DOCSLIB.ORG

A European Declaration of Fascism? En Analys Av Anders Behring Breiviks Manifest 2083

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A European Declaration of Fascism? En Analys Av Anders Behring Breiviks Manifest 2083 A European Declaration of Fascism? En analys av Anders Behring Breiviks manifest 2083 Henrik Kjölstad Huvudhandledare: Niklas Bolin Biträdande handledare: Sara Nyhlén Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap Licentiatavhandling i statsvetenskap Mittuniversitetet Sundsvall, 2020-03-27 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Mittuniversitetet i Sundsvall framläggs till offentlig granskning för avläggande av filosofie licentiatexamen fredag, 27 mars, 13.00, sal O111, Mittuniversitetet Sundsvall. Seminariet kommer att hållas på svenska. A European Declaration of Fascism? – En analys av Anders Behring Breiviks manifest 2083 © Henrik Kjölstad 2020 Printed by Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall ISSN: 1652-8948 ISBN: 978-91-88947-40-6 Department of humanities and social sciences Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, SE-851 70, Sundsvall Phone: +46 (0)10 142 80 00 Mid Sweden University Licentiate Thesis 168 Till minne av Torbjörn Kjölstad Innehållsförteckning ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... XI SAMMANFATTNING .................................................................................... XIII FÖRORD ............................................................................................................... XV 1 INLEDNING ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BAKGRUND ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RELEVANS OCH STUDIENS SYFTE ..................................................................... 6 1.2.1 En tidigare okänd högerextremism?.......................................................... 7 1.2.2 Relevans .................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Övergripande frågor.................................................................................. 9 1.2.4 Syfte .......................................................................................................... 9 1.2.5 Avgränsningar .......................................................................................... 9 1.3 TIDIGARE FORSKNING .................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Tidigare forskning om 2083 och Anders Behring Breivik ....................... 10 1.4 DISPOSITION ................................................................................................... 16 2 TEORI .................................................................................................................. 17 2.1 INLEDANDE KOMMENTAR ............................................................................. 17 2.2 FASCISM SOM TEORETISK UTGÅNGSPUNKT ................................................... 17 2.3 IDEOLOGI........................................................................................................ 21 2.3.1 Hur ideologier definieras och kategoriseras ............................................. 21 2.3.1.1 Verklighetsbilder, utopiska mål och strategier ............................................22 2.3.2 Gamla och nya ideologier ........................................................................ 23 2.4 VAL AV TEORIER ............................................................................................ 24 2.4.1 Teorier och definitioner använda i studien.............................................. 24 2.4.1.1 Roger Griffin .......................................................................................................25 2.4.1.2 Stanley G. Payne ................................................................................................27 2.4.1.3 Emilio Gentile .....................................................................................................28 2.4.2 Bortvalda och uteslutna teorier ............................................................... 29 2.5 ROGER GRIFFIN: FASCISMENS MINIMUM OCH MYTISKA KÄRNA .................. 34 2.5.1 Fascismens tio kännetecken enligt Roger Griffin .................................... 34 2.5.2 Protofascism och parafascism .................................................................. 37 2.5.3 Roger Griffins omarbetade definition: fascism och modernitet ............... 38 2.6 STANLEY G. PAYNE: IDEOLOGI OCH ATTRIBUT; FASCISM I TEORI OCH PRAKTIK ............................................................................................................... 40 2.6.1 Utgångspunkter för Stanley G. Paynes teoretiska ramverk .................... 41 2.6.2 En tredelad typologi: ideologi, negationer och organisation ................... 42 2.6.3 Anmärkningar gällande fascism som politisk religion ............................ 44 2.6.4 Gränsdragning mot den radikala respektive den auktoritära högern ...... 44 2.7 EMILIO GENTILE: FASCISMENS RELIGIÖSA DIMENSION ................................. 45 2.7.1 Fascismens tio kännetecken enligt Emilio Gentile .................................. 45 2.7.2 Fascism som politisk religion .................................................................. 47 2.7.2.1 Politiskt helgande eller sakralisering av politiken .......................................48 2.7.2.2 Civil religion och politisk religion ..................................................................50 3 METOD ............................................................................................................... 