
<p><strong>Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.8213em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Footprint </strong></p><p><strong>Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:[email protected] </strong></p><p><strong>First, a little quiz … Where does imported oil originate? </strong></p><p><strong>Jan - Jul 2007 </strong></p><p>4% <br>0% <br>1% <br>1% </p><p>Domestic Production </p><p>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>4% </p><p>3% <br>3% <br>36% <br>6% </p><p>7% <br>9% <br>9% </p><p>12% </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a></p><p><strong>Where does imported oil originate? </strong></p><p>4% <br>0% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>1% <br>4% </p><p>Domestic Canada </p><p>3% <br>3% </p><p>6% <br>36% </p><p>Mexico Saudi Arabia Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Colombia Kuwait </p><p>Saudi Arabia </p><p>7% </p><p>Libya </p><p>Mexico </p><p>United Kingdom Ecuador Brazil </p><p>Canada </p><p>9% <br>9% </p><p>Equatorial Guinea Other </p><p>12% </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.eia.doe.gov" target="_blank">Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov </a></p><p><strong>Who has large proved oil reserves? </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and Gas J., 2003 </strong></p><p><strong>300 250 200 150 100 </strong><br><strong>50 </strong><br><strong>0</strong></p><p><strong>Reserve≠Resource </strong></p><p><strong>Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology. </strong></p><p><strong>Who has large proved oil reserves? </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and Gas J., 2003 </strong></p><p><strong>300 250 200 150 100 </strong><br><strong>50 </strong><br><strong>0</strong></p><p><strong>Today’s Presentation </strong></p><p>• <strong>What has Canada got? </strong></p><p>– <strong>What is heavy oil? </strong>– <strong>What is heavy oil? </strong>– <strong>Why do you care about heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive </strong></p><p>– <strong>Alberta Canada Oil Sands </strong>– <strong>Kern River, CA </strong></p><p>• <strong>CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.53em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>foot print for heavy oil production </strong></p><p>– <strong>energy needed to produce heavy oil </strong>– <strong>implications for CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.49em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>production </strong></p><p>• <strong>Summary </strong></p><p><strong>USA-Alaska 80 Bbbl </strong><br><strong>Middle East 1400 Bbbl conventional oil </strong><br><strong>Canada 2732 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>USA-Continental 137 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>Venezuela 700-3000 Bbbl </strong></p><p>Say that world consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years </p><p><strong>What is heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000 - 930 kg/m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6497em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6493em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) </strong></p><p>• <strong>rules of thumb </strong><br><strong>-water 1 cP -100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C -100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C </strong></p><p>• <strong>well productivity </strong></p><p>1</p><p><strong>J ~ </strong></p><p><strong>µ</strong><sub style="top: 0.749em;"><strong>oil </strong></sub></p><p><strong>Why do you care about heavy oil ? </strong></p><p><strong>World oil production, Hubbert-Style peak oil </strong><br><strong>World oil consumption </strong></p><p>30 25 20 15 10 <br>5</p><p>conservative prediction best prediction </p><p>actual data </p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><strong>2001 </strong><br><strong>2020 </strong></p><p>0</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1800 </li><li style="flex:1">1850 </li><li style="flex:1">1900 </li><li style="flex:1">1950 </li><li style="flex:1">2050 </li><li style="flex:1">2100 </li><li style="flex:1">2150 </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>yea</strong><sup style="top: -0.9093em;">2</sup><strong>r</strong><sup style="top: -0.9093em;">000 </sup></p><p>Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, <a href="/goto?url=http://www.shell.com" target="_blank">www.shell.com </a></p><p><strong>Why do you care about heavy oil? </strong></p><p><strong>Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) </strong></p><p>World Population </p><p><strong>Heavy Oil Fills the Gap </strong></p><p><strong>How do we recover heavy oil? </strong></p><p>• <strong>Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) </strong>• <strong>Secondary (water injection) </strong>• <strong>Tertiary </strong></p><p><strong>more desirable? </strong></p><p><strong>-steam injection -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating </strong></p><p>• <strong>Strip mining </strong></p><p><strong>Aurora Mine </strong><br><strong>Oil Sands Development </strong></p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong></p><p><strong>Syncrude: </strong>•<strong>Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep </strong>•<strong>North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep </strong>•<strong>Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep </strong></p><p><strong>open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p>240-400 tonne capacity </p><p><strong>open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong><br><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>reject