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Anno XII/XIII (2011), N. 13 (2) ISSN 2038-3215 Emir Ben Ayed© ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on Line

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Anno XII/XIII (2011), N. 13 (2) ISSN 2038-3215 Emir Ben Ayed© ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on Line anno XII/XIII (2011), n. 13 (2) ISSN 2038-3215 Emir Ben Ayed© ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on line anno XII/XIII (2011), n. 13 (2) SEMESTRALE DI SCIENZE UMANE ISSN 2038-3215 Università degli Studi di Palermo Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Storico-Archeologici, Socio-Antropologici e Geografici Sezione Antropologica Direttore responsabile GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO Comitato di redazione SERGIO BONANZINGA, IGNAZIO E. BUTTITTA, GABRIELLA D’AGOSTINO, VINCENZO MATERA, MATTEO MESCHIARI Segreteria di redazione DANIELA BONANNO, ALESSANDRO MANCUSO, ROSARIO PERRICONE, DAVIDE PORPORATO (website) Impaginazione ALBERTO MUSCO Comitato scientifico MARLÈNE ALBERT-LLORCA Département de sociologie-ethnologie, Université de Toulouse 2-Le Mirail, France ANTONIO ARIÑO VILLARROYA Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of Valencia, Spain ANTONINO BUTTITTA Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy IAIN CHAMBERS Dipartimento di Studi Americani, Culturali e Linguistici, Università degli Studi di Napoli «L’Orientale», Italy ALBERTO M. CIRESE (†) Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy JEFFREY E. COLE Department of Anthropology, Connecticut College, USA JOÃO DE PINA-CABRAL Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal ALESSANDRO DURANTI UCLA, Los Angeles, USA KEVIN DWYER Columbia University, New York, USA DAVID D. GILMORE Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA JOSÉ ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD University of Granada, Spain ULF HANNERZ Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Sweden MOHAMED KERROU Département des Sciences Politiques, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia MONDHER KILANI Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Culturelle et Sociale, Université de Lausanne, Suisse PETER LOIZOS London School of Economics & Political Science, UK ABDERRAHMANE MOUSSAOUI Université de Provence, IDEMEC-CNRS, France HASSAN RACHIK University of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco JANE SCHNEIDER Ph. D. Program in Anthropology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA PETER SCHNEIDER Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Fordham University, USA PAUL STOLLER West Chester University, USA UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO Dipartimento di Beni Culturali Storico-Archeologici, Socio-Antropologici e Geografici Sezione Antropologica Editoriale 5 Gabriella D’Agostino - Mondher Kilani, Presentazione / Présentation Ragionare Indice 9 Francesca Maria Corrao, Arab Revolutions: The Cultural Background 17 Samia Mihoub, Le cyberactivisme à l’heure de la révolution tunisienne 33 Seima Soussi, Comment faire la révolution à l’heure d’internet? Regard sur le rôle des médias sociaux dans la révolution tunisienne 41 Nabiha Jerad, La révolution tunisienne: des slogans pour la démocratie aux enjeux de la langue Documentare 55 Emir Ben Ayed, Luttes pour la liberté et la dignité. Témoignage post-révolutionnaire d’un photographe tunisien Raccontare 73 Mondher Kilani, Une expérience de la révolution tunisienne. Réflexions recueillis par Gabriella D’Agostino Ricercare 79 Habib Saidi, Parcours de la mort subite d’une dictature: Tourisme de colère, façadisme corrompu et révolution touristique 89 Paola Gandolfi, Etnografie e lavori sul campo in Maghreb e in Marocco: prima e dopo le «rivoluzioni» 105 Joni Aasi, Israël face au Printemps arabe: La force des mouvements populaires 115 Leggere - Vedere - Ascoltare 127 Abstracts In copertina: Emir Ben Ayed©, Les femmes ont des droits et comptent les garder Gabriella D’Agostino - Mondher Kilani Presentazione / Présentation Editoriale L’idea di dedicare un numero monografico re (2000). Una moltitudine che prende coscienza dell’Archivio Antropologico Mediterraneo alle rivo- della propria forza d’azione nel perseguimento di luzioni arabe è nata all’indomani di questo evento un fine comune, la scomparsa delle dittature e la epocale che, al di là della sua dimensione politica, costruzione di un nuovo senso del bene comune. I si è caratterizzato, sin da subito, come una sfida in- manifestanti arabi hanno scandito a chiare lettere, tellettuale per tutti gli osservatori: gli attivisti della dappertutto: «Il popolo vuole la caduta del regime» società civile, gli esperti dell’area nei diversi ambi- (A-sha‘b youreed isqât annidham) e hanno reclama- ti, gli specialisti dei media, ma anche gli studiosi to la «dignità», la «libertà», la «giustizia». di scienze sociali. Abbiamo ritenuto di dover rac- La nascita di questi attori, la loro organizzazio- cogliere questa sfida e di chiedere il contributo di ne in comitati di difesa, in associazioni, in