævilangt“ (Mennta- og menningarmálaráðuneytið, 2019). Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að varpa ljósi á stöðu barna og unglinga með ADHD í grunnskólum og mikilvægi þess að þau hafi tækifæri og tíma til að þróa með sér seiglu. Til þess þurfa þau stuðning frá kennurum og fjölskyldu. Niðurstöður ritgerðarinnar sýna að innleiðing skólastefnunnar um skóla án aðgreiningar hefur ekki náðst að fullu. Sú gagnrýni sem komið hefur fram á framkvæmd innleiðingarinnar felur í sér ábendingar um að auka þurfi fjármagn til skóla, fjölga fagfólki innan skóla og þróa frekari stuðningsúrræði (Sigrún Harðardóttir, 2015; Sigrún Harðardóttir, 2019). 5 Formáli Þessi ritgerð er B.A. verkefni til 12 eininga í félagsráðgjöf við Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands. Leiðbeinandi minn í verkefninu var Dr. Sigrún Harðardóttir og vil ég þakka henni kærlega fyrir þá miklu þolinmæði og stuðning sem hún veitti mér við úrvinnslu ritgerðarinnar. Margt hefur breyst frá því ég hóf skólagöngu mína en sjálf var ég greind með ADHD á fullorðinsaldri og geri mér því grein fyrir mikilvægi þess að greina börn snemma og veita þeim viðeigandi stuðning bæði í leik og starfi. Ég hef mikinn áhuga á stöðu barna og unglinga með ADHD í íslensku skólakerfi og þeim úrræðum sem hægt er að nýta til þess að styrkja þau í sínu námi. Ég vil þakka sérstaklega móður minni, Aðalheiði Jacobsen og sambýlismanni mínum Finnboga Rafni Jónssyni en þau höfðu trú á mér í gegnum mína skólagöngu og veittu mér þann stuðning sem ég þurfti á að halda. Seiglan hefur skilað mér á þann stað sem ég er í dag ásamt ómældum stuðningi, allt er hægt ef vilji, tími og stuðningur annarra er fyrir hendi. 6 Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur .................................................................................................................... 5 Formáli ....................................................................................................................... 6 Efnisyfirlit ................................................................................................................... 7 Myndaskrá ................................................................................................................. 9 1 Inngangur ............................................................................................................ 10 2 Fræðilegur bakgrunnur ......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Lífsskeiðakenning Erikson ................................................................................. 12 2.2 Sjónarhorn áhættu og seiglu ............................................................................ 14 2.3 Vistfræðikenning Bronfenbrenner .................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Nærkerfið ................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Miðkerfið .................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Stofnanakerfi ............................................................................................. 17 2.3.4 Heildarkerfi ................................................................................................ 17 2.3.5 Lífkerfi ........................................................................................................ 17 3 Börn og unglingar með ADHD ............................................................................... 19 3.1 ADHD ................................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Greiningarskilmerki ........................................................................................... 19 3.3 Birtingarmyndir og einkenni ............................................................................. 20 3.3.1 Athyglisbrestur ........................................................................................... 21 3.3.2 Ofvirkni ....................................................................................................... 21 3.3.3 Hvatvísi....................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Foreldrar barna með ADHD .............................................................................. 21 3.5 Fylgiraskanir ...................................................................................................... 23 3.5.1 Sértækir námsörðugleikar ......................................................................... 23 3.5.2 Svefntruflanir ............................................................................................. 24 3.5.3 Kvíðaröskun................................................................................................ 24 3.5.4 Hegðunar- og mótþróaröskun ................................................................... 24 3.5.5 Þunglyndi ................................................................................................... 25 3.5.6 Áráttu- og þráhyggjuröskun ...................................................................... 25 3.6 Meðferðarúrræði .............................................................................................. 25 4 Skólaganga barna og unglinga með ADHD............................................................. 27 4.1 Námsframmistaða barna og unglinga með ADHD ............................................ 27 4.2 Að taka ábyrgð á sínu námi ............................................................................... 28 5 Skólakerfið á Íslandi ............................................................................................. 29 7 5.1 Salamanca yfirlýsingin ....................................................................................... 29 5.2 Núgildandi löggjöf ............................................................................................. 30 5.3 Mikilvægi stuðnings innan skóla ....................................................................... 30 5.4 Skólafélagsráðgjöf ............................................................................................. 32 6 Niðurstöður og umræða ....................................................................................... 34 Heimildaskrá ............................................................................................................ 36 8 Myndaskrá Mynd 1: Vistfræðikenning Bronfenbrenner ..................................................................... 16 9 1 Inngangur Samkvæmt barnasáttmála Sameinuðu þjóðanna skal það sem er barni fyrir bestu ávallt hafa forgang þegar hið opinbera, félagsmálastofnanir, einkaaðilar, dómstólar, stjórnvöld eða löggjafarstofnanir taka ákvarðanir, eða gera ráðstafanir sem varða börn (Skýrsla umboðsmanns barna, 2019). Athyglisbrestur með eða án ofvirkni (ADHD) er taugaþroskaröskun og er einn algengasti kvillinn sem greindur er hjá börnum á skólaaldri. Röskunin birtist gjarnan í skerðingu á vilja eða getu barns til að stjórna eigin hegðun. (Barkley, 1995). Heilbrigðis- og menntamálayfirvöld hafa viðurkennt ADHD sem alvarleg frávik og skiptir því máli að brugðist sé fljótt við og veitt sé fagleg aðstoð ef grunur er á að barn sé með ADHD (Gísli Baldursson, Páll Magnússon, H. Magnús Haraldsson, Matthías Halldórsson, 2012). Samkvæmt grunnskólalögum (nr. 91/2008) eru börn á Íslandi skólaskyld á grunnskólastigi að jafnaði í 10 ár, frá 6 – 16 ára aldurs. Í lögunum kemur jafnframt fram að nemendur eigi rétt á að tekið sé tillit til sértækra námsþarfa og komið sé til móts við þarfir þeirra í almennum grunnskóla án aðgreiningar. Auk þess er í lögunum lögð áhersla á mikilvægi þess að börn og unglingar finni til öryggis í skólanum, þar sem þau geti fengið tækifæri til að nýta hæfileika sína, þroskast og notið bernsku sinnar. Hver skóladagur feli í sér tækifæri til þroska sem mikilvægt er að nýta til fulls (lög um grunnskóla 91/2008). Meginmarkmið þessarar ritgerðar er að skoða þá þætti sem hafa áhrif á líðan barna og unglinga með ADHD í grunnskólum og hvaða stuðningur stendur þeim til boða til að komast í gegnum námið. Í ritgerðinni verður leitað svara við eftirfarandi rannsóknarspurningu: Hvaða stuðningur stendur börnum og unglingum með ADHD til boða
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