53 3.1 VAL AV FALL: 2083 SOM AVVIKANDE ELLER EXTREMT FALL ........................ 53 3.2 DEDUKTIV OCH INDUKTIV METOD I FASCISMFORSKNING ............................. 54 3.3 IDEALTYPER SOM VERKTYG ............................................................................ 55 3.4 IDÉANALYS, BESKRIVANDE IDÉANALYS OCH GENETISK IDÉANALYS ............ 57 3.5 OPERATIONALISERING, UTFORMNING AV ANALYSVERKTYG, VALIDITET ..... 58 3.5.1 Bearbetning och strukturering ................................................................ 59 3.5.1.1 Reliabilitet och tolkning ....................................................................................61 3.5.1.2 Inkorporerade texter i 2083 ..............................................................................63 3.5.2 Analysens utförande ............................................................................... 63 3.5.3 Analysens utfall ...................................................................................... 64 3.5.3.1 Centrala teman ...................................................................................................64 3.6 STUDIENS ANALYSVERKTYG .......................................................................... 66 3.6.1 Analysschema baserat på Roger Griffins teori ........................................ 66 3.6.1.1 Kriterier ...............................................................................................................67 3.6.1.2 Analysschema ....................................................................................................68 3.6.2 Analysschema baserat på Stanley G. Paynes teori .................................. 69 3.6.2.1 Kriterier ...............................................................................................................69 3.6.2.2 Analysschema ....................................................................................................70 3.6.3 Analysschema baserat på Emilio Gentiles teori ...................................... 71 3.6.3.1 Kriterier ...............................................................................................................71 3.6.3.2 Analysschema ....................................................................................................73 4 GENOMGÅNG AV DET EMPIRISKA MATERIALET ............................ 75 4.1 INTRODUKTION .............................................................................................. 75 4.2 VERKLIGHETSBILDER I 2083 ........................................................................... 75 4.2.1 Kulturmarxism och kommunism ............................................................ 75 4.2.2 Feminism och sexualpolitik ..................................................................... 77 4.2.3 Den sanne europén .................................................................................. 78 4.2.4 Islam, muslimer och deras kuvande av Europa ....................................... 79 vi 4.2.5 Europeiska unionen, överstatliga organisationer och Eurabiaprojektet .. 84 4.2.6 Styrelseskick, politiska system och ekonomisk politik ............................. 86 4.2.7 Europas framtid ...................................................................................... 87 4.2.7.1 Framtidsscenarion .............................................................................................88 4.2.7.2 Fiender och förövare .........................................................................................89 4.2.8 Kristendom och kyrkopolitik ................................................................... 90 4.3 UTOPISKA MÅL I 2083 .................................................................................... 90 4.3.1 Kulturkonservatism och Wienskolan ...................................................... 92 4.3.2 Välfärdssamhället och ekonomisk politik ................................................. 93 4.3.3 Kyrkans roll............................................................................................. 94 4.3.4 Utrikespolitik, styrd demokrati och en europeisk federation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I Hannes H
    Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part I New Direction MMXX CONTENTS Hannes H. Gissurarson is Professor of Politics at the University of Iceland and Director of Research at RNH, the Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth. The author of several books in Icelandic, English and Swedish, he has been on the governing boards of the Central Bank of Iceland and the Mont Pelerin Society and a Visiting Scholar at Stanford, UCLA, LUISS, George Mason and other universities. He holds a D.Phil. in Politics from Oxford University and a B.A. and an M.A. in History and Philosophy from the University of Iceland. Introduction 7 Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) 13 St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) 35 John Locke (1632–1704) 57 David Hume (1711–1776) 83 Adam Smith (1723–1790) 103 Edmund Burke (1729–1797) 129 Founded by Margaret Thatcher in 2009 as the intellectual Anders Chydenius (1729–1803) 163 hub of European Conservatism, New Direction has established academic networks across Europe and research Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) 185 partnerships throughout the world. Frédéric Bastiat (1801–1850) 215 Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859) 243 Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) 281 New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. Registered Office: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium President: Tomasz Poręba MEP Executive Director: Witold de Chevilly Lord Acton (1834–1902) 313 The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • MONT PELERIN SOCIETY by Eamonn Butler Based on a History of the Mont Pelerin Society by Max Hartwell
