Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons: Their Production and the Resulting CO2 Footprint Tony Kovscek Stanford University Energy Resources Engineering email:[email protected] First, a little quiz … Where does imported oil originate? Jan - Jul 2007 1%1%1%1%0% 4% 4%1%1% Domestic Production 3% 3% 36% 6% 7% 9% 9% 12% Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov Where does imported oil originate? 0% 4% 1%1%1%1%1%1% 4% Domestic 3% Canada 3% 36% Mexico Saudi Arabia 6% Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Angola Saudi Colombia 7% Kuwait Arabia Libya Mexico United Kingdom 9% Canada Ecuador 9% Brazil Equatorial Guinea 12% Other Energy Information Administration, www.eia.doe.gov Who has large proved oil reserves? Oil and Gas J., 2003 300 250 200 150 reserves (Bbbl) 100 50 0 Reserve≠Resource Reserve is energy that you can recover economically with existing technology. reserves (Bbbl) oil reserves? large proved has Who 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Saudi Arabia Canada Oil and Gas J., 2003 Iraq Iran Kuwait United Arab Emirates Russia Venezuela Libya Nigeria United States Today’s Presentation • What has Canada got? – What is heavy oil? – What is heavy oil? – Why do you care about heavy oil? • Heavy-oil recovery methods are energy intensive – Alberta Canada Oil Sands – Kern River, CA • CO2 foot print for heavy oil production – energy needed to produce heavy oil – implications for CO2 production • Summary USA-Alaska Middle East 80 Bbbl 1400 Bbbl conventional oil Canada 2732 Bbbl USA-Continental 137 Bbbl Venezuela Oil Resource 700-3000 Bbbl - Heavy Say that world What has Canada Got? Canada has What consumption is 25 Bbbl/yr, R/P = 240 years What is heavy oil? • heavy oil: about as dense as water (1000 - 930 kg/m3) tar or bitumen: more dense than water (> 1000 kg/m3) • rules of thumb -water 1 cP -100,000 cP for 10°API at 30°C -100 cP for 20 °API at 30 °C • well productivity 1 J ~ http://www.syncrude.com µoil Why do you care about heavy oil ? World oil production, World oil consumption Hubbert-Style peak oil 30 conservative prediction best prediction 25 actual data 20 QuickTime™ and a 15 TIFF (LZW) decompressor million bbl/d million are needed to see this picture. 10 2001 5 2020 0 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 Shell Global Scenarios to 2025, year www.shell.com Why do you care about heavy oil? Sustained Growth Scenario (Shell) World Population Heavy Oil Fills the Gap How do we recover heavy oil? • Primary (heavy-oil solution gas drive) • Secondary (water injection) • Tertiary more -steam injection desirable? -in-situ combustion -vapor extraction -electrical heating • Strip mining Aurora Mine Oil Sands Development QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.syncrude.com open-pit mine Syncrude: •Base mine–3.1 miles by 4.3 miles by 197 ft. deep •North mine–9 miles by 1.2 miles by 262 ft. deep •Aurora mine–3 miles by 1 mile by 229 ft. deep open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) http://www.syncrude.com 240-400 tonne capacity open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher http://www.syncrude.com open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher http://www.syncrude.com reject some solids, slurry and pipeline open-pit mine http://www.syncrude.com 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction Extraction: sand • hot water • NaOH water • vigorous mixing • get about 75% of bitumen OBIP open-pit mine http://www.syncrude.com 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation bitumen sand open-pit mine http://www.syncrude.com 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation pipeline to upgrader Upgrading and hydrotreating: • cracking (add H2 using CH4) • coking (carbon rejection) • S and N2 removal open-pit mine 2 tonnes oil sand (basis) truck to a roll crusher reject