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Home , Dwitiya, Raja (festival), Ratha Yatra (Puri), Rath Yatra (Nabha), Snana Yatra

Orissa Review * July - 2005

Ratha with a Difference

Dr. Pabitra Mohan Nayak

It is quite interesting to note that Maharaja Stores, , I have for the first time, claimed Birmitrodaya Sing Deo in his novel Nilakuntala that the original seat of Lord was the (1927) quotes the authority of Niladri Sonepur region and Yayati II of Subarnapur mahodayah (1922) dedicated to Niladri Sing Deo (1841-91), of Sonepur, to show the immemorial link of this State with , the legendary king of Avanti. Indradyumna during his historic march to reportedly crossed over from the left to right bank of the Mahanadi and stayed overnight at Subarnapur, overwhelmed by its scenic beauty: Avantinagarastheischa chachara nilabhudharam Uttasam teramasadya nahenadya manoramam Visramya bhojanadingscha chakruh sarve mudanvitah Tato mahanadim tirttwa rane provesitah.1 `Birmitrodya claim that Prithviraj Chauhan too on his way to Puri stopped over at enshrined the Lord in the temple at Puri. I claim Subarnapur, enchradted, feasted and fed with its to be no historian, either But the recent findings ethereal enchantment.2 And Birmitrodaya was no of the store images of Lord Jagannath, historian. We do not know whether Prithviraj Balabhadra and at Tentelkhunti on the Chauhan during his brief, brave career marked bank of the river Tel (brought to light by Sri by the blood-red to the land of Lord Jagannath in Sasanka Sekhar Panda, Joint Director, Public order to seek His blessings. But we known the Relations Department, Govt.of Orissa) traceable highway from Delhi to Puri lay through to the 8th century AD have carried the hypothesis Suvarnapur. close to history. It has also proved the assumption by the well-known scholar and historian, The Jagannath temple of Savarnapur: Padmasri Satyanarayan Rajaguru, that the original In my book, Gachhnatale O images of the Trimurty must have been made of Gumphabhitare, published by Orissa Book stone. I have appended a list of Jagannath and

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Dadhivaman temples to my book on Sonepur and the smooth conduct of yatra. The Badheis Sri Jagannath to show how such a small place or carpenters construct the Ratha, the Luhuras like Suvarnapur could contain so many temples or ironsmiths provide the nails, the Maharanas consecrated to the cult of Jagannath. And yet the paint the images, the Bhandaris arrange the list is complete. tahiyas (crowns), the goldsmiths wash the gold There is a Jagannath temple in the and silver ornaments, the dhobis clean the cloths Rajbhawan dedicated to 'Kotha Jagannath'.2 But of the deities, the Darjees or tailors stitch the the main Jagannath temple of the twon was set striped wrappings round the , the malis up by Raj Sing Deo (C. 1700-1725), a temple supply flowers, etc. Thus the is a beautiful with its flag flying in the sky" : ganaparva or the people's festival. ruparuchiram khelatpatakamvaram.3 It is on The stage is set from Jyestha Sukla this temple which is one of the Asta Visnu temples called Snana Purnima. On Jyestha of Suvarnapur that the successive Chauhans paid Sukla chaturdasi night the are carried their attention and concentration. While Prithvi ceremonially to the Snana mandap. This is called Sing (1786-1841), great grandson of Raj Sing chakachhada (unseating ceremony). There they Deo, established the shrines to the Sun-god and are bathed, sometimes, with water obtained all to goddess Vimala, Niladri Sing, son to Prithvi the way from river Yamuna. The is Singh set up the Lokanath temple on its precincts. held in the presence of the Maharaja in the midst Niladri Sing's daughter-in-law, Rani Amulyamani of sankirtana. From Krusna Pratipad or enshrined the Mahalaxmi temple, and her , there is a fortnight-long silence in the grandsons, Somabhusan and Sudhansusekhar are Jagannath temple. This period is known as associated with the construction of Anabasara when the darsan of the Trimurtis is temple and Bighneswar temple respectively. forbidden. This is the period of indisposition of The wooden Snanamandap in front of the the deities, the period of rest and repose when temple which caught fire in 1884 was rebuilt by they subsist on drinks called Anasara pana only. Birmitrodaya Sing Deo (1902-37).4 It was here Asarh Sukla Pratipad is the day of that the new Raja used to wear the royal pagri Netrotsava, unlike in Puri where Netrotsava is and the Brahmapura, like the Muktimandap of Puri, used to hold its sessions. The resemblance observed on Amavasya Asarh Amavasya of of this Jagannath temple with its counterpart in 1802 the Marathas had entered the Sonepur fort Srikshetra was complete with the construction of through the south gate since then known as the tall boundary wall comparable to the 'Chandal Bhadi' and got Rajaprithvi Sing arrested. Meghanada Prachira of Puri temple alongwith This day is, therefore, considered inauspicious. the four gates in four directions. The wheel had Netrotsava is also known as the occasion for come full circle. It is this Jagannath temple that the renewal of youth of the deities or turns the centre of activities during the . Navayauvana. The Raj Panigrahi offers the sacred thread and the Mahalik offers upan bhoga Ratha yatra at Subarnapur to the deities on behalf of the keots and receives Just as there is a division of labour among a lat (a piece of cloth) from the hands of the the Niyogis or Sebaiyats of Puri, there is a Pataki Maharaja. The Maharana also gets a lat for system prevalent at Subarnapur which facilitates painting the images.

