Politics of Adaptation in Anthologie Nègre by Blaise Cendrars and the Ballet La Création Du Monde

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Politics of Adaptation in Anthologie Nègre by Blaise Cendrars and the Ballet La Création Du Monde POLITICS OF ADAPTATION IN ANTHOLOGIE NÈGRE BY BLAISE CENDRARS AND THE BALLET LA CRÉATION DU MONDE STRATÉGIES RACIALISTES DE L‟ADAPTATION : L‟ANTHOLOGIE NÈGRE DE BLAISE CENDRARS ET LE BALLET LA CRÉATION DU MONDE Carole Maccotta A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures (French) Chapel Hill 2011 Approved by: Martine Antle Philippe Barr Dominique Fisher Hassan Melehy Donald Reid © 2011 Carole Maccotta ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT CAROLE MACCOTTA : Politics of Adaptation in Anthologie Nègre by Blaise Cendrars and the Ballet La Création du Monde (Under the direction of Martine Antle) The goal of this study is to reexamine the genealogy of one of the first compilations of African oral literature in French, Blaise Cendrars‟ Anthologie Nègre (1921). Looking at the Anthologie Nègre with a postcolonial lens for the first time, this dissertation seeks to problematize a critical reception of this work as separated from the colonial history of its creation. Drawing on theories of dialogism, adaptation, orientalism and linguistic anthropology, this project explores the myth of Cendrars as an author, the nature of Cendrars‟ sources, and demonstrates the highly mediated content of those “African” texts. It draws parallels between the transcription of African oral tales, their multiple rewritings, the paratexts that frame their reception, and the pragmatic uses that were made of those texts during the colonial era. It then compares the rewritings of a same legend from Gabon by a French missionary and Cendrars, and proposes that Cendrars‟ creative agency and auctorial status be reevaluated. This dissertation then examines Cendrars‟ further rewriting of this Gabonese legend from the Anthologie Nègre into the libretto of a ballet, La Création du Monde (1923). This stage adaptation reveals iii the instability of Cendrars‟ auctorial status, as well as the interconnectedness between his interest in psychiatry, savagery and violence, an interest he shared with the French avant- garde, and that shape his translation of the African other for the stage as pathologized and radically Other. It argues that the focus on the trope of origins, both in the Anthologie Nègre and in the ballet adaptation, and which is relayed by the intertext of the Old Testament, has a naturalizing effect that tends to justify and reinforce unequal relations of race. This project concludes that the written version of the legend and its adaptation into a ballet seem to exemplify an impossibility to “tell” the Other, and that they result in two apparently opposed modes of representation: while the legend domesticates and homogenizes the African Other, the ballet focuses on staging the uncanny and the untranslatable, in this multi media adaptation that makes it the first “total” ballet nègre. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is dedicated to my family, friends, and la poudre du papillon. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..1 2. L’Anthologie Nègre de Blaise Cendrars: Réécritures de l‟Ethnologie Coloniale….....40 I. La Généalogie des Contes de l‟Anthologie Nègre…….………..………...........43 i. La Bibliographie Mystérieuse de Cendrars……………….……………...........43 ii. Contacts avec l‟Oralité Africaine aux Sources de l‟Anthologie Nègre:……....54 iii. Fonctions des Collecteurs des Contes au Sein de l‟Entreprise Coloniale…....58 II. L‟Anthologie Nègre Face à ses Sources……………………...……..………...63 i. Paratextes Interprétatifs et Catégorisations…………………….………..……..63 i a. Les Textes-Sources ………………………………….…...…….........64 i b. L‟Intertextualité de l‟Anthologie Nègre ……………………..………71 ii. Traces Stylistiques …………………………...………….…………....……....80 ii a. Caricatures dans les Textes-Sources…………………………….......80 ii b. Transvocalisation chez Cendrars…………………………………....82 III Deux Postures Contradictoires de Cendrars: Le Scientifique et le Nègre…....86 i. Ambiguité du Point de Vue de Cendrars dans le Titre …………..……………86 ii. La Conférence de Cendrars Sur la Littérature des Nègres…………………....90 vi ii a. Le Chapitre Évolution et Civilisation et les Thèses de Cendrars…....93 ii b. Les Théories Racialistes dans la Conférence ………………...……100 ii c. Le « Point d‟Orgue » de la Conférence : La Figure du Ventriloque.104 3. Étude de Cas : Réappropriations Successives de « La Légende des Origines »…......109 I. Apports de l‟Anthropologie Linguistique : Contexte, Entertextualisation.......117 II. Le Collecteur de « La Légende des Origines: » Trilles, Missionnaire-Ethnologue……………...…………………………………………...…...122 i. Trilles : Fonctions au Gabon…………………………………….……….