    A SHORT HISTORY OF THE MONT PELERIN SOCIETY By Eamonn Butler Based on A History of the Mont Pelerin Society by Max Hartwell INTRODUCTION In 1995 the Liberty Fund published A History of the Mont Pelerin Society, written by the Oxford historian (and past President of the Society), Professor Max Hartwell. The book is comprehensive, but is now difficult to obtain; and much has happened since 1995. So the Board of the Society asked me to précis the History and bring it up to date, giving members and prospective members a short guide to the history and ethos of the Society and to some of the key individuals and events that have shaped it. The Society and I are very grateful to the family of our friend Max Hartwell for their permission to borrow very heavily from his work. WHAT IS THE MONT PELERIN SOCIETY? Hartwell opens his History by saying that the Mont Pelerin Society is “not well known” and has “no demonstrably proven role in world affairs.” Many of its individual members, by contrast have indeed been well known and influential. Some have become senior government ministers (such as Sir Geoffrey Howe of the United Kingdom, Antonio Martino of Italy, Ruth Richardson of New Zealand, and George Shultz of the United States) or senior officials (e.g. former Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns). A few have even become presidents or prime ministers (among them Ludwig Erhard of Germany, Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Mart Laar of Estonia, Ranil Wickremasinghe of Sri Lanka and Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic).
    [Show full text]
  • Denmark,Liberalism
    Discuss this article at Journaltalk: http://journaltalk.net/articles/5895 ECON JOURNAL WATCH 12(3) September 2015: 400–431 Classical Liberalism and Modern Political Economy in Denmark Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard1 LINK TO ABSTRACT Over the last century, classical liberalism has not had a strong presence in Danish social science, including economics. Several studies have shown that social scientists in Denmark tilt leftwards. In a 1995–96 survey only 7 percent of political scientists and 3 percent of sociologists said they had voted for (classical-)liberal or conservative parties, whereas support for socialist parties among the same groups were 51 percent and 78 percent. Lawyers and economists were more evenly split between left and right, but even there the left dominated: 31 percent and 25 percent for at least nominally free-market friendly parties and 38 percent and 36 percent for socialist parties.2 Very vocal free-market voices in academia have been rare. This marginalization of liberalism was not always the case. Denmark was among the first countries to see publication of a translation of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (Smith 1779/1776; see Rae 1895, ch. 24; Kurrild-Klitgaard 1998; 2004). Throughout the 19th century the emerging field of economics at the University of Copenhagen was visibly inspired not only by Smith and David Ricardo but also the “Manchester liberals” and French classical liberal economists Jean Baptiste Say and Frédéric Bastiat, of whose works timely translations were made. The university had professors of economics who today would be termed classical liberals, e.g., Oluf Christian Olufsen (1764–1827), Christian G.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is the Author's Original Manuscript of an Article
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto This is the author’s original manuscript of an article published in the Journal of Modern European History vol. 17, no. 4., 2019, pp. 500-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894419880462 Author correspondence: Johan Strang, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki ([email protected]) Centre for Nordic Studies P.O.Box 59 00014 University of Helsinki Finland Title of article: The other European post-war democratic settlement? Scandinavian intellectuals contemplating the fragility of democracy in the wake of the Second World War Abstract: It is often argued that the Scandinavian post-war period was marked by a democratic optimism that contrasts with the deep concerns for the inherent dangers of popular sovereignty and the thorough moral reconsideration that took place on the European continent in the wake of the Second World War. This article seeks to balance this view by exploring what Scandinavian intellectuals believed had caused the collapse of democracy in Europe in the 1930s and what they saw as the main threats to democracy in the emerging post-war societies. Focusing on the fears of socialist planning, concerns about the position of individual rights and freedoms in modern societies, and the anxieties concerning the secular total state, the article suggests that the Scandinavian post-war democratic settlement was indeed built around a different set of ideas from those evident in many other places in Europe, but that it was no less informed by recent historical experiences, or concerns for the fragility of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Nordeuropaforum Aufsätze