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Asarh Sukla Dwitiya is the day of Ratha Trajectory one of the significant distinctions of yatra. Unlike in Puri, here are two chariots in the Suvarnapur Ratha yatra is the Dwadasvatara which the three deities are seated. Every year a or twelve incarnations the deities assume during new chariot is made for Lord Jagannath. The old this yatra : Machha and Kachha on Trutiya, one is meant for Balabhadra and Subhadra. Two Varaha and Nrusimha on , and small chariots are also made for Kotha Jagannath. on , Bamana and Parsurama Only after the chariots of Kotha Jagannath are on Sasthi, Kaliyadalana on , drawn by the Bhitirias from the Rajbhawan to Padmamukha on Astami and Kalki on . the gate of the garh and back does the pahandi The avatara of Buddha stands significantly ceremony from the Jagannath temple start. omitted. Asarh Krushna Panchami is called The pahandi of Sri Baladev and Subhadra Hera Panchami when the Vijaya Pratimas of is performed by the of Barbazar while goddess Mahalaxmi and goddess Saraswati are that of Sri Jagannath is jointly conducted by the carried from the Jagannath temple to the house Brahmins of Ghodaghatpra and Garhvitar in the of Rajpanigrahi - a custom unique in Orissa. To midst of recitations from Bidagdha, Chintamani this place the Maharaj himself comes down to and Mathuramangala to the rhythmic sound of pay his darsan to the deities. Herefrom they are gongs and trumpets and conchshells. The pahandi carried in the night to Gundicha mandap and back. is accompanied by groups of Samkirtana and After the formal vachanika or dialogue where the cacophony of drums and cymbals and human through goddess Mahalaxmi's displeasure at the voices fills the air. The gun booms. The cannon delay of Lord Jagannath's return is articulated, roars. too through what is called 'Rathabhanga' the symbolic breaking of the chariot of Lord The Rajpurohit performs the from the Jagannath, Goddess Mahalaxmi returns. gate of the temple to the gate of the garh which is a furlong away upan bhoga is offered by the The Saptami day is the day for Ratha Rajbhawan and the Gopalji Math which goes to Leuta, turning the chariots back. This is done by the Bhitirias. The bhoga offered in the chariot the people of Keot, Gingra, Bhulia and Dhivara goes to the Badheis and Kalapithias of keot caste. Special upan bhogas are offered by the caste. Here the chariot of Lord Dadhivaman of yuvaraj, the Maharani and the Maharaja on the Ghodaghatpara stands ready. The Mahalik, the third, eighth and ninth day of the bright fortnight Badhei, the chaprasi, the dhobi and the mali of Asarh. From the second to the ninth day 108 receive lats from the . The Raja like his rounds of Sahasra Nama chanted. counterpart of Puri performs the chandanchhera The Bahuda yatra begins on Asarh Sukla after which the three chariots are drawn. The Dasami, and upan bhog is offered by the Keots chariot of Lord Dadhivaman stops that evening of Lankabahal before the deities leave Gundicha at Ramji temple of Majhipara which is its terminal Mandap on their return journey to Jagannath point, while the other two chariots take a couple temple. It may be mentioned here that the of days to reach their destination. While the of Suvarnapur located in Baradanda of Puri runs straight to the Gundicha Barbazar plays a crucial role during the Ratha temple, here it runs from the Rajbhawan via Yatra. This temple was built by Rani Gundicaha Majhipara and Barbazar on a semi-circular. Devi, mother of Raja Niladhar Sing Deo whose

