Kern River, CA

Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO2 Footprint Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:[email protected] First, a little quiz … Where does imported oil originate? Jan - Jul 2007 4% 0% 1% 1% Domestic Production 1% 1% 1% 1% 4% 3% 3% 36% 6% 7% 9% 9% 12% <a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a>Where does imported oil originate? 4% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 4% Domestic Canada 3% 3% 6% 36% Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait Saudi Arabia 7% Libya Mexico United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil Canada 9% 9% Equatorial Guinea Other 12% <a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a>Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., 2003 300 250 200 150 100 50 0Reserve≠Resource Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology. Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., 2003 300 250 200 150 100 50 0Today’s Presentation • What has Canada got? – What is heavy oil? – What is heavy oil? – Why do you care about heavy oil? • Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive – Alberta Canada Oil Sands – Kern River, CA • CO2 foot print for heavy oil production – energy needed to produce heavy oil – implications for CO2 production • Summary USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil Canada 2732 Bbbl USA-Continental 137 Bbbl Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years What is heavy oil? • heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000 - 930 kg/m3) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m3) • rules of thumb -water 1 cP -100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C -100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C • well productivity 1J ~ µoil Why do you care about heavy oil ? World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil World oil consumption 30 25 20 15 10 5conservative prediction best prediction actual data QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2001 2020 0<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1800 </li><li style="flex:1">1850 </li><li style="flex:1">1900 </li><li style="flex:1">1950 </li><li style="flex:1">2050 </li><li style="flex:1">2100 </li><li style="flex:1">2150 </li></ul>yea2r000 Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, <a href="/goto?url=http://www.shell.com" target="_blank">www.shell.com </a>Why do you care about heavy oil? Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) World Population Heavy Oil Fills the Gap How do we recover heavy oil? • Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) • Secondary (water injection) • Tertiary more desirable? -steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating • Strip mining Aurora Mine Oil Sands Development QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>open-pit mine Syncrude: •Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep •North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep •Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>240-400 tonne capacity open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>reject some solids, slurry and pipeline open-pit mine <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction Extraction: • hot water • NaOH sand water • vigorous mixing • get about 75% of OBIP bitumen open-pit mine <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation bitumen sand open-pit mine <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader Upgrading and hydrotreating: • cracking (add H2 using CH4) • coking (carbon rejection) • S and N2 removal open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction • Light sweet crude separation •>1 MMbbl/day output total Canada (Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) • 39% of Canadian oil production (2005) • 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude • Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m3) Operating Costs and Oil Production Syncrude only QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. <a href="/goto?url=http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/" target="_blank">Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/ </a>0.4 tonne CO2/bbl 940 lbs CO2/bbl Oil and CO2 Production crude oil 2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel 220 lbs CO2 / bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH4 <a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a>Where will the natural gas come from? Image source unknown CO2 Implications • By 2015, annual CO2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt • By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year • Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year • Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta Kern River (Kern Co., CA) Lost Hills <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">99 </li><li style="flex:1">I-5 </li></ul>N. B. South Belridge Bakersfield 58 Kern River Cymric Elk Hills Buena Vista MWSS Stanford miles <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">16 </li></ul>Bakersfield Kern River • Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) • Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl • Producing interval: 500-1300 ft • Geology: – Alternating sand and shale sequences – at least 7 major units – Dispersed silt in the sand zones • Thickness: 30-90 ft net • Dip: 4 ° to the southwest Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? 1Oil viscosity versus temperature productivity ~ µoil 10000 1000 100 10 Viscosity(cP) 1<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">100 </li><li style="flex:1">200 </li><li style="flex:1">300 </li><li style="flex:1">400 </li></ul>temperature (°F) Steam Injection <a href="/goto?url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html" target="_blank">acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html </a>

Kern River, CA

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