NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 33(2) : 121-138, 1985.

CLASSIDCATION OF SOME COMMUNITIES IN CHIANG MAl PROVINCE, NORTHERN THAILAND

Ookeow Prakobvitayakit Beaver* and Narlt Srltasuwan*

ABSTRACT

This study examines the bird commuirities of the mountain areas in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, using presence-absence distribution data. The richest community (143 ) was found in submontane evergreen broad­ leaved forest on Doi Inthanon at 1600 m. The summit area (2590 m) supported fewer species than did areas of drier, lower elevation forest on Doi Pui-Suthep, from 300 to 1685 m. It is suggested that bird species diversity could be interpreted primarily in terms of vegetational complexity. Limited habitat disturbance may enhance diversity through creating artificial edge habitats and clearings.

INTRODUCTION

Thai ornithologists have only in recent years paid attention to the ecological aspects of avifaunas. Logging, burning, and shifting cultivation not only cause the ecological problems of erosion and rapid water runoff but also are endangering many native species of the flora and fauna through destruction of their natural habitats. Chiang Mai is one of the best areas in Thailand for bird watching but it is also one of the areas experiencing most serious modification by man. An under­ standing the distribution of in various environmental situations may lead to better methods of park or habitat management. In this paper we. describe the structure of several habitat types and report on the distribution of birds in them. The following questions are also considered: 1. How much variation exists and what factors control species richness in the selected study are~? 2. To what extent do bi¥d commumties reflect the structure of the habitat? 3. How much impact has man had on these bird communities?

STUDY AREAS

Chiang Mai is located in northern Thailand (Fig. 1). All 6 sites studied are in the watershed of the Maenam (River) Ping in Chiang Mai Province.

• Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50002, Thailand. 121 ...... ~ N 'h~ N ~

S> ~ :-o l:tl m > m< "'f "'=1 C/J "'=1 > U>c ~ >z

Figure I. Map showing part of Chiang Mai Province containing the study sites (circled numbers). BlRD CO Ml県別 n 冨ヨ S IN CHIANG MAI PROV lN a ，NOR 百想RN 1HAI LAND 123

The study are 邸 can be divided into two major types of environment: (1) (1) the mountains ， containing sites 1- 5 ，(Fig. 2 and 3) ，and (2) the transition 町 ea between between the mountains and the plain ， containing site 6 (Fig. 3). The climate of the area is monsoonal with marked wet and dry seasons. Doi Inthanon is in the centre of the northern region which has a uniform monsoon climate climate in which the heaviest rain coincides with the late south-west monsoon during Aug. - Sept. and the driest month ， which is December ， coincides with the dry northeast northeast monsoon. The average annual rainfall for the northern region is about 1500 1500 mm. Chiang Mai ， the ne 紅白t weather station ， has an annual total of 1344 mm. of rainfall of which only about 248 mm falls during the 6 months of the dry season season (N ovember - April). Doi Inthanon is a granitic massif intruding into a range 1計ng about 60 km southwest southwest of the city of Chiang Mai. It forms the divide between the Ping and Chaem Rivers ， giving rise to Kuantan sandy loams of shallow co 町田 and stony soils. soils. Over the rough mountainous terrain this soil type supports mixed forests ， except except where the hill tribes practice shifting cultivation of maize with rice cultivation along along the streams. The forest structure on Doi Inthanon changes with altitude. The study 町 eas 訂 'e at the elevation 2500 - 25 卯 m (site 1) which is the summit; and at the elevation 1“均一 1700 m (site 2). Details Details of plant associations can be found in ROBINS & SMITINAND (1 9“，). Site Site 1 is lower montane forest. At 2590 m altitude ， the forest consists of 4 storeys storeys of vegetation strata: (1) the upper canopy ， 25 - 30 m high; (2) the lower canopy ，20 m high; (3) shrub layer ， 10 m high; (4) ground layer ，consisting of herbs. herbs. Site Site 2 is at 16 ∞-17 ∞m altitude ， with forest containing five storeys: (1) (1) the upper canopy 35 m high; (2) the lower canopy 25 m high; (3) the upper shrub shrub layer which is nowhere very dense; (4) the lower shrub layer; and seedlings. Sites Sites 3-6 lie on the connected mountains Doi Pui and Doi Suthep ，which rise rise abrubtly from the plains of Maenam Ping at about 3∞m elevation. Their peaks rise rise to elevations of 1685 m 如 d 1610 m ，resp 配 tively. The mountains are severely dissected dissected which greatly adds to their steepness. Some places 釘 e cliff-like ， such as at Pa Dum ，elevation 14 ∞m. In other places ，especially at higher elevation on Doi Suthep ， slopes are gentler and plateau-like. Th e details of physiognomy and the plant associations associations of this range can be found in KUCHLER & SAWYER (1 968). The following following descriptions 町 e modified from theirs. Site Site 3，Doi Pui ， is at 16 ∞-1680 m elevation. The forest consists mostly of tall and medium-tall broadleaf evergreen trees. At approximately 1685 m altitude ， the the forest can be divided into 4 storeys: (1) the upper canopy in which some tr 関 S may reach 42 m in height; (2) the layer of medium trees; (3) low trees and shrubs~ (4) (4) ground layer of tree seedlings and graminoids. Site Site 4，Pa Dum-Puping Palace ， is at 14 ∞-16 ∞m elevation. The forest 124 0oKEOW p. BEAVER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

