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Russia Outside Russia”: Transnational Mobility, Objects Of “RUSSIA OUTSIDE RUSSIA”: TRANSNATIONAL MOBILITY, OBJECTS OF MIGRATION, AND DISCOURSES ON THE LOCUS OF CULTURE AMONGST EDUCATED RUSSIAN MIGRANTS IN PARIS, BERLIN, AND NEW YORK by Gregory Gan A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2019 © Gregory Gan, 2019 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: “Russia outside Russia”: Transnational Mobility, Objects of Migration, and Discourses on the Locus of Culture amongst Educated Russian Migrants in Paris, Berlin, and New York submitted by Gregory Gan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology Examining Committee: Dr. Alexia Bloch Supervisor Dr. Leslie Robertson Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Patrick Moore Supervisory Committee Member Dr. Nicola Levell University Examiner Dr. Katherine Bowers University Examiner Prof. Michael Lambek External Examiner ii Abstract This dissertation examines transnational Russian migration between Moscow, Berlin, Paris, and New York. In conversation with forty-five first- and second-generation Russian intellectuals who relocated from Russia and the former Soviet Union, the researcher investigates transnational Russian identity through ethnographic, auto-ethnographic, and visual anthropology methods. Educated migrants from Russia who shared with the researcher a comparable epistemic universe and experiential perspective, and who were themselves experts on migration, discuss what it means to belong to global transnational diasporas, how they position themselves in historical contexts of migration, and what they hope to contribute to modern intellectual migrant narratives. The research traces how such narratives are created and reproduced both across space, using transcultural approaches across multiple fieldwork sites, and through time, through diachronic comparisons of historical records, memoir literature, and present-day ethnographic interviews. Different anthropological “voices”—autobiographical, auto- ethnographic, empirical, and multi-media—are used throughout the dissertation, highlighting the positioned, intersubjective, and “emplaced” nature of the researcher. Using visual anthropology research methods, the presentation and dissemination of this research also moves beyond the textual mode. Interviews with research participants, recorded and edited into short vignettes, became part of an interactive multi-media installation and online archive on the tangible and intangible places, objects, and memories of Russian transnational migration. iii Lay Summary This dissertation follows the researcher, born and raised in the Soviet Union, as he travels and talks with educated Russian migrants in Moscow, Paris, Berlin, and New York about moving to a new country. Forty-five of these conversations were recorded and edited into short stories, which became part of an interactive video and sound installation. Because there is a long history of emigration from Russia, there is also a strong tradition of writing about migration experiences in places such as Paris, Berlin, and New York. The researcher compares these historical records about migration with present-day migration stories, examined through interviews. The researcher also attempts to recreate his own migration journey by writing about his past. Both the written and the video work considers how people search for personal fulfillment across different political contexts. The video work attempts to reach a wider audience by using creative and interactive storytelling methods. iv Preface This dissertation is an original work by Gregory Gan. The research project, of which this dissertation is part, received research ethics approval from the University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board, certificate number H15-000148, 2015-2018. Unless otherwise stated, translations from all the languages used in the dissertation are by the author. Parts of Chapter 1 and Chapter 6 concerning space (1.2), place (6.2.1), and a “state of enchantment” (6.1) appear, differently framed, in a published paper, “Soaring to Dizzying Heights: Christ the Saviour Cathedral as a Historical Arena for the Persecution of Pussy Riot.” Critique of Anthropology, 2015, Vol. 35(2), Pp. 166-186. Chapter 3 was presented, differently framed, as a talk, “Moving Pictures: Representing Migration in Ethnographic Film,” at a roundtable panel titled Beyond Borders: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Migration at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, UBC, in November 2014. Chapter 4 was presented, differently framed, as “The Trope of the Suitcase: Narratives of Mobile Identities amongst Transnational Russian Migrants,” at the conference Heritages of Migration: Moving Stories, Objects and Home, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in April 2017, in press as conference proceedings. Chapter 5 was presented, differently framed, as a paper, “And with me, my Russia / I Bring along in a Traveling Bag: Literary and Ethnographic Narratives of Russian Exile and Emigration, Past and Present,” presented at the Young Researchers Conference: Centennial, Commemoration, Catastrophe, 1917-2017 as Past and Present in Russia and Beyond, in Cuma, Italy, in June 2017. This paper was reworked for a special issue of Revolutionary Russia (in press, January 2019) dedicated to the conference, but appears in an altered form in the dissertation. Chapter 6 was presented, differently framed, as “Burning Bridges: Ambivalent Metaphors of Russian State Power as Seen through the Symbolism of Bridges as Contentious Political Spaces,” at the conference Bridge: The Heritages of Connecting Places and Cultures, Ironbridge World Heritage Site, July 2017. This research project includes a multi-media installation titled Still Life with a Suitcase, supported by the Public Scholars Initiative at the University of British Columbia. The installation was presented at the Digital Anthropologies/Anthropologies Numériques Film Festival in Paris, November 2018. It was subsequently exhibited at CityLab: Berlin, a satellite campus of Norwich University in December 2018, and at the Canadian Anthropology Society’s Annual Meeting in Santiago de Cuba, May 2018. Online links to video documentation from these presentations, as well as links to the media content of the installation are included in Supplementary Materials (for full list, see page ix), and in the Appendices A and B. v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary .........................................................................................................................iv Preface .................................................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................vi List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... viii List of Supplementary Materials ............................................................................................ ix Note on Transliteration ......................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xi Dedication ........................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Uncertain Space(s); Uncertain Time(s)................................................................... 1 1.1 My Grandfather’s Suitcase ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Research Focus and Objectives ..................................................................................... 5 1.2 Moving Places: Elusive Definitions of Traveling Terms ............................................................ 8 1.2.1 Visual Anthropology on the Move: A Suitcase as a Vessel.......................................... 14 1.2.2 Migration and Material Culture: A Suitcase as an Object .......................................... 17 1.2.3 Diaspora and Diasporic Consciousness amongst Russian Migrants ........................... 22 1.2.4 A Russian Community Abroad ..................................................................................... 24 1.2.5 Migration Waves and Generations of Russian Migrants ............................................ 31 1.2.6 The Russian Intelligentsia ............................................................................................ 36 1.2.7 Before I Forget: Memory, Life Story, Life History and Auto-Ethnography .................. 42 1.3 Summary of Chapters............................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 2: In Search of Lost Place: Situating Fieldwork within Mobile Terrains ..................... 52 2.1 Mobile Anxieties .................................................................................................................... 52 2.2 Moscow .................................................................................................................................
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