    The Scandinavian Value Nihilists The Crisis of Democracy in the 1930s and 1940s Johan Strang Summary In the 1930s and 40s many theories were raised about some kind of connection be- tween relativistic or nihilistic moral theories and the rise of totalitarianism in Europe. In Scandinavia these allegations were directed at the adherents of the value nihilistic theory of Axel Hägerström. This article explores the ways in which three democratically-minded followers of Hägerström (Ingemar Hedenius, Herbert Tingsten and Alf Ross) struggled to overcome these charges and to reconcile their democratic convictions with Hägerström’s value nihilistic theory. Zusammenfassung Während der dreißiger und vierziger Jahre des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts wurde viel- fach ein Zusammenhang zwischen relativistischen oder nihilistischen moralischen Theorien auf der einen Seite und dem Aufstieg des Totalitarismus in Europa auf der anderen postuliert. In Skandinavien wurden entsprechende Vorwürfe gegenüber den Anhängern der wertenihilistischen Theorie Axel Hägerströms geäußert. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht, in welcher Weise drei demokratisch gesinnte Nachfolger Hägerströms – Ingemar Hedenius, Herbert Tingsten und Alf Ross – sich darum bemühten, solcherlei Beschuldigungen entgegenzutreten und ihre demokrati- sche Überzeugung mit der wertenihilistischen Theorie Hägerströms in Einklang zu bringen. Johan Strang is a doctoral student in philosophy at the Centre for Nordic Studies, University of Helsinki (currently at the Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies, Bergen). Contact: [email protected] NORDEUROPAforum 19 (2009:1) 37 Johan Strang In 1941, as a critical reaction to the earthshaking events happening on the European con- tinent, the Swedish philosopher Alf Ahlberg stated that “value nihilism is the spiritual background of National Socialism”.1 Value nihilism was undermining the shared values necessary for both democracy and the peaceful coexistence of human beings.
    [Show full text]
  • Children of the Nation
    Children of the Nation A Theoretical Study of the (Im)migrant Child’s Cultural Position Sanne Wintter Figure 1. Headline: Pure Nordic types and Swedish mixed-types. Caption: Miner’s children from Värmland. Swedish types. (Lundborg 1919:88) Barn- och ungdomsvetenskapliga institutionen Examensarbete, 30 hp AN Barn- och ungdomsvetenskap Masterprogrammet i Barnets bästa och mänskliga rättigheter (120 hp) Vårterminen 2016 Handledare: Maria Borgström Examinator: Rickard Jonsson Children of the Nation A Theoretical Study of the (Im)migrant Child’s Cultural Position Sanne Wintter Abstract This thesis explores how the history of nationalism in Sweden affects our current academic understanding of the (im)migrant child’s cultural identity. It does so by contrasting the history of academic discourse on Swedish identity to modern academic discourse on the (im)migrant child’s cultural identity. The purpose is to elucidate structures of thought on how otherness in constructed. In dialogue with dominant theoretical paradigms within “globalization studies,” this thesis contributes to the central question of the field: what happens to culture in a globalized world? The theoretical problem that is the starting point for this thesis, is the common prediction within globalization studies’ that nationalism is ending, in contrast to the fields inability to shake the nation as the primary tool to explain cultural identity. This paradox facing globalization studies is a continuation of the problem that has long puzzled scholars of nationalism: the ideology’s rational poverty in contrast to its social power. In this thesis, I will to dive into this conundrum, and based on Lévi-Strauss’ theory, illustrate that nationalism social power makes sense when understood as a myth.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: the Origins of the Great Transformation (1879-1900)
    THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Constructing the People’s Home: The Political and Economic Origins and Early Development of the “Swedish Model” (1879-1976) A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Politics School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Josiah R. Baker Washington, DC 2011 Constructing the People’s Home: The Political and Economic Origins and Early Development of the “Swedish Model” (1879-1976) Josiah R. Baker Director: James P. O’Leary, Ph.D. When Marquis Childs published his book The Middle Way in 1936, he laid the foundation that inspired the quest for an efficient welfare state. The Folkhemmet, or “people’s home,” initiated by the Social Democrats symbolized the “Swedish Way” and resulted in a generous, redistributive welfare state system. By the early 1970s, experts marveled at Sweden’s performance because the Swedish model managed to produce the second-wealthiest economy as measured by per capita GDP with virtually no cyclical unemployment. This dissertation demonstrates that capitalist and pre-industrial cultural forces dominated Swedish economic policy development throughout the years that the Social Democrats constructed Folkhemmet. The Swedish economy operated as a variety of capitalism that infused unique traditional cultural characteristics into a “feudal capitalism.” The system was far more market-oriented, deregulated, and free from direct government ownership or control than most assumed then or now. A process of negotiation and reason, mixed with pragmatism and recognition of valuing opportunity over principles, drove Swedish modernization.