Figure 2. Locations of sites I and 2 (circled) on Doi lnthanon. Grid lines are I km apart; elevations are in metres. BIRD COMMUNITIES IN CHlANG MAl PROVINCE, NORTHERN THAJLAND 125

Figure 3. Locations of sites 3-6 on Doi Suthep- Doi Pui (circled numbers). Grid lines are I km apart; elevations in metres. consists of tall and medium-tall broadleaf evergreen trees. There are 4 strata of vegetation as found in site 3. Site 5, Pa lad, is at 500-670 m. The forest is dry dipterocarpous consisting of 3 strata of vegetation: (1) the upper canopy of medium-tall broadleaf trees; (2) low tree and shrub; (3) ground plants. Site 6, at the foot of Doi Suthep on the Chiang Mai University campus, is at approximately 300 m elevation. The forest has been disturbed, and can be divided into 3 strata of. vegetation: (1) the upper canopy; (2) low trees and shrubs; (3) ground layer. Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand, has a larger area of forest, cooler temperatures, deeper moisture-retaining soil and higher precipitaion than Doi Pui-Suthep. Doi Pui-Suthep including Pa Lad Puping Palace (lower elevation of Doi Suthep) has drier forests with steeper slopes more exposed to erosion.

METHODS

Monthly observations were made in study sites 1 - 6 throughout the year (May 1982- April 1983). Data accumulated from sites 1 - 6 by Ornithology classes in the Department of Biology, Chiang Mai University, during migratory seasons 126 126 Oo K回 W P. BEAVER & NARIT SRITASUWAN during during 1978 -1982 are also in c1 uded. The observations were made when bird activity was high ， during the morning from 7.00 - 11.00 a.m. and in the afternoon from 15.00-18.00 15.00-18.00 p.m. The paths taken by observers within each study area were selected on the basis of a preliminary survey ，experience ，and intuition. The observations were were made in the same areas each time. Bird identification is based on LEKAKUL & CRONIN (1 974). A comparison of avifaunas in the study study sites has been done using the similarity similarity indices of Mountford (SOUTHWOOD ，1978). The indices permit comparison between between all possible pairs of sites to generate a hierarchy of sites based on faun a1 similarity. similarity. One index is based on the sum of the numbers of species found in two sites: sites:

Is Is (AB) =

The following index is based on number of species found in either of two sites (without (without counting any species twice) :

Ij Ij (AB) = a + b - j where where a. = the number of species found in site A b = the number of species found in site B = the number of species found in both sites.

The sites were then fused into groups following MOUNTFORD'S (1962) pro ・ cedure. cedure. This involved fusing the pair of sites with the highest similarity index and then then rec a1 culating new similarity indices between the new group and each of the other sites sites using the new index given below.τ 'h is procedure was repeated unt i1 a1 1 groups were were fused together. The index between groups Al' A2' ・・・ Am and B l' B 2，. . Bn is given by :

1 (A l... m : B l... n) 声 合之上 (~Bj)

where where m ，n represent the number of sites in each group being compared. A dendrogram was then constructed showing the relationships between study study sites. BIRD COMMUNITIES IN CHIANG MAl PROVINCE, NORTIIERN THAILAND 127

spp

160 2 120

80 6~15" 1

40

1 2 3 4 5 vegetation strata

Figure 4. Relationship between number of species and number of storeys of vegetation. Site numbers are shown in the figure; they are as follows: Site l Doi lnthanon (summit); Site 2 Doi Inthanon at Mae Chaem; Site 3 Doi Pui; Site 4 Pa Dum- Puping Palace; Site 5 Pa Lad, on side of Doi Suthep; Site 6 Chiang Mai University campus at foot of Doi Suthep.

spp

150

100

50

1000 3000 rn

Figure 5. Number of bird species in relation to elevation for the six sites (see Fig. 4). Sites within each mountain range are connected by lines. 128 128 Oo K回 'W P. BEAVER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

RESULTS

争 ecies Composition The study areas have a total avifauna of 33 families ， 120 genera ，and 237 species ， 193 of which 訂 e resident and 44 are visitors. The species richness varied 白 nong the study sites (Table 1). The highest peak ，Ooi Inthanon (site 1) ，had 76 bird species species while site 2 had 143 species. Eighty-seven species were found near the surnrnit of of Ooi Pui (site 3) while Ooi Suthep ，Pa Lad and the transition 町 ea between the rnountain rnountain and the plain (sites 4- 6) yielded 90 ， 74 and 84 species ，respectively (Table 1). Arn ong these ， 102 species were judged to be rare ， 106 were found rnore frequently ， and 29 species were cornrnon. Included were two new records : Ousky Thrush (Turdus (Turdus naumanni eunom ωr) which was confirrned by Mr. P .0. Round and the Chestnut Chestnut Thrush (Turdus rubrocanus) ， identified by Or. Narit Sritasuwan (ROUND ， 1983; SRITASUWAN & BEAVER ，1982).

