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Non-Wood Forest Products of Bhutan

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Non-Wood Forest Products of Bhutan RAP PUBLICATION : 1996/6 Non-Wood Forest Products of Bhutan The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Bangkok, Thailand RAP PUBLICATIONPUBLICATION: : 1996/61996/6 Non-Wood ForestForest ProductsProducts of BhutanBhutan The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Bangkok, Thailand Foreword For centuries,centuries, thethe peoplepeople ofof Bhutan Bhutan have livedlived in harmony with naturenature in the farfar reachesreaches ofof the the easterneastern Himalayas.Himalayas. The Kingdom ofof BhutanBhutan remainsremains one of the most forestedforested countries in the world, and harboursharbours anan astoundingastounding diversitydiversity ofof plants and animals. TheThe countrycountry's 's environment has has benefitted benefitted significantly signcantly fromfrom deep-rooted Buddhist ethics and aa longlong historyhistory ofof conservation conservation leadership.leadership. The deep reverence the Bhutanese peoplepeople havehave forfor theirtheir natural environmentenvironment exists in spite of,oj, oror moremore likelylikely becausebecause of,oj, theirtheir extremeextreme dependencedependence on it.it. The forestsforests ofof Bitutan, Bftutan, inin particular, provideprovide criticalcritical materialsmaterials for thethe dailydaily subsistence ofof most Bhutanese families.families. TheThe BhutaneseBhutanese makemake considerableconsiderable useuse ofof wood wood forfor houses,houses, shingles, tools,tools, fences,fences, andand numerous numerous otherother items,items, asas wellwell asasfor for cookingcooking and heating.heating. But itit isis thethe extensiveextensive useuse ofof non-wood non-wood forest products by the BhutaneseBhutanese that isis especially striking. Non-wood forest forest products products touch touch nearly nearly every every aspect aspect of of the the liveslives ofof a Bhutanese. TheThe countrycountry's 's forests provideprovide food,food, fodder,fodder, medicine,medicine, oils,oils, resins, fibers,fibers, dyes, and rawraw materialsmaterials for baskets,baskets, traditionaltraditional paper, houses,houses, brooms,brooms, mats and numerous other items.items. Until recently, most non-wood forestforest productsproducts were used locally by Bhutanese people. Increasingly,Increasingly, however,however, thesethese productsproducts areare attractingattracting thethe interestinterest ofof outside outside buyers and consumers infar-awayin far-away countries. ThisThis interestinterest presents bothboth opportunitiesopportunities and risks forfor Bhutan-opportunitiesBhutanopportunities include include cash cash incomeincome for the rural poor, revenuesrevenues for thethe governmentgovernment for developingdeveloping the country, and increasedincreased investmentinvestment inin rural infrastructure and processingprocessing centers;centers; risksrisks includeinclude potentialpotential over-exploitationover-exploitation of natural resources,resources, inequitableinequitable distributiondistribution of benefits, andand shortages of rawraw materialsmaterials that might other wisewise be used forfor traditional and locallocal needs.needs. This publication,publication, preparedprepared by the ForestryForestry ServicesServices Division of the Bhutan Ministry of Agriculture, highlights the extensiveextensive use and potential ofof non-wood non-wood forest products inin Bhutan.Bhutan. It shouldshould serveserve asas aa useful useful introductionintroduction forfor allall foresters,foresters, biologists,andbiologists, and ruralrural developmentdevelopment workersworkers interested in Bhutan'sBhutan's complexcomplex andand bountiful non-wood forestforest resourcesresources and products. )22 y_'l'd----4-d-t ~ A.Z.M. ObaidullahObaidullah KhanKhan Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of FAO Preface Often there is a tendency toto associateassociate forests forests with with trees trees and and timber timber production production only.only. Other products, suchs1lch as bamboo, cane,cane, oil, oil, fibre, fibre, floss,floss, food, food, fodder fodder andand medicinalmedicinal plants, are sidelined as merelymerely "Minor"Minor ForestForest Produce,"Produce, " oror MFP.MFP. SomeSome so-calledso-called MFP, MFP, however,however, isis economically even moremore valuablevaluable thanthan timber.timber. Moreover, its social and cultural values values alsoalso add to its importance.importance. Forestry development, throughthrough people's people's participation participation programs,programs, isis bothboth anan importantiniportant objective and strategy of the the Royal Government of Bhutan's Seventh Five-Year Five-Year Plan.Plan. TheseThese programs areare expectedexpected to improve ruralrural people's