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“Luiz De Queiroz” Avaliação Do Potencial Inseticida De Azadirach

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“Luiz De Queiroz” Avaliação Do Potencial Inseticida De Azadirach Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Avaliação do potencial inseticida de Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) visando ao controle de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) Márcio Alves Silva Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Entomologia Piracicaba 2010 3 Márcio Alves Silva Engenheiro Agrônomo Avaliação do potencial inseticida de Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) visando ao controle de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) Orientador: Prof. Dr. JOSÉ DJAIR VENDRAMIM Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências. Área de concentração: Entomologia Piracicaba 2010 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP Silva, Márcio Alves Avaliação do potencial inseticida de Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) visando ao controle de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) / Márcio Alves Silva. - - Piracicaba, 2010. 159 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, 2010. Bibliografia. 1. Aleloquímicos 2. Insecta 3. Mosca-das-frutas 4. Resistência de plantas 5. Rutales Título CDD 632.774 S586a “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Aos meus pais: José Mendes da Silva e Jacy Alves Natividades da Silva A minha irmã: Márcia Alves Silva Soares Ao meu primo: Delmacio Antunes Alves Por acreditarem em mim incondicionalmente. Agradeço e ofereço. A Gerane Celly Dias Bezerra Silva, pela compreensão, por me incentivar sempre, pelo amor e apoio inenarrável. DEDICO 4 5 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por iluminar e guiar meu caminho. À Dra. Clarice Diniz Alvarenga Corsato, por acreditar no meu potencial e ampliar minha visão de ciência. À Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, pela oportunidade propiciada. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. José Djair Vendramim, um exemplo de dedicação e profissionalismo, pela sua orientação, atenção, disponibilidade e paciência. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ), pela concessão da bolsa de Mestrado. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia do Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia da ESALQ/USP, pelos ensinamentos transmitidos. Ao Prof. Dr. Julio Marcos Melges Walder e à bióloga Maria de Lourdes Zamboni Costa, “Lia”, ambos do Laboratório de Radioentomologia do CENA/USP, pela atenção e presteza no fornecimento das moscas-das-frutas. Ao Prof. Dr. Moacir Forim, do Departamento de Química da UFSCAR, pela colaboração na execução desse trabalho. Ao empresário Roberto, da Empresa Baraúna Indústria e Comércio Ltda, pela atenção e doação das amêndoas e do óleo de nim. À bióloga Solange Aparecida Vieira-Barros e Giuliano Pauli, pelo suporte técnico na liofilização dos extratos. 6 A Thiago Mastrangelo, pelo auxílio no desenvolvimento desse trabalho, nas suas mais variadas interfaces, um grande amigo que eu ganhei em terras paulistas. Aos companheiros da Biofábrica Moscamed Brasil. Aos amigos e colegas do Laboratório de Resistência de Plantas a Insetos e Plantas Inseticidas da ESALQ/USP: Ana Paula Korndorfer, Angelina Marcomini, Cristina Jensen, Eliane Grisoto, Elton Martins, Fátima Rampelotti, Leandro Ribeiro, Maria Auxiliadora Oriani (Cia), Mônica Santos, Paulo Bogorni, Rafael Pitta e Sheila Carvalho, pela amizade e experiências compartilhadas. Ao meu companheiro de laboratório Marcos Lima e sua esposa Cynthia, pela amizade, paciência, auxílo e, sobretudo pela compreensão. Valeu Marcão! Aos companheiros de república: Luzimário, Roque, Anderson, Vinicíus, Renata e “Julia”, pelos momentos de alegria e distração. Aos amigos: Cherre, Gleidyane, Amanda e Jaci, pelos grandes momentos. Na verdade, o mais importante é saber que posso contar com vocês sempre. Às bibliotecárias Eliana Maria Garcia e Silvia Zinsly, pela correção das referências e revisão do trabalho. A todos os funcionários do Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, pela amizade e auxílios prestados. A todos os demais colegas do Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, pela convivência. A todos vocês, meus sinceros agradecimentos. 7 SUMÁRIO RESUMO.............................................................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... 13 LISTA DE FIGURAS........................................................................................................... 15 LISTA DE TABELAS.......................................................................................................... 17 1 INTRODUÇÃO................................................................................................................ 21 1.1 Revisão bibliográfica....................................................................................................... 23 1.1.1 Moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae).................................................................... 23 1.1.1.1 Aspectos taxonômicos e biogeográficos................................................................... 23 1.1.1.2 Aspectos bioecológicos de Ceratitis capitata........................................................... 25 1.1.1.3 Aspectos bioecológicos de Anastrepha fraterculus................................................. 29 1.1.1.4 Importância econômica dos tefrítideos no contexto brasileiro................................. 31 1.1.2 O nim (Azadirachta indica).......................................................................................... 34 1.1.2.1 Caracterização da espécie......................................................................................... 34 1.1.2.2 Aspectos químicos.................................................................................................... 36 1.1.2.3 Propriedade inseticida dos derivados do nim sobre insetos fitófagos...................... 43 1.1.3 O nim no contexto do manejo integrado de moscas-das-frutas................................... 46 Referências............................................................................................................................ 52 2 EFEITO DE DERIVADOS DO NIM COMPONDO UMA ISCA E COMO REGULADOR DE CRESCIMENTO DE MOSCAS-DAS-FRUTAS............................ 69 Resumo.................................................................................................................................. 69 Abstract................................................................................................................................. 69 2.1 Introdução........................................................................................................................ 70 2.2 Desenvolvimento............................................................................................................. 72 2.2.1 Material e Métodos....................................................................................................... 72 2.2.1.1 Criação de moscas-das-frutas em condições de laboratório...................................... 72 2.2.1.2 Obtenção e rendimento dos extratos aquosos e orgânicos de diferentes estruturas do nim.................................................................................................................................... 73 2.2.1.3 Determinação da azadiractina nos derivados do nim................................................ 74 2.2.1.4 Padronização de um atrativo alimentar para os bioensaios com adultos de moscas-das-frutas.................................................................................................................. 75 8 2.2.1.5 Estimativa da CL50 de extrato aquoso de amêndoas de nim para adultos de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata.......................................................................... 77 2.2.1.6 Avaliação da atividade inseticida de derivados do nim em relação a adultos de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata.......................................................................... 77 2.2.1.7 Estimativa da CL50 de extrato aquoso de amêndoas de nim para imaturos de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata ......................................................................... 78 2.2.1.8 Avaliação da atividade inseticida de derivados do nim em relação a imaturos de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata.......................................................................... 79 2.2.1.9 Análise estatística...................................................................................................... 79 2.2.2 Resultados e discussão................................................................................................. 80 2.2.2.1 Rendimento dos extratos aquosos e orgânicos de diferentes estruturas do nim......................................................................................................................................... 80 2.2.2.2 Determinação da azadiractina nos derivados do nim................................................ 82 2.2.2.3 Padronização de um atrativo alimentar para os bioensaios com adultos de moscas-das-frutas.................................................................................................................. 84 2.2.2.4 Estimativa da CL50 de extrato aquoso de amêndoas de nim para adultos de Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata ......................................................................... 85 2.2.2.5 Avaliação da atividade inseticida de derivados
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