Table Table 1. The nurnbers of families ，genera ，and species of birds in the study areas.

Study Study Ar eas Elevation Families Genera Species (rn) (rn)

1. 1. Ooi Inthanon (surnrnit) 25 ∞-25 卯 19 47 76 2. 2. Ooi Inthanon (Mae Ch 創的 1ω0-1700 29 75 143 3. 3. Ooi Pui 16 ∞-1685 20 48 87 4. 4. Pa Ourn-Puping Palace 14 ∞-1600 21 51 90 5. 5. Pa Lad 500-670 20 53 74 6. 6. Foot of Ooi Suthep C.M.U. 3∞ 28 62 84

The foot of Ooi Suthep-Chiang Mai University (site 6) ， which is greatly disturbed disturbed by rnan ， has rnore bird sp 配 ies th 佃 Pa Lad ， the adjoining site. Sorne birds birds such as Grey-eyed Bulbul (1 か'P sipetes propinquus) and Black Bulbul (め p sipet 回， madagascariensis) are obligate forest species which can utilise the fores t! cultivation cultivation ecotone while others such as the Black-capped Bulbul (乃 'cnonotus aurigaster) aurigaster) and Yellow-bellied Sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis) are widespread and cornrnon cornrnon in open country. Species Species richness is crudely related to the cornplexity (nurnber of storeys) of of the habitats and to elevation. The relationships between sp 田 ies nurnber and these these two factors 訂 e shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Th e nurnber of sp 民 ies increases WIth the the nurnber of storeys and WIth increasing elevation for Ooi Pui-Suthep. The nurnbers of of sp 配 ies for sites 3 and 4 are greater than for sites 5 and 6. For Ooi Inthanon ， the the nurnber of species increases WIth the nurnber of storeys of vegetation but decreases decreases with elevation above 1600 rn. BIRD COMMUNITIES IN CHIANG MAl PROVINCE, NORTHERN THAILAND 129

2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6

418

288

A

Figure 6. Dendrograms showing similarities between bird communities at the six sites (see Fig. 4). Numbers at branching points are similarity indices x 100. Dendrogram A based on index Is ; dendrogram B based on index Ij (see text).

Similarity Among the Study Areas The patterns of similarity derived from the two indices are similar (Fig. 6). The bird communities are clearly classified into two ranges and three different elevations. The first range contains the summit of Doi Inthanon- Mae Chaem (1600- 2590 m elevation); Finally, the lower elevations of Pa Lad- Chiang Mai University campus (300 m elevation) form a separate branch. All four upper elevation forest sites (sites 1 - 4), showed greater similarity to each other (similarity indices 482 and 317) than they did to the lower elevation drier forest (site 5) and the forest/cultivation ecotone (site 6 ; similarity indices 288 and 174; Fig. 6). The bird species composition of the sites within the same range is more similar than that between different ranges. Consequently, the sites of the higher elevations of the same range are firstly grouped together, ie ., sites 1 -2 of Doi Inthanoh and sites 3-4 of Doi Pui-Suthep. Sites 3 and 4 are more similar to each other (similarity index 678 or 513) than are sites 1 and 2 (similarity index 575 or 403).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

It was postulated that the particular species which occur at the sites and the proportions in which they occur would be related to the environments of the sites. Furthermore, the number of species represented should reflect the complexity of the environment. The .evidence tends to support these statements. The results of this study agree with those of MACARTHUR (1964). 130 130 OoKlね IW P. BEA VER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

