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3 Chapter 3 Modeling Building Forms © EJAAZ AHMED 2017 III DEDICATION I dedicate this research in affection and admiration to all my Family members, Friends and all my Well-wishers in the Kingdom and Abroad. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and Foremost I thank ALLAH (SWT) for blessing me with good health and all skills and abilities; that have been my asset in pursuing my Masters. I would also praise the Almighty for blessing me with the opportunity to pursue my education in a university that I always fancied since childhood. I am grateful to my Grandparents who have given me prayers in abundance without which I wouldn‘t have been in a position I am in today. Thereafter I would like to thank my parents Mrs. and Mr. Viqar Ahmed and my entire family whose endless moral support and encouragement have been a driving force behind my success. Moreover I acknowledge with great appreciation, the encouragement, guidance and time given to me by my Advisor, Dr. Adel Abdou without whom my research topic wouldn‘t have reached its pinnacle. I sincerely thank my Committee members, Dr. Mohammad Babsail who has helped me maintain my balance between Architecture and Engineering all through my thesis and Dr. Ismail Budaiwi who helped me greatly to nullify any technical voids in my study and helped me add more value to my work. I would like to express great gratitude towards the Department of Architectural Engineering headed by our Chairman Dr. Baqer Al-Ramadan who have not only gifted me with abundant knowledge but polished my various skills through assistance in teaching courses and giving me a prominent role in the development of the ARE club. I would also express my gratitude towards Mr. Hassan Saeed Khan who has made my V journey and my Transition into KFUPM very smooth. His words of motivation and step by step guidance in every prospect of life have built great amounts of confidence in me. I also like to thank all my colleagues who have been of great support all through my stay. In the end, I would like to thank KFUPM greatly for giving me an opportunity to pursue my Masters. The experience has been outstanding and I live by every moment I spent in. Reaching to the end of this journey, I can proudly say that KFUPM did not just make me a better Architect; it made me a better person. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ V TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... XV ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. XVI XVII ............................................................................................................... ٍِخص اٌشسبٌت CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background...........................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................4 1.3 Objectives of the study ..........................................................................................5 1.4 Significance of the Research .................................................................................5 1.5 Scope and Limitations ...........................................................................................6 1.6 Methodology .........................................................................................................6 1.6.1 Phase I- Literature Review ............................................................................. 6 1.6.2 Phase II – Modeling and Simulation ............................................................... 7 1.6.3 Phase III – Analysis ....................................................................................... 8 1.6.4 Phase IV –Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................. 8 1.7 Expected outcome ................................................................................................ 8 VII CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 11 2.1 Energy utilization in a hot climate (Saudi Arabia) ............................................... 11 2.2 Energy use history of high rise buildings ............................................................. 12 2.2.1 The first era (1885-1916) ............................................................................. 12 2.2.2 The second era (1916-1951) ......................................................................... 13 2.2.3 The third era (1951-1973) ............................................................................ 13 2.2.4 The fourth era (1973-early 2000‘s) ............................................................... 14 2.2.5 The fifth era (21st century)............................................................................ 14 2.3 Early design stage- energy saving potential ......................................................... 19 2.4 Relation of building envelope and heat gain ........................................................ 20 2.4.1 Opaque envelope components ...................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Transparent envelope components................................................................ 22 2.5 Form Parameters influencing heat exchange ........................................................ 22 2.5.1 Incident radiation ......................................................................................... 22 2.5.2 Compactness ................................................................................................ 28 2.5.3 Duration of shading/exposure ....................................................................... 31 2.6 Case studies - Form based buildings .................................................................... 34 2.6.1 Case study 1 - Shoali plaza, Riyadh.............................................................. 34 2.6.2 Case study 2 -Cayan tower – Dubai .............................................................. 35 2.6.3 Case study 3 – Hamra Firdous tower, Kuwait ............................................... 37 2.6.4 Case study 4 – Tencent seafront headquarters,Shenzhen, China ................... 39 2.6.5 Case study 5 – Absolute towers, Ontario, Canada ......................................... 41 2.6.6 Case study 6 – The Bow, Calgary................................................................. 43 VIII 2.6.7 Case study 7 –Diamond Building – Malaysia ............................................... 45 2.7 Simulation software investigation ....................................................................... 46 2.7.1 Choosing the 3D modeling software............................................................. 48 2.7.2 Choosing simulation software ...................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3 MODELING BUILDING FORMS ...................................................... 52 3.1 Creation of base case........................................................................................... 52 3.1.1 Aspect ratio .................................................................................................. 52 3.1.2 Building areas .............................................................................................. 53 3.1.3 Thermal zoning ............................................................................................ 53 3.1.4 Construction modules .................................................................................. 54 3.1.5 HVAC and Lighting ..................................................................................... 54 3.1.6 Operation Schedules .................................................................................... 54 3.2 Choosing the case study forms ............................................................................ 59 3.2.1 Case study Form ―B‖: Simple Curvilinear .................................................... 60 3.2.2 Case study Form ―C‖: 900 twisted building .................................................. 60 3.2.3 Case Study Form ―D‖: Staggered twisting ................................................... 60 3.2.4 Case Study Form ―E‖: Curvilinear tordos ..................................................... 61 3.2.5 Case Study Form ―E‖: Crystalline twisting ................................................... 61 3.3 Modeling work flow ........................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Path 1: For Design Builder ........................................................................... 63 3.3.2 Path 2: For Autodesk Ecotect ....................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS .......................................................... 67 4.1 Preliminary simulation ........................................................................................ 67 IX 4.1.1 Window to wall ratio...................................................................................
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