Kern River, CA

Kern River, CA

<p><strong>Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.8213em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Footprint </strong></p><p><strong>Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:[email protected] </strong></p><p><strong>First, a little quiz … Where does imported oil originate? </strong></p><p><strong>Jan - Jul 2007 </strong></p><p>4% <br>0% <br>1% <br>1% </p><p>Domestic Production </p><p>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>4% </p><p>3% <br>3% <br>36% <br>6% </p><p>7% <br>9% <br>9% </p><p>12% </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a></p><p><strong>Where does imported oil originate? </strong></p><p>4% <br>0% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>4% </p><p>Domestic Canada </p><p>3% <br>3% </p><p>6% <br>36% </p><p>Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait </p><p>Saudi Arabia </p><p>7% </p><p>Libya </p><p>Mexico </p><p>United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil </p><p>Canada </p><p>9% <br>9% </p><p>Equatorial Guinea Other </p><p>12% </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a></p><p><strong>Who has large proved oil reserves? </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and Gas J., 2003 </strong></p><p><strong>300 250 200 150 100 </strong><br><strong>50 </strong><br><strong>0</strong></p><p><strong>Reserve≠Resource </strong></p><p><strong>Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology. </strong></p><p><strong>Who has large proved oil reserves? </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and Gas J., 2003 </strong></p><p><strong>300 250 200 150 100 </strong><br><strong>50 </strong><br><strong>0</strong></p><p><strong>Today’s Presentation </strong></p><p>• <strong>What has Canada got? </strong></p><p>– <strong>What is heavy oil? </strong>– <strong>What is heavy oil? </strong>– <strong>Why do you care about heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive </strong></p><p>– <strong>Alberta Canada Oil Sands </strong>– <strong>Kern River, CA </strong></p><p>• <strong>CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.53em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>foot print for heavy oil production </strong></p><p>– <strong>energy needed to produce heavy oil </strong>– <strong>implications for CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.49em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>production </strong></p><p>• <strong>Summary </strong></p><p><strong>USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl </strong><br><strong>Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil </strong><br><strong>Canada 2732 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>USA-Continental 137 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl </strong></p><p>Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years </p><p><strong>What is heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>heavy oil:&nbsp;about as dense as water (1000&nbsp;- 930 kg/m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6497em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (&gt; 1000 kg/m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6493em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) </strong></p><p>• <strong>rules of thumb </strong><br><strong>-water 1 cP -100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C -100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C </strong></p><p>• <strong>well productivity </strong></p><p>1</p><p><strong>J ~ </strong></p><p><strong>µ</strong><sub style="top: 0.749em;"><strong>oil </strong></sub></p><p><strong>Why do you care about heavy oil ? </strong></p><p><strong>World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil </strong><br><strong>World oil consumption </strong></p><p>30 25 20 15 10 <br>5</p><p>conservative prediction best prediction </p><p>actual data </p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><strong>2001 </strong><br><strong>2020 </strong></p><p>0</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1800 </li><li style="flex:1">1850 </li><li style="flex:1">1900 </li><li style="flex:1">1950 </li><li style="flex:1">2050 </li><li style="flex:1">2100 </li><li style="flex:1">2150 </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>yea</strong><sup style="top: -0.9093em;">2</sup><strong>r</strong><sup style="top: -0.9093em;">000 </sup></p><p>Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, <a href="/goto?url=http://www.shell.com" target="_blank">www.shell.com </a></p><p><strong>Why do you care about heavy oil? </strong></p><p><strong>Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) </strong></p><p>World Population </p><p><strong>Heavy Oil Fills the Gap </strong></p><p><strong>How do we recover heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) </strong>• <strong>Secondary (water injection) </strong>• <strong>Tertiary </strong></p><p><strong>more desirable? </strong></p><p><strong>-steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating </strong></p><p>• <strong>Strip mining </strong></p><p><strong>Aurora Mine </strong><br><strong>Oil Sands Development </strong></p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong></p><p><strong>Syncrude: </strong>•<strong>Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep </strong>•<strong>North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep </strong>•<strong>Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep </strong></p><p><strong>open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p>240-400 tonne capacity </p><p><strong>open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong><br><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>reject some solids, slurry and pipeline open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction </strong></p><p><strong>Extraction: </strong>• <strong>hot water </strong>• <strong>NaOH </strong></p><p>sand water </p><p>• <strong>vigorous mixing </strong>• <strong>get about 75% of OBIP </strong></p><p>bitumen </p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction separation </strong></p><p>bitumen </p><p><strong>sand open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction separation pipeline to upgrader </strong></p><p><strong>Upgrading and hydrotreating: </strong>• <strong>cracking (add H</strong><sub style="top: 0.4093em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>using CH</strong><sub style="top: 0.4093em;"><strong>4</strong></sub><strong>) </strong>• <strong>coking (carbon rejection) </strong>• <strong>S and N</strong><sub style="top: 0.4087em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>removal </strong></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong><br><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction </strong></p><p>• <strong>Light sweet crude </strong></p><p><strong>separation </strong></p><p>•<strong>&gt;1 MMbbl/day output total Canada </strong></p><p><strong>(Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) </strong>• <strong>39% of Canadian oil production (2005) </strong></p><p>• <strong>1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude </strong>• <strong>Syncrude cumulative &gt; 1 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) </strong></p><p><strong>Operating Costs and Oil Production </strong></p><p><strong>Syncrude only </strong></p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/" target="_blank">Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/ </a></p><p><strong>0.4 tonne CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.37em;"><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>/bbl 940 lbs CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.37em;"><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>/bbl </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.66em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Production </strong></p><p>crude oil </p><p>2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel </p><p><strong>220 lbs CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.4896em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>/ bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH</strong><sub style="top: 0.49em;">4 </sub></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>Where will the natural gas come from? </strong></p><p>Image source unknown </p><p><strong>CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.66em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Implications </strong></p><p>• <strong>By 2015, annual CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.62em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt </strong></p><p>• <strong>By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year </strong>• <strong>Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year </strong></p><p>• <strong>Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta </strong></p><p>Kern River (Kern Co., CA) </p><p><strong>Lost Hills </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>99 </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>I-5 </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>N. B. </strong></p><p><strong>South Belridge </strong><br><strong>Bakersfield 58 </strong></p><p><strong>Kern River </strong></p><p><strong>Cymric </strong><br><strong>Elk Hills </strong></p><p><strong>Buena Vista MWSS </strong></p><p><strong>Stanford </strong></p><p><strong>miles </strong></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>0</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>16 </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Bakersfield </strong></p><p><strong>Kern River </strong></p><p>• <strong>Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. </strong><br><strong>Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) </strong></p><p>• <strong>Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl </strong>• <strong>Producing interval: 500-1300 ft </strong>• <strong>Geology: </strong><br>– <strong>Alternating sand and shale sequences </strong>– <strong>at least 7 major units </strong>– <strong>Dispersed silt in the sand zones </strong><br>• <strong>Thickness: 30-90 ft net </strong>• <strong>Dip: 4 ° to the southwest </strong></p><p><strong>Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? </strong></p><p>1</p><p><strong>Oil viscosity versus temperature </strong></p><p><em>productivity ~ </em></p><p>µ</p><p><em>oil </em></p><p>10000 <br>1000 <br>100 <br>10 </p><p>Viscosity(cP) </p><p>1</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">100 </li><li style="flex:1">200 </li><li style="flex:1">300 </li><li style="flex:1">400 </li></ul><p><strong>temperature (°F) </strong></p><p><strong>Steam Injection </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html" target="_blank">acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html </a></p>

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    42 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us