105 Orissa Review * July - 2005 birth on the Ramanavami day of 1837 it Yo viswasya samastakarya karane daksha commemorates. The Rani spent around dadhivamarah Rs.12,000/- and the temple, the tallest in west Yanmahatmya marekshitum vahujana ayanti Orissa, took around 20 years to complete. Like duattatah. its counterpart, the Gundicha temple of Puri Asadhasya site dwitiya divase tisthan rathe madhavah attributed to another Rani Gundicha Devi of the Gachchhan rajapathe avyadhachcha taraabha grame Gajapati, it had a wooden Nrusimha image which subham gundicham. was subsequently substituted by a massive bran Thus for the famous Ratha yatra of Puri, image of Lord Laxmi-Nrusimha installed by Rajarsi Tarbha Ratha Yatra visited by the people from Prataprudra, grandson of Gundicha Devi. About Patna, Kalahandi, Kahariar, Bargarh, Rairakhol, 90 feet in height, this tallest monument of Boudh, Kanker, Kashipur, Barhampur, Ganjam, Subarnapur represents the last flicker of the Manjusa etc. is considerdd a convenient Chauhan's architectural glory. substitute. The Ratha Yatra is great festival at References : Subarnapur. Children put on new clothes and gifts of money are exchanged between families for 1. BM Sing Deo. Nilakuntala (Puri: Jagannath Press, 1927), Foreward. Khajakhia ( taking sweets). Babies in new clothes carried by parents are made to touch the 2. Ibid. chariots, which is called Rathachhuan. Not only 3. BM Sing Deo. Comp. Swarnapura Swarnapura in the capital town, but also at Menda, Maharaja Gruhakrutya Chandrika, Vol.I Khandahata, Paligan, Kartang, Mursundhdi, (Calcutta: As Press, 1937) P.99 Suballaya, Bagbar, Kamalpur, Pitamahul, 4. Pt. Jagannath Misra. Utsavatangini Champuh Kobsamalai, Lachhipur, Binka, Tarabha etc.. This (Puri: Madan Mohan Press, 1910), P.31. festival is held with fervour and to all these places, 5. Pt. Gopinath Panigrahi, Brata Charita (Cuttack: provisions for the gods called Pahur (Upahar) Utkal Sahitya Press, 1915), P.93 or Upan (Upayana) are spent by the Rajbhawan 6. Pt. Damodar Misra. Swarnapura Gunadarsah. of all these, the Tarbha Ratha Yatra occupies a (Balasore: De's Utkal Press, 1921), P.16. pride of place, it is believed that those who are too exhausted to cover the long distance to Puri are directed in their dreams to witness the Tarbha Ratha Yatra, instead : Dr. Pabitra Mohan Nayak lives at VIM-689, Sailasri Vihar, Bhubaneswar.

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