    [Show full text]
  • Olof Petersson, the Ordinarius: Herbert Tingsten1 and Jörgen Westerståhl2
    ISSN 2335-2337, ISSN 2424-5488 (Online). BALTIC JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE. December 2016, No 5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/BJPS.2016.5.10339 REVIEWS Jan-Erik Lane Olof Petersson, The Ordinarius: Herbert Tingsten1 and Jörgen Westerståhl2 INTRODUCTION Swedish political scientist Olof Petersson has recently published two remarkable biographies, of Herbert Tingsten and Jörgen Westerståhl, two professors who dominated political science in Sweden during the twentieth century. In 2011, Petersson introduced his biography of Jörgen Westerståhl, Statsvetaren: Jörgen Westerståhl och demokratins århundrade, (Political Scientist Jörgen Westerståhl and the Democratic Century). In 2013 Petersson presented yet another biography, Herbert Tingsten, vetenskapsmannen (Herbert Tingsten, Scientist). Though these well-written books would interest political scientists all over Europe and America, I believe Petersson’s analysis of these two men—of Westerståhl in Gothenburg and Tingsten in Stockholm—has a wider bearing on the structure of academia in Sweden, which is definitely more German than Anglo-Saxon, despite the Swedish government’s frenetic reform efforts during the 1960s and 1970s. Petersson entices the reader to ask: What does it mean to be a full professor in a completely hierarchical academic structure? The answer: Power. These two examples of an ordinarius—Tingsten and Westerståhl—are interesting from several perspectives. Petersson’s works invite comparisons between the two men’s personal lives, (Westerståhl was Tingsten’s pupil), their intellectual achievements (Tingsten outdistanced Westerståhl) and their academic influences (Westerståhl was regarded as having reached the top of the ranks in his discipline in Scandinavia, alongside Stein Rokkan in Bergen). Yet when it comes to access to political power, there is no comparison.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philosophers on the Market Square. Philosophical Modernism from Vienna to Uppsala
    The Philosophers on the Market Square. Philosophical Modernism from Vienna to Uppsala Victoria Höög Department of Philosophy, Lund University [email protected] ABSTRACT: The logical empiricists in Vienna and their Swedish counterparts in Uppsala shared a scientific ethos that underlined the philosophical academics as representatives for universalism, disinterest, professional loyalty, organized scepticism and public interest. Rudolf Carnap, Axel Hägerström and Ingemar Hedenius regarded themselves as intellectuals, offering their philosophical tools to society. However, when the scientific ethos was articulated by Robert Merton in 1942, the circumstances had drastically changed. The European tradition was left behind. However, the claim is that neither the professionalism, nor the specialized epistemology in analytical philosophy necessarily alienated the philosopher from the public. The gap occurred when the epistemology ceased to be cultural meaningful, as a part of the spirit of the time. The modernistic spirit promoted the ethos of intellectuality. In the 1960s a new ethos took over: the philosophers as purely academic professional experts, in US and Sweden. The image of the academic philosopher is a well established cliché. The philosopher - mostly a he 1 - lives a professional life occupied by deep thoughts, undisturbed by the busy world around. For most lay people, philosophy represents the core thoughts about the existential meaning of life. The philosopher is the true sage, an image dating back to Socrates. For more initiated persons, the philosopher is a professional expert, performing his subject in a highly specialized manner, sometimes with the help of a formalistic language and mathematical formulas. According to this view, understanding present academic philosophy requires professional training.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialists at the Gate: Swedish Business and the Defense of Free
    SOCIALISTS AT THE GATE Rikard Westerberg Twice in the last century, organized capital in Sweden clashed with organized labor on the issue of private ownership and state intervention. First, in the 1940s following proposals on increased regulation, higher taxes, and potential nation- alization. Thirty years later, when business interests felt pressured by radical- SOCIALISTS AT THE GATE ized politics and a threat of losing ownership to union-controlled wage-earner funds in the midst of an economic crisis. For the captains of industry, the perils SWEDISH BUSINESS AND THE DEFENSE of socialism were to be fought by convincing the general public of the benefits OF FREE ENTERPRISE, 1940–1985 of free enterprise and assisting the