On Doi Suthep-Pui the number of species increases with number of storeys and elevation ，suggesting that climatic related factors to elevation cause differences in in the fores 't structure and the plant species associations so reflected in the avifauna present present in the habitats. The number of storeys generally increases with elevation on this mountain. Patchy habitats (sites 4 佃 d 6) which resulted from disturbance by man also tend to have higher bird diversity than sites with more homogeneous forest forest structure (sites 3 and 5，respectively). On Doi Inthanon ， the highest elevations 田町 the summit have fewer bird species species than intermediate elevations (1 ωo m). Forests ne 町 the summit 町 esomewhat less less tall and less complex than those lower down. Site Site 2 on Doi Inthanon has more tird species than similar elevations on Doi Suthep-Pui. Doi Inthanon probably has a greater faunal diversity because of its its greater montane area. Not only is the area of habitat at the same elevation larger but but also Doi Inthanon rises to 2590 m. Some high elevation species could disperse to to their lower altitudinallimits at or around site 2. Doi Pui is a smaller ，more isolated mountain ， with its summit at 1685 m. The Red-headed Laughing Thrush ， Garrulax Garrulax erythrocephal 叫， for example ， which normally ranges from 25 卯 mdown to to approximately 15 ∞m ，is common on Doi Inthanon at 16 ∞m but absent from Doi Pui at this elevation. In In addition ， the habitat at 1ωo m on Doi Inthanon (site 2) is richer and more complex complex th 組制Doi Pui (site 3) even though these p釘創neters were not evident from a simple assessment of the number of vegetation strata. On Doi Inthanon ， the topography topography was less steep and there were m 叩 y moist areas ，and shady stre 創 ns. Th e climate climate here enriches the epiphytes which some particular bird species ， such as Al c. 伊'J} e castanec 伊， IS ， depend on. The sindlarity 釦 alysis shows that sites 3-4 and 5・6 on Doi Suthep-Pui are grouped grouped into two different bird communities ， the higher elevation forest and the lower lower elevation drier forest and forest/cultivation ecotone ，respectively. The relatively relatively lower similarity index between sites 5 and 6 than between sites 3 and 4 may due to the high degree of disturbance by man on the university campus. Site 3 is is adjacent to site 4 佃 d site 5 is adjacent to site 6， so the bird community reflects the the differences of the character of the habitats. Though the number of species found at the two sites of Doi Inthanon were obviously obviously different ，site 1 nonetheless grouped with site 2 rather th 叩 wi 由 site 3 which which had a closer number of species. This is because the number of species sh 訂 edby sites sites 1 and 2 was greater than that shared by sites 1 and 3. Groups of species characteristic of particular groups of sites can be dis- tinguished tinguished especially with regard to major type of habitat. These groups 訂 e presumably presumably responding in a similar way to a particular combination of environ- mental mental factors. There is evidence that the distribution of bird species is influenced by their food preferences and the structure of the habitat. Birds eating fruits and nectar nectar were observed moving from one p訂 t of the forest to ano 出er where 紅白swere BIRDCO MMl別口官:s n咽αilAN G MAI PROV 別CE ，NORTHERN THAl LAND 131 blooming blooming or bearing fruits. The s創 ne flocks fed on the trees every day until the food source source was depleted; then they moved to others where food was available. Al so ， some birds migrated from a bumed nearby forest area to a denser small patch of forest forest on the university c創 npus (E merald Dove ， Greater Green-billed Makoha). Man's activities have also affected the physical and biological properties of of the environment. These altered properties also relate to the structure and plant associations associations of the habitat ， which is reflected in the bird communities. Therefore ， It It is clear that one way to conserve the country's avifauna is to have proper habitat management. management. The following general conclusions can be made : 1. 1. Species richness varies among the study sites. Elevations of 14 ∞- 16 ∞m tend tend to have the highest species diversity on both mountain areas studied. The forest forest is relatively moist and tall ， and fairly extensive ， at these elevations. 2. 2. Doi Inthanon has the highest diversity ， probably because its forest area area is larger ，and has higher altitude species not present on Doi Suthep. 3. 3. The species compositions of the mountain sites show strong affinities ， showing showing the effects of common ecological related factors to elevation. 4. 4. The two lowland sites show affinity ， though this is weak because of the high high degree of habitat disturbance on the campus of Chiang Mai University. 5. 5. Man's activities affect the number of bird species present in the habitats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The National Research Centre of Thailand has provided funding for these studies. studies. The Department of Biology ， Chiang Mai University ， provided necessary equipment equipment and facilities. My thanks are also extended to Dr. W. Brockelman for his his valuable comments and to Mr. P. Round for checking the bird list ，identifying the the Dusky Thrush and giving valuable comments.

REFERENCES

KOCHLER. KOCHLER. A.W. & J.O. SAWYER. Jr. 1967. A study of the vegetation near Chiang Mai ，Thailand. Trans. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 70 (3) : 281 ・348. LEKAGUL. LEKAGUL. B & E. W. CRONIN. 1974. Bird Guide 01 Thailand. Bangkok : Ladprao Press.

MACARTHUR. MACARTHUR. R.H.ω64. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. Amer. Nat. 98 : 387 ・398. MOUNTFORD. MOUNTFORD. M.D. 1962. An index of similarity and its application to classificatory problems.

Pages Pages 43 ・50 in P.W. MURPHY (ed ふ Progress in Soil Zoology. ROBBINS. ROBBINS. R.G. & T. SMITINAND. 1966. A Botanical Ascent of Doi Inthanon. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 21 21 : 205-227. ROUND. ROUND. P.D. 1983. Some recent bird records from northern Thailand. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc.

13 13 (2) : 123 ・138. So UTHWOOD. T.R.E. 1978. Ecological Methods. London :Methuen & Co. Ltd. ，337 ・344. 132 132 Oo K即 IW P. BEA VER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

SRITASUWAN. N. & O. B 臥 .VER. 1982. Th e distribution of bird species at some localities in Chiang Mai (in (in Th ai). Science (Thailand) ， 36 (1) : 924- 930.

Appendix. Appendix. Distribution of birds in study areas. Sites are 鎚 follows:

Sitel: Doi Inthanon (SUIDI 凶t) Site Site 2: Doi Inthanon (Mae Chaem) Site Site 3: Doi Pui Site Site 4: Doi Suthep (p a Dum-Puping Palace) Site Site 5: Pa lad Site Site 6: Foot of Doi Suthep-Chiang Mai University * = rare species ， not often found or only few individuals found; *事= species found more often and in moderate numbers; *** = common species ，found often and in greater numbers.

