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2011 Marciahitominamekata.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORIA LITERÁRIA E LITERATURA COMPARADA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM TEORIA LITERÁRIA E LITERATURA COMPARADA MÁRCIA HITOMI NAMEKATA Os mukashi banashi da literatura japonesa: uma análise do feminino e do casamento entre seres diferentes no contexto dos contos do Japão antigo São Paulo 2011 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE TEORIA LITERÁRIA E LITERATURA COMPARADA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM TEORIA LITERÁRIA E LITERATURA COMPARADA Os mukashi banashi da literatura japonesa: uma análise do feminino e do casamento entre seres diferentes no contexto dos contos do Japão antigo Márcia Hitomi Namekata Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Teoria Literária e Literatura Comparada do Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literatura Comparada da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Orientador: Profa. Dra. Aurora Fornoni Bernardini São Paulo 2011 3 “O princípio da volta no ritmo da arte parece derivar das repetições, no mundo da natureza, que fazem o tempo inteligível para nós. Os rituais agrupam-se em torno dos movimentos cíclicos do Sol, da Lua, das estações e da vida humana. Todos os períodos cruciais da experiência – a aurora, o pôr do Sol, as fases da Lua, o tempo da semeadura e da colheita, os equinócios e os solstícios, o nascimento, a iniciação, o casamento e a morte, têm rituais ligados a eles. A influência do ritual exercita-se sobre a pura narrativa cíclica, a qual, se pudesse existir tal coisa, seria repetição automática e inconsciente. No meio de toda essa recorrência, porém, está o ciclo recorrente fundamental da vida que adormece e desperta, a frustração diária do ego, o despertar noturno de um eu titânico.” (Northrop Frye, Anatomia da Crítica, p. 107-108) 4 À Mai, minha filha adorada, que me trouxe à vida o sentido de completude. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS . À Professora Aurora Fornoni Bernardini, minha orientadora, pela atuação sempre valiosa e presente, pela amizade, pela paciência e por suas sábias diretrizes; . Aos meus pais, Takao e Lélia, meus exemplos de vida e dedicação, por terem me apresentado, no aconchego do nosso lar, a este tema ao qual tenho me dedicado por longos anos; por todo o incentivo e também pelo amor com que têm me acompanhado ao longo dos ciclos de minha vida; . Ao Klaus, pela força e pelo amor que a mim tem dedicado, tanto nos momentos difíceis como nos felizes, por seu companheirismo e por suas contribuições em minha trajetória profissional; . À Professora Geny Wakisaka, pelo zelo e pela atenção desde meus estudos iniciais sobre os mukashi banashi, por sua criteriosa orientação em meu Mestrado, e por suas contribuições a este Doutorado; . Às minhas amigas Monica, Fátima, Sonia e Neiva, e à minha tia Mari, pelo incentivo e pelo carinho; . À Satomi, à Mina e ao Luiz, pela amizade, pela compreensão e pelo trabalho que desenvolvemos juntos em nossa área na UFPR; . Ao Luiz Mattos, do DTLLC-USP, por toda sua presteza e atenção; . E a todos que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a efetivação deste trabalho. 6 RESUMO NAMEKATA, Márcia Hitomi. Os mukashi banashi da literatura japonesa: uma análise do feminino e do casamento entre seres diferentes no contexto dos contos do Japão antigo. São Paulo, 2011, 274p. Tese (Doutorado). Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo. O presente trabalho propõe-se a uma análise dos mukashi banashi (contos antigos) da literatura japonesa sobre os casamentos entre seres diferentes, com enfoque nas imagens da esposa animal e da esposa celestial que surgem nestas narrativas. Apresentando uma estrutura que difere bastante daquela segundo a qual que se constroem os contos de magia ocidentais, pode-se dizer que parte dos mukashi banashi que integra esta subcategoria de contos reflete o modo de pensar característico do japonês da antiguidade. Através da análise das narrativas que integram o corpus desta pesquisa, será feita uma tentativa de se aplicar as teorias ocidentais aos contos em questão, em especial as de E. M. Meletínski que, num âmbito maior que o de seu predecessor, V. I. Propp, estendeu seus estudos sobre o conto de magia ao mito; a partir disso, deverá ser proposta uma classificação para os contos selecionados. Considerando-se a origem antiga destes mukashi banashi, pretende-se também realizar a análise da esfera de ação das protagonistas femininas, no intuito de se verificar as projeções míticas nos contos, que revelam a vida dos povos antigos, bem como a descoberta da matriz imagética desses contos japoneses e discussão da “mensagem” subjacente às narrativas. Palavras-chave: mukashi banashi; estrutura; mito; esposa animal; esposa celestial 7 ABSTRACT NAMEKATA, Márcia Hitomi. The mukashi banashi of the Japanese literature: an analysis about the female and the marriages between different beings in the context of ancient Japan. São Paulo, 2011, 274p. PhD Thesis. Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo. This work intends to analyse the mukashi banashi (ancient tales) of the Japanese literature about the marriages between different beings, focusing the images of the animal wife and the celestial wife that appear in these narratives. Having a structure which differs from the structure of the western fairy tales, we can say that part of the mukashi banashi from this subcategory of tales reflects the way of thinking of the ancient Japanese people. Through the analysis of the narratives of this research corpus, we will try to apply some western theories about the fairy tale in these Japanese tales, specially the theories of E. M. Meletinsky who, in a wider point of view than his predecessor, V. I. Propp, expanded his studies about the fairy tale to the myth; we also intend to present a classification for the selected tales. Considering the ancient origin of these mukashi banashi, we intend to do an analysis of the action of the female protagonists, in order to verify the mythical projections in the tales, which reveals the life of ancient people, as well as to discover the main images of these mukashi banashi and discuss about the “message” which lies under these narratives. Keywords: mukashi banashi; structure; myth; animal wife; celestial wife 8 ÍNDICE Capítulo I – Apresentação ....................................................................................... 10 Capítulo II II. 1. O porquê da escolha do assunto: a composição e a limitação do corpus .............................................................................................. 18 II. 2. Apresentação dos contos – períodos históricos, regiões, cultura: referentes aos mukashi banashi que compõem o corpus ........................................ 25 II.2.1. Aomori ………………………………………………………………. 29 II.2.2. Iwate …………………………………………………………………. 30 II.2.3. Yamagata .............................................................................................. 31 II.2.4. Niigata .................................................................................................. 31 II.2.5. Saitama ................................................................................................. 33 II.2.6. Kagawa ................................................................................................. 33 II.2.7. Kochi .................................................................................................... 34 II.2.8. Kumamoto ............................................................................................ 35 II.2.9. Kagoshima ........................................................................................... 35 II.3. Origens, semelhanças e datas: relação com o folclore de outras culturas ..................................................................................... 38 II.3.1. O Kojiki e os motivos universais .......................................................... 44 II.4. O gênero mukashi banashi: definição .............................................................. 55 II.4.1. A classificação dos mukashi banashi segundo a terminologia de Aarne- Thompson ................................................................................................................ 60 II.5. A mulher na antiguidade japonesa .................................................................. 64 II. 6. (Re)visão da literatura: ligação com outros estudos, métodos e autores....................................................................................... 71 Capítulo III – Irui kon´in: Os casamentos entre seres diferentes ............................ 76 Capítulo IV – A análise IV. 1. Questões acerca do trabalho de tradução do corpus ..................................... 97 9 IV. 2. A estrutura e interpretação dos mukashi banashi sobre os casamentos entre seres diferentes ..................................................................... 108 IV. 2. 1. A Esposa Celestial (Tennin Nyôbô) ............................................. 108 IV. 2. 2. A Esposa Grua (Tsuru Nyôbô) ..................................................... 115 IV. 2. 3. A Esposa Raposa (Kitsune Nyôbô) .............................................. 121 IV. 2. 4. A Esposa Cobra (Hebi Nyôbô) ..................................................... 124 IV. 2. 5. A Esposa Sapo (Kaeru Nyôbô) .................................................... 125 IV. 2. 6. A Esposa Peixe (Sakana Nyôbô) ................................................
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