understanding ofof the importance of forestsforests and, at the samesame time, time, contribute contribute to to improving improving their their daily daily life.life. ClassicalClassical forestry modelsmodels that look at treestrees alone may not provide thethe necessalynecessary incentivesincentives toto triggertrigger wide response fromfrom the people.people. SocialSocial forestry modelsmodels must provideprovide quick and attractiveattractive econoniiceconomic returns. MFP, particularlyparticularly medicinal medicinal plants, plants, has has a a tremendous tremendous potential asas cash crops, alldand it cancall often bebe grown alongsidealongside numerous numerous tree tree species. species. In Bhutan'sBhutan's pastpast development development activities, unfortunately,unfortunately, MFPMFP as as the the name name suggests, suggests, has been accordedaccorded lessless attentionattention than it deserves. Such knowledgeknowledge asas doesdoes exist exist is is limited. limited This ignorance of MFP's valuevalue and potential prevents us from from reapingreaping the fullfiill economic economic benefits fromfrom our vastvast storehousestorehouse of genetic resources. WeWe are not yet suresure how to harvestharvest produce from thethe forests on aa sustainablesustainable basis.basis. The technologytechnology for for cultivatingcultivating sllchsuch resources has yetyet toto bebe adequatelyadequately explored. explored ItIt is is hoped hoped that that the the changechange inin nomenclature,nomenclature, fromfrom MFPMFP to to non-wood non-woodforest forest products, 'willwill notnot onlyonly givegive MFP aa betterbetter image,image, but also lead to the development ofof thesethese importantimportant resources.resources. ThefirstThe first step inin doing thisthis waswas toto reviewreview existing information and and compile compile aa comprehensivecomprehensive document asas a a reference reference base base of of all all local local knowledge. AA committeecommittee waswas set up forfor just thisthis purpose. TheThe committeecommittee thenthen submittedsubmitted thisthis report. I Iam am happy happy to to say say that that their their work 'work has has surpassed surpassed expectations andand II am extremely pleased with thethe results.results. I congratulatecongratulate thethe committeecommittee on producing its-excellentUsC excellent documentdocument withinwithin such aa shortshort periodperiod. This This report report has has greatly greatly improved improved our our knowledge knowledge andand should should act asas a catalyst jorfor furtherfurther development. development. S. ThinleyThinley Joint SecretarySecretary Forestry ServicesServices DivisionDiv.ision The Royal Government of Bhutan Contents Page Foreword ........ ~ ................................................................................................................ III Preface ........................................................................................................................... ~ 1vIV List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Diagrams ............................................................................................................... xi Overview of Non-Wood Forest Products by K.J.K.J. SubbaSubba ............................................................................................................ 1 Forest PolicyPolicy ......................................................................................................... 1 Forest Strategy ..................................................................................................... 2 Forest Legislation,Legislation, Rules and Regulations ............................................................. 2 The Importance of Non-Wood Forest Products ..................................................... 3 Problems and Constraints in DevelopingDeveloping Non-WoodForestNon-WoodForest ProductsProducts ..................... 8 General Recommendations forfor Long-TermLong-Term ActivitiesActivities inin DevelopingDeveloping Non-Wood Forest Products............................................................................. 9 Organisations Involved inin thethe DevelopmentDevelopment ofof Non-WoodNon-Wood ForestForest ProductsProducts ......... 10 Bamboo, Cane, Wild Banana,Banana, Fibre,Fibre, FlossFloss and BroomsBrooms by Dorji RillchellRinchen ...................................................................................................... 13 Bamboo .............................................................................................................. 13 Cane ................................................................................................................... 16 Wild Banana ......................................................................................................
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