V? S = status; = visitor; RV = some are resident and some are migrants; R = resident; = possible new record; + = present; ー= absent.

Familyand Scientific name Site S common name 2 3 4 5 6

ACCIPITRIDAE Black Black Shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus + ** R Brahminy Kite Haliaslur indus +ー ** R Crested Crested Goshawk Accipiler Irivirgalus + + + • R RRR Shikra Shikra A. badius + ー+ ** Black Black Baza A viceda leupholes +ー+ー • Black Black Eagle lclinaelus malayensis + + +ーーー ‘' FALCONIDAE Red- Thighed Falconet Microhierax caerulescens + * R PHASIANIDAE Rufous-Throated Rufous-Throated Tree Partridge Arborophila rufogularis + +ーー ‘' R COLUMBIDAE RRRRRRRRR Wedge-tailed Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon Treron sphenura +ー一一一 •

Thick-b i1l ed Green Pigeon T. curviroslra ー+ 訓" Oriental Oriental Turtle Dove Slreplopelia orienlalis ー一ーー+ • Mountain Imperial Pigeon Ducula badia + + 申噂事 Roc 1c Pigeon Columba livia + -・ Ashy W ∞d Pigeon C. pulchricollis + +ーー一一 ** Barred Barred Cuckoo Dove Macropygia unchall + + • Spotted Spotted Necked Dove Slreplopelia chinensis 一+ー ー+ 司民 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica +一一+ + 柑 CUCULIDAE RRRR Large Large Hawk Cuckoo Cu ω lus sparverioides 一+ー+ー一 命事 Plaintive Plaintive Cuckoo Cocomanlis merulinus + *命 Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculalus ー+ + +ーー • Greater Greater Green-b i1l ed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus Irislis 一ー+ + + + • 副RDCO MMl.刑 ITIES 別 α畳ANO MAI PROVINCE ，NO R:百ffiRN百仇且 AND 133

Familyand Scientific name Site S common name 2 3 4 5 6

Greater Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis +一 + + ** R Lesser Lesser Coucal C. bengalensis ー+一一一 -・ R STRIGIDAE RRRR Barn Owl η to alba ー一一一ー+ ** C 冶llared Sc ops Owl Otus bakkamoena ー+ 司. * Pigmy Owlet Glaucidium brodiei + • • Barred Barred Owlet G. cuculoides ー+ーーー + • * ALCEDINIDAE Common Kin gfisher Alcedo atthis + -・ R Whi te-breasted Ki ngfisher Halcyon smyrnensis ー一一一+ ‘'・ R MEROPIDAE RRRR Bay-headed Bay-headed Bee -e ater Merops leschenaulti 一一一+ +ー “ Li ttle Green Bee -e ater M. orientalis ーーーー+ + • • Blue-throated Blue-throated Bee -ea ter 品 f. viridis ー+ • • Blue-b 錫 rded Bee -ea ter めIctyornis athertoni + • CORACIIDAE Black Black -billed Roller Coracias bengha 加， ISis 一一一一ー+ -・ R UPUPIDAE Hoopoe Upupaepops +ー + ‘ R CAPITONIDAE RRRRRRRRRR Great Great Barbet Megalaima virens + + + + +ー -・ Li neated Barbet M. lineata 一一一+ー + + + -・ Golden-throated Golden-throated Barbet M. franklinii -・ Blue-throated Blue-throated Barbet M. asiatica 一+ 一+ * • Coppersmith Coppersmith Barbet M. haemacephala +一一一+ • • PICIDAE Speckled Speckled Piculet mω mm ω innominatus 一+ + +一一 • Common Golden-backed Woodpec~er Dinopium javanense + + +ー一 • • Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis ー+ー • Stripe-breasted Stripe-breasted Woodpecker Pi coides atra t. ω + + + • Grey- 伺 pped Woodpecker P. canicapillus 一一+ーーー • PITTIDAE Fulvous Fulvous Pitta Pi tta oatesi + +ーー一一 • R Blue Blue Pitta P. cyanea 一一ーー+ー • R APODIDAE RRR House Swift Apus qffinis 一+ • • • Palm Swift Cy psiurus ba /， ω'iensis 一+ -・・ Crested Crested Tree Swift Hemiprocne coronata 一+一一ー一 • HIRUNDINIDAE Dusky Crag Martin Hirundo concolor ー+ー-一一 • • • R Barn Barn Swallow H. rustica • • * V 134 134 Oo K回， wP.B 臥 VER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

F 創 nily 回 d Sc ientific name Site s common name 2 3 4 5 6

Red-rumped Swallow H. daurica 一+一一一+ • • • R ARTAMIDAE Ashy Wood Swallow Artam ω /uscus 一一一一一+ • R ALAUDIDAE