strutture quanti desideravano capire insieme a noi che cosa autogestite, hanno permesso alla società civile di stesse maturando sotto i nostri occhi. Si è trattato di costituirsi, alla parola di liberarsi, alle esperienze una sfida duplice, perché oltre all’esigenza di com- politiche, sociali, culturali e artistiche di dispiegar- prendere la portata dell’evento, eravamo interessa- si. Non bisogna dimenticare inoltre l’impatto che la ti a valutare la pertinenza degli strumenti d’analisi «Primavera araba» ha avuto sul resto del mondo, delle scienze umane e in particolare dell’antropo- dall’Asia all’Africa, dall’Europa all’America, la ri- logia riguardo alla comprensione di un fatto così voluzione tunisina «dei gelsomini», il «dégage» gri- eccezionale. Ritenevamo infatti che la nostra disci- dato contro il dittatore Ben Ali e la figura di Moha- plina fosse carente non solo riguardo a prospetti- med Bouazizi ne sono diventati simboli universali. ve di studio su quest’area ma che non disponesse Il numero che oggi presentiamo è il risultato appunto di strumenti utili per interpretare la novità della risposta di quanti hanno accolto il nostro «ap- di quanto stava accedendo. L’aspetto più notevole pel à contribution». Presentiamo un contributo di di queste rivoluzioni è consistito nella loro indi- carattere generale sulle ragioni di questa sorta di pendenza da ogni ideologia o riferimento religio- «effetto domino» che la stampa ha attribuito agli so, nel non richiamarsi ad alcuna dottrina o alcun eventi (e che molto più opportunamente sono da programma politico, nel non affidarsi ad alcuna intendere come il risultato di una fase di maturazio- figura carismatica o ad alcun leader. Esse hanno ne simultanea in ragione di percorsi condivisi), una rappresentato, sotto questo aspetto, una modalità riflessione relativa all’area marocchina sul legame inedita di fare la Storia, a dispetto di una certa idea tra le rivoluzioni e lo statuto delle scienze umane, di «fine della Storia». L’elemento che è immediata- una analisi dei riflessi che gli eventi in questione mente emerso ha riguardato soprattutto le strategie hanno avuto sulla stampa israeliana (che diventa di comunicazione che hanno trasformato un atto esemplare anche di un modo «occidentale» di «me- – il suicidio di Mohamed Bouazizi – in un segno tabolizzare» la vicenda). Accanto a questi, il caso non equivocabile di rottura e di protesta senza ri- tunisino è stato assunto a osservatorio privilegiato, torno contro un potere costituito repressivo e in un considerato il posto centrale che esso ha occupato relais di produzione di senso nella direzione della e occupa nel processo di cambiamento politico del rivendicazione di diritti elementari, primo tra tutti mondo arabo. Emerge con chiarezza il ruolo de- l’irrinunciabilità della dignità. In queste rivoluzioni gli attori sociali, e in particolare dei giovani, della la non violenza è stata opposta alla violenza, la for- rete e dei social network, dei «cyberattivisti», cui za delle parole a quella delle armi. Gli attori sono sono dedicati alcuni dei contributi. Una narrazione stati in primo luogo giovani disoccupati, spesso con per immagini degli eventi presenta la forza di una un’istruzione superiore o una laurea, cui presto si rappresentazione in presa diretta. Una riflessione sono unite altre componenti e gruppi sociali, sino dedicata alla questione della lingua mette a fuoco a costituire quella «moltitudine» descritta da Mi- la caratteristica propria di questa rivoluzione che chael Hardt e Antonio Negri nel loro libro Empi- ha usato «le parole come pietre», in un contesto di 5 ARCHIVIO ANTROPOLOGICO MEDITERRANEO on line, anno XII/XIII (2011), n. 13 (2) poliglossia che ha messo in gioco sfide identitarie Si tratta ovviamente di un primo bilancio di anali- a livello locale e globale complessificando tradizio- si che pone tuttavia già solide basi per ogni ulteriore nali opposizioni ormai incapaci di rendere conto di percorso di approfondimento. In ciascuno dei con- dinamiche culturali e sociali in rapido cambiamen- tributi, inoltre, è da apprezzare lo sforzo di calibra- to. Un saggio fa il punto sul turismo considerato re uno sguardo «interno» e «esterno», di ricercatori motore principale dello «sviluppo» e della «mo- «affettivamente» implicati nella realtà descritta che dernizzazione» della Tunisia. Metonimia di tutti gli hanno saputo trovare la «giusta distanza», l’adeguata squilibri economici, sociali, culturali che il Paese postura, restituendoci una convincente rappresenta- attualmente conosce, il turismo è oggi il luogo per zione e analisi degli eventi. L’Archivio Antropologico eccellenza della contestazione postcoloniale del si- Mediterraneo intende proseguire in questo percorso stema politico costruito sotto la vecchia dittatura. di lettura e invita tutti gli interessati a sottoporre con- Infine, un contributo riferisce sull’esperienza della tributi che accrescano la conoscenza di questa fon- rivoluzione tenendo insieme la posizione di cittadi- damentale
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