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Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO2 Footprint

Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:[email protected]

First, a little quiz … Where does imported oil originate?

Jan - Jul 2007

4%
0%
1%
1%

Domestic Production

1%
1%
1%
1%
4%

3%
3%
36%
6%

7%
9%
9%

12%

Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov

Where does imported oil originate?

4%
0%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
4%

Domestic Canada

3%
3%

6%
36%

Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait

Saudi Arabia

7%

Libya

Mexico

United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil

Canada

9%
9%

Equatorial Guinea Other

12%

Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov

Who has large proved oil reserves?

Oil and Gas J., 2003

300 250 200 150 100
50
0

Reserve≠Resource

Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology.

Who has large proved oil reserves?

Oil and Gas J., 2003

300 250 200 150 100
50
0

Today’s Presentation

• What has Canada got?

– What is heavy oil? – What is heavy oil? – Why do you care about heavy oil?

• Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive

– Alberta Canada Oil Sands – Kern River, CA

• CO2 foot print for heavy oil production

– energy needed to produce heavy oil – implications for CO2 production

• Summary

USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl
Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil
Canada 2732 Bbbl

USA-Continental 137 Bbbl

Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl

Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years

What is heavy oil?

• heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000 - 930 kg/m3) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m3)

• rules of thumb
-water 1 cP -100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C -100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C

• well productivity

1

J ~

µoil

Why do you care about heavy oil ?

World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil
World oil consumption

30 25 20 15 10
5

conservative prediction best prediction

actual data

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

2001
2020

0

  • 1800
  • 1850
  • 1900
  • 1950
  • 2050
  • 2100
  • 2150

yea2r000

Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, www.shell.com

Why do you care about heavy oil?

Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell)

World Population

Heavy Oil Fills the Gap

How do we recover heavy oil?

• Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) • Secondary (water injection) • Tertiary

more desirable?

-steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating

• Strip mining

Aurora Mine
Oil Sands Development

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

http://www.syncrude.com

open-pit mine

Syncrude: •Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep •North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep •Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep

open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis)

http://www.syncrude.com

240-400 tonne capacity

open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher

http://www.syncrude.com

open-pit mine
2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher

http://www.syncrude.com

reject some solids, slurry and pipeline open-pit mine

http://www.syncrude.com

2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline

extraction

Extraction: • hot water • NaOH

sand water

• vigorous mixing • get about 75% of OBIP

bitumen

open-pit mine

http://www.syncrude.com

2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline

extraction separation

bitumen

sand open-pit mine

http://www.syncrude.com

2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline

extraction separation pipeline to upgrader

Upgrading and hydrotreating: • cracking (add H2 using CH4) • coking (carbon rejection) • S and N2 removal

open-pit mine
2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline

extraction

• Light sweet crude

separation

•>1 MMbbl/day output total Canada

(Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) • 39% of Canadian oil production (2005)

• 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude • Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl

pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m3)

Operating Costs and Oil Production

Syncrude only

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/

0.4 tonne CO2/bbl 940 lbs CO2/bbl

Oil and CO2 Production

crude oil

2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel

220 lbs CO2 / bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH4

http://www.syncrude.com

Where will the natural gas come from?

Image source unknown

CO2 Implications

• By 2015, annual CO2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt

• By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year • Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year

• Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta

Kern River (Kern Co., CA)

Lost Hills

  • 99
  • I-5

N. B.

South Belridge
Bakersfield 58

Kern River

Cymric
Elk Hills

Buena Vista MWSS

Stanford

miles

  • 0
  • 16

Bakersfield

Kern River

• Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well.
Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs)

• Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl • Producing interval: 500-1300 ft • Geology:
– Alternating sand and shale sequences – at least 7 major units – Dispersed silt in the sand zones
• Thickness: 30-90 ft net • Dip: 4 ° to the southwest

Why heat a heavy oil reservoir?

1

Oil viscosity versus temperature

productivity ~

µ

oil

10000
1000
100
10

Viscosity(cP)

1

  • 0
  • 100
  • 200
  • 300
  • 400

temperature (°F)

Steam Injection

acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html

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