Rufous-winged Bush l1 Mi ψa assamica 一一一一ー+ -・ R MOTACILLIDAE Ri chard's Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 一一一+ー+ • R Forest Forest Wagtail De ndronanth ω indicus 一一一一一+ V ー- LANIIDAE 市. V-VR Brown Lanil 附 cristatus 一+一一一+ Grey-backed Grey-backed Shrike L. tephronot ω ー+一一 • • Black-headed Black-headed Shrike L. schach 一+一一ー+ • • CAMPEPHAGIDAE RRRRVRRRRR Bar-winged Bar-winged Fl ycatcher-Shrike Hemip ω picatus 一+ー+ーー • Lar ge Wood Shrike Tephrodorn お virgatus 一+ー一一一 ‘ Indochinese Indochinese Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina polioptera 一+一一一一 • Black-winged Black-winged Cuckoo-Shrike C. melaschista 一+一+ー+ ー- Rosy Minivet Pericrocot ωrω eus 一+ +ーー一 ー- Small Small Minivet P. cinnamomeus 一一ー一+ー •• • Mountain Minivet P. solaris 一+ + + + + ..市 Short-billed Short-billed Mi nivet P. brevirostris 一+ + +一一 • • Long-tailed Long-tailed Minivet P. ethologus 一+ + + +一 • • Sc 釘 let Minivet P.flammeus 一+ + + + + • • • CHLOROPSEIDAE RRRR Common lora Aegithina t伊hia 一一一+ + + • • Gold-fronted Gold-fronted Leafbird Chlor 句，'1S ii aurifrons ーーー+ + + • • Blue-winged Blue-winged Leafbird C. cochinchinensis 一+ー+ + + • • Orange-bellied Orange-bellied Lea fbird C. hardwickii 一+ + +一一 • • PYCNONOTIDAE RRRRRRRRRRRR Striated Striated B 凶b凶 乃内~nonotω striatus + + +ーーー • Black-headed Black-headed B 叫b叫 P. atriceps 一一一一+ + • • • Black -c rested Bulbul P. melanicterus + + + + + + ‘'・・ Red-whiskered Red-whiskered Bulbul P.jocosus 一一一一ー+ • • • Black -c apped Bulbul P. aur 信，'aster ー一+ + + + •• • Fl avescent B 叫b叫 P. flavescens + + + + +ー • • • Blanford's Blanford's B 叫b叫 P. blanfordi 一一一一一+ • • S叫曲oe's Whi te-throated B 叫b叫 Criniger pallidi ω 一一+ + + + 亀亀 Grey 噌 ed B 叫b叫 正か戸脚tes propinquus ーー+ + +ー • • Mountain B 叫b叫 H. mcclellandii + + + + +ー • • • As hy Bulbul H.flavala 一+ + + +ー • • Black Black B 叫b叫 H. madag ω，'C ariensis + + + + +ー •• • BIRDCO~晶侃別n官器削 αiIANG MAI PROVINCE ，NORTHERN 1HAI LAND 135

Familyand Scientific name Site S common name 2 3 4 5 6

Wh ite-headed Bulbul H. thompsoni + +ーー • R DICRURIDAE RRRRR As hy Dicrurus leucopheus + + + + +一 ..・ Bronze Bronze Drongo D. aeneus + + + +一一 • • • Le sser Racket-tailed Drongo D. remifer + + + +ーー -・ V Hair -c rested Drongo D. hottentottus + +一一一一 • Greater Greater Racket-tailed Drongo D. paradiseus 一+ + + • ORIOLIDAE VVRRR Black-naped Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis 一一+ー • • Slender-billed Slender-billed Oriole O. tenuirostris ー+ー一一一 • • Indian Indian Black-headed oriole O. xanthornus ーーー+ー+ • Maroon Oriole O. traillii + + + +一一 • Fairy Fairy Bluebird Irena puella 一+一一+ー • • STURNIDAE RRRRR Ashy-headed Ashy-headed Starling Sturnus malabaricus 一一一一一+ • • • Black-collared Black-collared Starling S. n信ricollis 一一一+ • • Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 一一+ • • • Crested Crested Myna A. javanicus ーー一一一+ • • • iII H iII M 戸砲 Gracula religiosa ー一一+ +ー • • • RRRRRRR Jay Jay Garrulus glandarius + + + • • Hunting Hunting Greenpie Cissa chinensis 一+一一+ • Red-billed Red-billed Blue Magpie C. erythrorhyncha + + • Rufous Treepie De ndrocitta vagabunda • Grey Treepie D.form ω ae + + +一一一 • Racket-tailed Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia 一一+ + +ー • Large-billed Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynch ω 一+ • PARIDAE RRR Great Great Tit Parus major ーー+ +一一 • • Yellow-cheeked Yellow-cheeked Tit P. spilonot ω + + + +一一 • • Sultan Sultan Tit Melanochora sultanea • • SITTIDAE RRR Ches 抗tnut-vent 飽ed Nuthatch Sitta nagaensis + + + + +ー • • Chestnut-bellied Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch S. castanea 一ー+ +一一 • • Velvet-fronted Velvet-fronted Nuthatch S. frontalis ー+ + +一一 • • CERTHIIDAE Brown-throated Brown-throated Tree Creeper Certhia discolor + +一一一一 • R CINCLIDAE 百ト TIMALIIDAE

