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Efforts in Nazi Germany, 1929-1939

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"IN WENIGEN STUNDEN DORT": THE TOURIST ASSOCIATION FOR DENMARK AND ITS PROMOTIONAL EFFORTS IN NAZI GERMANY, 1929-1939 By Frederik Forrai Ørskov Submitted to Central European University Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art CEU eTD Collection Supervisor: Marsha Siefert Secondary Reader: Balázs Trencsényi Budapest, Hungary 2017 CEU eTD Collection Abstract This thesis outlines the development of the Danish tourist landscape in the 1930s, while probing the role played by citizens in Nazi Germany as a potential audience for tourist promotion. It shows that German tourism to Denmark was not tempered for ideological reasons but were rather influenced by economic concerns and policies. Based on archival material, the thesis furthermore argues that the re-organization of The Tourist Association for Denmark in 1935 laid the foundations for a modern, commercialized tourist industry to emerge in Denmark, while also retaining some of its idealist, voluntary grounding. It is shown how this framework led to a quite eclectic promotional strategy towards Nazi Germany, in which Nordicism, romanticism, and modern elements revolving around amusement, crafts, infrastructure, and social policies all featured. Ultimately, however, the promotional efforts increasingly aligned with a version of Norden centered on notions of social progressivism, which would become integral to Danish national self-promotion in the post-war era. CEU eTD Collection i Acknowledgements Although writing a historical thesis resembles the individually formative Grand Tours of the 18th and 19th centuries more than the (individualist) collectivity charter trips of the 21st century, what follows is far from the result of a lone journey. A great number of people have helped me along the way, and I owe them my sincere thanks. My greatest thanks are reserved for my supervisor Marsha Siefert, whose excellent guidance made conceptualizing and writing this study possible. I genuinly appreciate the amount of red and green ink she spilled on the many drafts I sent in her direction, and the countless hours she devoted to much needed consultations from the very beginning of my stay at CEU. I am also grateful for the comments and feedback I have received from Balázs Trencsényi throughout the duration of my study. His comments were always insightful and provoked me to take on larger perspectives. A number of other very qualified people took their time to read drafts of different parts of this thesis at various stages. Besides my supervisors, these include Charles. D. Shaw, M. Brett Wilson, Eszter Timár, Philipp Ther and György E. Szönyi, as well as my class mates in a number of thesis seminars and the audience for my presentation at the GRACEH 2017-conference at the European University Institute. The quality of this study has improved greatly as the result of their valuable feedback. While all the courses I have taken at Central European University have kept an excellent standard, some have been more helpful conceptualizing and writing this particular study than others. In that regard, courses taught by Oana Adelina Stefan, Jan CEU eTD Collection Hennings, Karl Hall, and Balàzs Trencsényi have been especially valuable. Any long journey requires a tremendous amount of logistics. Agnes Bendik, Aniko Molnar, Zsuzsanna Bajó, and Mónika Zsuzsanna Nagy at the CEU History Department have all been outstanding in making the trip smooth and without unpleasant surprises. ii At certain points the writing of this thesis has involved traveling in more than a metaphorical sense. I could not have located and read the archival material that makes the foundation this study had it not been for the generous research grants provided by CEU or for the always patient assistance of archivists at the Danish State Archives in Copenhagen and Odense, the Bundesarchiv Berlin- Lichterfelde, the Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck and Dr. Hasso Spode at the Historisches Archiv zum Tourismus. I also owe my gratitude to Iliana Kandzha, who helped assembly my bibliography, and Lise H. Rasmussen for her proofreading efforts, which were amazingly thorough, especially when considering the short time-frame she was asked to work within. As a fellow student of tourism in and around Nazi Germany, Constanze Jeitler has been a valuable discussion partner—and an injector of enthusiasm, when the topic would seem tedious at times. Furthermore, it was Klaus Petersen who first introduced me to the tourist brochures which became a major part of this study. I would especially like to thank my flat mates, co-students, and great friends James M. Gresock and Christopher T. Wendt. In their company, becoming a Master of Art was indeed quite fun. Finally, my mother and my father have been an endless source for support throughout my educational endeavors. For that, and for so much more, I thank them. Needless to say, I stand with CEU. CEU eTD Collection iii Note on Copyrights The visual material reproduced in this thesis are reproduced with the approval of VisitDenmark, the institutional continuation of The Tourist Association for Denmark. This includes this study’s cover image. CEU eTD Collection iv Table of Contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 1 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 Political Context ............................................................................................................... 6 Modernity, “Tourist Propaganda,” and the Tourist .......................................................... 8 Sources and Literature .................................................................................................... 10 German Tourism to Denmark in the 1930s ................................................................... 15 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15 Tourism and its Organization in the 1930s .................................................................... 16 European Tourism on the Rise ................................................................................... 16 In Ideological Transit .................................................................................................. 19 Crossing the Reich-Borders: International Tourism out of Nazi Germany ................ 22 Vacationing in the North: German Tourists in Denmark ............................................... 24 Which Travel Agencies? ............................................................................................ 30 Which Tourists? .......................................................................................................... 33 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 41 “The Strange Tourist Association”: The Danish Tourist Landscape before 1935 .... 43 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 43 The Composition of the Tourist Landscape prior to 1934 ............................................. 45 The Need for Reform ..................................................................................................... 52 The Making of a Tourist Industry, 1934-35 .................................................................. 58 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 58 CEU eTD Collection The Make-Up of the Committee .................................................................................... 60 Making “The Tourist Bible:” The Tourist Committee ................................................... 63 Envisioning a Tourist Industry ................................................................................... 64 Which Modernity? ...................................................................................................... 67 v Reforming the Promotional Efforts ............................................................................ 71 The New Organization ................................................................................................... 76 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 82 Selling the Nation in the North, 1929-1939 .................................................................... 84 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 84 Nordicism, Race Theory, and Promoting Northwards Tourism .................................... 86 The Roots of Rassenkunde: The Fall of Neoliberal Anthropology ............................ 86 The Nordic Ideal ......................................................................................................... 88 Nordische Gesellschaft and Tourism to the North ..................................................... 92 TAD’s Promotional Efforts, 1929-39............................................................................. 95 Prior to the Reorganization of TAD ..........................................................................
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