some solids, slurry and pipeline open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction </strong></p><p><strong>Extraction: </strong>• <strong>hot water </strong>• <strong>NaOH </strong></p><p>sand water </p><p>• <strong>vigorous mixing </strong>• <strong>get about 75% of OBIP </strong></p><p>bitumen </p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction separation </strong></p><p>bitumen </p><p><strong>sand open-pit mine </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction separation pipeline to upgrader </strong></p><p><strong>Upgrading and hydrotreating: </strong>• <strong>cracking (add H</strong><sub style="top: 0.4093em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>using CH</strong><sub style="top: 0.4093em;"><strong>4</strong></sub><strong>) </strong>• <strong>coking (carbon rejection) </strong>• <strong>S and N</strong><sub style="top: 0.4087em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>removal </strong></p><p><strong>open-pit mine </strong><br><strong>2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline </strong></p><p><strong>extraction </strong></p><p>• <strong>Light sweet crude </strong></p><p><strong>separation </strong></p><p>•<strong>>1 MMbbl/day output total Canada </strong></p><p><strong>(Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) </strong>• <strong>39% of Canadian oil production (2005) </strong></p><p>• <strong>1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude </strong>• <strong>Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl </strong></p><p><strong>pipeline to upgrader 1 barrel of syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m</strong><sup style="top: -0.6em;"><strong>3</strong></sup><strong>) </strong></p><p><strong>Operating Costs and Oil Production </strong></p><p><strong>Syncrude only </strong></p><p>QuickTime™ and a <br>TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. </p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/" target="_blank">Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/ </a></p><p><strong>0.4 tonne CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.37em;"><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>/bbl 940 lbs CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.37em;"><strong>2</strong></sub><strong>/bbl </strong></p><p><strong>Oil and CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.66em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Production </strong></p><p>crude oil </p><p>2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel </p><p><strong>220 lbs CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.4896em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>/ bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH</strong><sub style="top: 0.49em;">4 </sub></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.syncrude.com" target="_blank">http://www.syncrude.com </a></p><p><strong>Where will the natural gas come from? </strong></p><p>Image source unknown </p><p><strong>CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.66em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>Implications </strong></p><p>• <strong>By 2015, annual CO</strong><sub style="top: 0.62em;"><strong>2 </strong></sub><strong>emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt </strong></p><p>• <strong>By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year </strong>• <strong>Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year </strong></p><p>• <strong>Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta </strong></p><p>Kern River (Kern Co., CA) </p><p><strong>Lost Hills </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>99 </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>I-5 </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>N. B. </strong></p><p><strong>South Belridge </strong><br><strong>Bakersfield 58 </strong></p><p><strong>Kern River </strong></p><p><strong>Cymric </strong><br><strong>Elk Hills </strong></p><p><strong>Buena Vista MWSS </strong></p><p><strong>Stanford </strong></p><p><strong>miles </strong></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>0</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>16 </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Bakersfield </strong></p><p><strong>Kern River </strong></p><p>• <strong>Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. </strong><br><strong>Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) </strong></p><p>• <strong>Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl </strong>• <strong>Producing interval: 500-1300 ft </strong>• <strong>Geology: </strong><br>– <strong>Alternating sand and shale sequences </strong>– <strong>at least 7 major units </strong>– <strong>Dispersed silt in the sand zones </strong><br>• <strong>Thickness: 30-90 ft net </strong>• <strong>Dip: 4 ° to the southwest </strong></p><p><strong>Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? </strong></p><p>1</p><p><strong>Oil viscosity versus temperature </strong></p><p><em>productivity ~ </em></p><p>µ</p><p><em>oil </em></p><p>10000 <br>1000 <br>100 <br>10 </p><p>Viscosity(cP) </p><p>1</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">100 </li><li style="flex:1">200 </li><li style="flex:1">300 </li><li style="flex:1">400 </li></ul><p><strong>temperature (°F) </strong></p><p><strong>Steam Injection </strong></p><p><a href="/goto?url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html" target="_blank">acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html </a></p>
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