Yellow-billed Yellow-billed Scimi tar Babbler Pomatorhin 凶 schisticeps 一+ +一一一 • R Red-b 制ed Scimi tar Babbler P. ochraceiceps 一ー+一一一 • R 136 136 Oo K回 IW P. BEA VER & NARIT SRITASUWAN

Familyand Scientific name Site S common name 2 3 4 5 6 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Small Small Wren-Babbler Napothera epilepidota 一+一+一一 * • Pigmy Wren-Babbler Pn oepygap ωiII a + +ーー + ‘ Striped Striped Tit Babbler Macronous gularis 一一ーー+ ** Yellow-eyed Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense + ** Red-capped Red-capped Babbler Timaliapi l< 切ta 一一一一+ ** Lesser Lesser Necklaced Laughing Th rush Garrulax monileger • Wh ite -c rested Laughing τ'hru sh G. leucolophus 一一+ + +一 ‘ Brown-breasted Brown-breasted Laughing Thrush G. strepitans ー+ +一一 ‘ Black-throated Black-throated Laughing Thr ush G. chinensis ー+ー • Red-headed Red-headed Laughing τ'h rush G. eヴ，throcephalus + +一 • Silver-eared Silver-eared Mesia Leiothrix argentauris 一+ +ー+ ‘ Red-winged Red-winged Shrike-babbler Pteruthius f1 aviscapis + + + + 事訓. Chestnut-fronted Chestnut-fronted Shrike-babbler P. aenobarbus + +一一 • * Spectacled Spectacled Barwing Actinodura ramsayi + +一 • Chestnut-tailed Chestnut-tailed Siva Minla strigula +一 ** Blue-winged Blue-winged Siva M. cyanouroptera 一+ + +ーー • Striated Striated Yuhina Yuhina castanic ψS， 一+ー+一一 • ite-bellied Wh ite-bellied Yuhina Y. zantholeuca + 一+ー • Chestnut 咽 pped .N un Babbler Alcippe cω，tanec 勿，S + + + ** Grey -c heeked Nun Babbler A. morrisonia + + + +一一 ** Chestnut-backed Chestnut-backed Sibia Heteroph ω'ia annectens + + + +一一 ** Black-headed Black-headed Sibia H. melanoleuca + + +一一一 ** Long-tailed Long-tailed Sibia H. picaoide 宮 一+ー+ーー • • Lesser Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryx leucophrys 一+ ー- Blue Blue Shortwing B. montana + +一一一一 * • TURDIDAE VVRRVRRRRRVRVVV Rubythroat Rubythroat Erithacus calliope ー一一一一+ • • Sibcrian Sibcrian Blue Robin E. の'ane ー一一一+ー • Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 一一+ + + + ** • Wh ite-rump 剖 Shama C. malabaricus 一一+ + + + • Daurian Daurian Redstart Phoeni ω， rus auroreus + + + + +ー 測隊 Whi te -ca pped Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus +ー一一一一 • ite-bellied Wh ite-bellied Redstart Hodgsonius phaenicuroides 一一一+ + + * Black-backed Black-backed Forktail Enicurus immaculatus 一ー一一+一 • Slaty-backed Slaty-backed Forktail E. schistaceus + +一一+一 * Wh ite-crowned Forktail E.I ，町 henaulti + +ー一一+ • Stonechat Stonechat 品 xicola torquata 一一一一一+ * • Pi ed Stonechat S. caprata 一+ー+ー+ * • Grey Bushchat S. ferrea + + + + +ー *・ 。lestnut-bellied Rock Thrush Monticola 1'1( βventris +一一+ー- • Blue Blue Rωk Thru sh M. soli!arius +ー+ + + + ** BIRDCO l¥l郎町 NITIES 別 CHIANG MAI PROVINCE ，NOR 百iE RN THAILAND 137