…...122 ii. Les Points de Vue Racialistes de Trilles ......................................................126 iii. Les Méthodes de Collecte de Trilles………………………………….…….130 iv. Du Missionnaire-Ethnologue au Critique Littéraire………………………...134 v. La Réécritures de « La Légende des Origines » par Trilles …………...……138 III. La Réécriture de « La Légende des Origines » par Cendrars……………..142 i. Ethique de la Création chez Cendrars. Violence Primitive et Création….......142 ii. La Version de « La Légende des Origines » par Cendrars ............................149 iii. Oralité et Recherche des « Accidents de Langue » ………………………..160 4. La Création du Monde, Ballet Nègre des Origines ………………...………..……....169 I. De la Fête Nègre au Ballet La Création du Monde. ………………….…..….175 . II. L‟Argument du Ballet La Création du Monde de Cendrars…………………188 III. Une Spectacularisation sur le Mode de l‟Étrangeté ………………………..194 IV. La Théorie de l‟Objet-Spectacle de Fernand Léger………………………...200 V. La Réception de La Création du Monde………………………………….....203 vii VI. La Réécriture de l‟Argument dans Ma Danse. ………………………..…..209 CONCLUSION……………………………………………….………………………...220 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………..236 viii Chapter 1 Introduction L‟Anthologie Nègre de Blaise Cendrars,1 une somme de contes « africains » collectés par des administrateurs coloniaux et des missionnaires en Afrique de l‟ouest, australe et centrale au début du vingtième siècle, et rassemblés par Cendrars en 1921, n‟a fait l‟objet d‟aucune analyse approfondie jusqu‟à ce jour.2 Malgré cette lacune, sa réception critique est élogieuse presqu‟à l‟unanimité. Les propos suivants, de Jean- Claude Blachère, sont représentatifs d‟un des types d‟appréciation caractéristiques de cette œuvre : sa valeur ethnographique supposée, et la « proximité de terrain » de Cendrars avec l‟Afrique. Blachère écrit en effet 1981 à son sujet : 1 Qui sera abréviée AN dans cette thèse. 2 A l‟exception de l‟ouvrage de 1977 de Martin Steins (Blaise Cendrars : Bilans Nègres), ouvrage le plus critique de l‟AN, qui tente de démontrer « le parti pris de se conformer aux préjugés les plus répandus dans le public » (15) de Cendrars. Ce travail, qui posait pourtant des questions très pertinentes, n‟a pas été pris en compte par la critique cendrarcienne ultérieure. Un numéro spécial de Continent Cendrars de 1991- 1992, consacré à l‟AN, reproduit la critique de 1922 de l‟ethnologue René Basset sur l‟exactitude des sources de Cendrars (voir p. 46 de cette thèse). Ce numéro fournit des informations utiles pour cette thèse sur la Fête Nègre de 1919 (Volta 36-45), souligne à la fois le « mystère » de l‟AN (Flückiger et Trachsel 4) et sa « limpidité » (5) et note le « généreux éclectisme » de sa bibliographie pourtant problématique, comme nous le verrons aux pp.45-57 de cette thèse. Marc Bonhomme propose l‟analyse formelle (actancielle) des contes appartenant selon lui au cycle de l‟araignée dans l‟AN et constate que l‟AN offre des mélanges d‟ordre thématique, géographique, et génétique car chaque conte est sorti du cycle auquel il appartient (46-53) . Il relève l‟emprunt de sources coloniales de Cendrars et conclut que celui-ci concentre son intérêt sur le cadre surnaturel et animiste des contes et leur aspect polyphonique, ce qui convergerait avec ses propres principes stylistiques (50-51). Bonhomme ne relève pas l‟antagonisme de ces voix en présence. Cendrars semble s‟efforcer de cerner méthodiquement les composantes de l’âme noire. Aux lectures font suite les expérimentations sur le terrain ; à l‟analyse de la spiritualité nègre „ in situ „ succède l‟analyse de la spiritualité du nègre transplanté, réduit en esclavage. (79 ; je souligne) Pourtant, Cendrars n‟a passé que quelques heures sur le sol africain au cours de sa vie, lors d‟une escale maritime. Son contact avec ces textes s‟est limité à en sélectionner certains, parmi ceux que le jeune écrivain Raymond Radiguet (1903-1923) recopiait pour lui à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. L‟approche de Christine Le Quellec-Cottier, qui a écrit la préface et les dossiers critiques de l‟AN dans sa dernière édition chez Denoël en 2005, et qui fera donc autorité pour tout chercheur s‟intéressant à cette œuvre, établit que le but de Cendrars serait celui d‟une appréciation artistique et de restitution d’un point de vue africain. Cendrars, selon elle, « s‟est fait griot pour rendre voix à des textes dont il veut restituer la force vive » (Préface xv; je souligne). On s‟étonnera qu‟aucune de ces critiques ne s‟interroge sur l‟histoire de la généalogie coloniale de cette œuvre, ni sur la possibilité de médiations relevant de stratégies politiques, ayant pu être effectuées à des niveaux antérieurs de réécritures de ces contes. Il est encore plus surprenant de retrouver mot pour mot une critique de Levesque datant
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