non-socialists parties to return to power. This study analyzes business counter-reactions: its attempt to influence public opinion through PR-campaigns, public protests, research financing, press sub- sidies, and political donations. Applying theories on interest group formation and with access to previously closed archives, it finds that it was the level of radicalism within the internationally uniquely strong Swedish labor movement which incentivized business to act. It also analyzes the previously unresearched connections between Swedish employers and pro-market organizations abroad, including the relationship between prominent free-market economists and pub- lic-relations experts within the Swedish business community. In addition to shedding new light on how organized business tried to reach its Westerberg Rikard political goals during the Cold War era, the thesis helps us understand how ideas of deregulation, competition, and individual choice got a foothold in a country so characterized by social democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Afterlife of Ingemar Hedenius, 20Th-Century Atheist
    Jansson, A. 2018. “A Swedish Voltaire” The Life and Afterlife of Ingemar Hedenius, 20th-Century Atheist. Secularism and Nonreligion, 7: 4, pp. 1–10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/snr.98 RESEARCH ARTICLE “A Swedish Voltaire” The Life and Afterlife of Ingemar Hedenius, 20th-Century Atheist Anton Jansson Ingemar Hedenius (1908–1982) was a professor of philosophy, and one of Sweden’s most famous public intellectuals in the decades following the Second World War. This was primarily due to his 1949 work Tro och vetande (English: Belief and Knowledge) in which he criticized religion, and his subsequent activity in the promotion of atheism and criticism of the relationship between church and state. This article engages with Hedenius’s life and works, but has a particular focus on his “afterlife”. The article utilizes theories of cultural memory to examine how Hedenius has been remembered since his death. I argue that Hedenius and his Tro och vetande in Sweden have taken the role of a node, or inescapable orientation point, of discussions of atheism, belief and knowledge, and the validity of Christian truths. Hedenius’s memory continues to loom large over religion and nonreligion in Sweden to this day. The material used as primary sources in this article include scholarly works of philosophy, theology and history, by renowned Swedish academics, but it also contains interpretations of Hedenius in the wider public debate, not least as expressed by the Swedish Humanist Association, who regard him as a main inspiration for their activities. Introduction Hoff, et al., 1981; Sanner 1995, ch 4; Lundborg, 2002; What does modern Swedish nonreligion consist of? In a Alexandersson, 2014), has been performed in Swedish, 2009 cultural history of Sweden, Nordin’s chapter address- with a couple of smaller but notable exceptions (Hiorth, ing modern controversies and critiques of religion opens 1995; Hiorth, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part II Hannes H
    Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part II Hannes H. Gissurarson Twenty-Four Conservative-Liberal Thinkers Part II New Direction MMXX CONTENTS Hannes H. Gissurarson is Professor of Politics at the University of Iceland and Director of Research at RNH, the Icelandic Research Centre for Innovation and Economic Growth. The author of several books in Icelandic, English and Swedish, he has been on the governing boards of the Central Bank of Iceland and the Mont Pelerin Society and a Visiting Scholar at Stanford, UCLA, LUISS, George Mason and other universities. He holds a D.Phil. in Politics from Oxford University and a B.A. and an M.A. in History and Philosophy from the University of Iceland. Carl Menger (1840–1921) 7 William Graham Sumner (1840–1910) 33 Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973) 55 Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992) 99 Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966) 187 Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990) 219 Founded by Margaret Thatcher in 2009 as the intellectual Sir Karl R. Popper (1902–1994) 249 hub of European Conservatism, New Direction has established academic networks across Europe and research Bertrand de Jouvenel (1903–1987) 293 partnerships throughout the world. Ayn Rand (1905–1982) 321 Milton Friedman (1912–2006) 353 James M. Buchanan (1919–2013) 443 New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. Registered Office: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. President: Tomasz Poręba MEP Executive Director: Witold de Chevilly. Robert Nozick (1938–2002) 485 The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication.
    [Show full text]