Familyand Scientific n創 ne Site s common name 2 3 4 5 6 RVVRV Blue Blue Whistling Th rush Aのlophonus caeru 的。 + +ーー+ー • Siberian Siberian Ground Thrush Zoothera sibirica + +一ー • Long-tailed Long-tailed Ground Thrush Z. dixoni +ー+ + • Tiger Tiger Thrush Z. dauma + + + + + • Grey-winged Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul + + + + '‘ Grey-sided Grey-sided Thrush T.feae T.feae + -・ v Dusky Thrush T. naumanni eunomus + +ー+ー v Grey-headed Grey-headed Thrush T.obscurus + + + +ー+ • v Chestnut Chestnut Thrush T. rubrocanus + + +一一 ー- ' SYLVIIDAE VRRV Golder-spectacled Golder-spectacled F1 ycatcher Warbler Se icerc ω burkii +ー + ー. . Chestnut-crowned Chestnut-crowned Flycatcher Warbler S. castaniceps + +一一 .‘' Yellow-bellied Yellow-bellied F1 ycatcher warbler Abroscopus sup 宮'rciliaris +ーー • • Dusky Willow Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus 一一+ • • Greenish Greenish Willow Warbler P. trochiloides + + + • • V Blyth's Blyth's Willow Warbler P. reguloides + + +ー • • v RVVRV White-tailed White-tailed Willow Warbler P. davisoni + + + +ー “ Inornate Inornate Willow Warbler P.inornatus + + + + + • • Lemon-rumped W iIl ow Warbler P. proregulus + +ー+ • • As hy-throated W iIl ow Warbler P. maculipennis + • • Orange-barred Orange-barred Willow Warbler P. pulcher + + • • RRRV Long-tailed Long-tailed Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius + + • • Dark-necked Dark-necked Tailorbird O. atrogularis ー+ + • • Mountain Tailorbird O. cuculatus ー+ーー • • Thick-billed Thick-billed Reed Warbler Phragamaticola aedon + • • Pallas's Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Loc ω'tella certhioa 一ーー+ • • v VRRRRRRRV Streaked Streaked Grasshopper Warbler L. lanceolata + • • Striated Striated Warbler Megalurus palustris 一ーー+ • • Grey-breasted Grey-breasted Prinia Pr inia hodgsonii 一ー+ -・・ Plain Plain Prinia P. inornata + + • • Yellow-bellied Yellow-bellied Prinia P. f1 aviventris + + • • White-browed White-browed Prinia P. atrogularis + + + + • • Streaked Streaked Warbler Cisticola juncidis 一ーー+ • Slaty-bellied Slaty-bellied Tesia Tesia olivea + +一 + • sc 叫y・headed Bush Warbler Cettia squameiceps +ー +ー • MUSCICAPIDAE RVVRV Verditer Verditer Flycatcher Mω 'cicapa thalassina + +一 • • Red-breasted Red-breasted F1 ycatcher Ficedula parva + +ー+ + + • • Rufous-gorgeted Rufous-gorgeted F1 ycatcher F. strophiata + + + + • • Snowy-browed Flycatcher F. hyperythra + + • • Slaty-backed Slaty-backed F1 ycatcher F. hodgsonii + + +ー • • 138 138 Oo KEowP.B 臥四R&N 組 ITSRITASUWAN

Familyand Scientific name Site S common name 2 3 4 5 6

Li ttle Pied Flycatcher F. westermanni + + + +ーー ** R Slaty-blue Slaty-blue Flycatcher F. tricolor ー+ +ーー 唱民 V Sapphire Sapphire F1 ycatcher F. sapphira +ー+ + * v RVRRRRRRRRRRR Large Niltava Niltava grandis 一+一一ーー • Blue-and -o range Niltava N. sundara + + + + +ー ‘ Rufous-bellied Niltava Rufous-bellied N. vivida + +一 * Hainan Blue Flycatcher Cyornis hainana + +一一 • Pale Pale Blue F1 ycatcher C. unicolor ー+ー * Blue-throated Blue-throated Blue Flycatcher C. rubeculoides ー+ +ーー * Rufous-throated Rufous-throated Blue Flycatcher C. banyumas banyumas 一一+ + +ー ー・ Tickell's Tickell's Blue F1 ycatcher C. tickelliae 一一+ + + + • Grey-headed F1 ycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis +一+ + +ー ** Yellow- Be llied Fantail F1 ycat “.che 釘r Rhipidura hypoxantha + +ーーー *** Wh it 旬e- 圃拍 roa 飢te 吋d Fantail F1 ycatcher R. albicollis + + + $ 刻齢

Blacαk 圃 na 樋ape 叫d Monarch F1 ycatcher azurea 一+ + + • Paradise Paradise F1 ycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi ー一一一+ ー- NECT ARINIIDAE RVRRR Purple Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 一一一一+ー • Gould's Gould's Sunbird Aethopyga gouldiae + + + + *** Green-tailed Green-tailed Sunbird A. nipalensis +一一一 • Black-throated Black-throated Sunbird A. saturata 一+ + +ー+ * Streaked Streaked Spiderhunter Arachnothera magna + +一+一 ** DICAEIDAE RRRR Th ick-billed F1 0werpecker Dicaeum agile ー一一一ー+ ** Plain Plain F1 0werpecker D. concolor 一一+ + +ー ** Sc arlet-backed F1 0werpecker D. cruentatum ーーー+ + ** Fire-breasted Fire-breasted Flowerpecker D. ignipectus + + + +ーー ‘ ZOSTEROPIDAE Chestnut- f1 anked Wh ite -e ye Zosterops erythropleura + +ー+ • v Japanese Japanese White -e ye Z.japonica + + + + + + “ V Oriental Oriental Wh ite -e ye Z.pa. 加 brosa ー一+ + + ** R PLOCEIDAE RRRR Tree Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 一一+ + + + *** Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus + 8 ・ Sharp-t ai1 ed Munia Lonchura striata + +一一+ + ** Spotted Spotted Munia L. punctu 勿ta ー一一一+ + *** FRINGILLIDAE VRVV Common Rosefinch Carpodacus e. ηIthrinus +ー+ー a・・ Spot-winged Spot-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas melanozanthos +ーー • Li ttle Bunting Emberiza pusilla 一+一一一+ • Chestnut Chestnut Bunting E. rutila ー+一一 *