some solids, slurry and pipeline extraction separation • Light sweet crude •>1 MMbbl/day output total Canada pipeline to upgrader (Syncrude, Suncor, PetroCanada) • 39% of Canadian oil production 1 barrel of syncrude (2005) 3 • 1/8 gasoline in Canada, Syncrude (1 bbl = 42 gal=0.16m ) • Syncrude cumulative > 1 Bbbl Operating Costs and Oil Production Syncrude only QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Canada Oil Sands Trust, http://cos-ar.beta.zu.com/annual_report/2006/ 0.4 tonne CO2/bbl Oil and CO2 Production crude 940 lbs CO2/bbl oil 2 tonnes sand = 1 barrel Emissions 2 Production CO 220 lbs CO2 / bbl 4.4 BTU of oil / BTU CH4 http://www.syncrude.com Where will the natural gas come from? Image source unknown CO2 Implications • By 2015, annual CO2 emissions from upgrading operations are estimated to be 94 Mt • By 2050, perhaps 2000 Mt per year • Canada’s Kyoto emissions goal is about 500 Mt per year • Alternative to natural gas for processing is nuclear power (hydrogen and steam), Alberta Energy Corporation 5 Mar 07 press release, CANDU reactor for N. Alberta Kern River (Kern Co., CA) Lost Hills I-5 99 N. B. South Belridge Bakersfield Cymric Elk Hills 58 Kern River Buena Vista MWSS Stanford 0 miles 16 Bakersfield Kern River • Discovered 1899 by a farmer digging a water well. Hit oil at 40 ft (or 70 ft) below ground (bgs) • Original oil = 3.8 Bbbl • Producing interval: 500-1300 ft • Geology: – Alternating sand and shale sequences – at least 7 major units – Dispersed silt in the sand zones • Thickness: 30-90 ft net • Dip: 4 ° to the southwest Why heat a heavy oil reservoir? 1 Oil viscosity versus temperature productivity ~ µ 10000 oil Viscosity(cP) 1000 100 10 1 0 100 200 300 400 temperature (°F) Steam Injection acknowledgement: U.S. DOE, SCNGO, http://www.netl.doe.gov/scngo/index.html http://www.bakersfield.com/static/special/oil100/graphics.asp Oil-Steam Ratio (OSR) 1 0.8 OSR = (Voil)/(Vsteam) Vsteam is at 60°F 0.6 Tia Juana field OSR field 0.4 Schoonebeek Smackover Yorba Linda Yorba 0.2 Coalinga El Dorado Tatums Inglewood Kern River Kern 0 Slocum 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 calculated OSR CO2 Footprint for Steam Injection • practical range of OSR: 0.2 - 0.5 • psteam = 250 psi, quality = 0.7 • boiler efficiency = 90% • 3.48 to 8.70 BTUoil / BTUsteam • CO2 production: 84 to 210 lbs CO2 / bbl oil – steam is supplied by burning natural gas 0.4 tonne CO2/bbl crude 940 lbs CO2/bbl oil Natural Gas Whose CO2 is this really? • it’s a combined heat, power, and irrigation operation Statewide: • 2036.7 MWe installed oilfield cogen capacity • gas-fired • net electricity into grid is sufficient for 1.5 million homes out of 11.5 million total • 2004, 2005 Annual Report CalDOGGR Kern River Oil Field QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Heavy-oil production of the future? US Patent 20060048770 Summary • the world needs energy, and a portfolio of options – conservation -nuclear – renewables -fossil fuels • there are plenty of heavy hydrocarbons to meet world oil demand, but extraction is difficult, more expensive than conventional sources, and may leave a greater environmental footprint • process integration (polygeneration) and in-situ processes reduce footprint: 110 lbs/bbl (Kern River) versus 220 lbs/bbl (Syncrude) Not well to gas pump, just crude production CO2 Management: Kaya Identity A form of Paul Ehrlich’s IPAT Identity A result of dimensional analysis CO2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO2/energy) per nation, city, etc. standard of living energy intensity carbon intensity “Kaya Identity”: Kaya, Y, Energy Conversion and Management, 36, 375-380, 1995.. What are our options? CO2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO2/energy) • Control population • Reduce standard of living (GDP/person) • Energy intensity (i.e., efficiency) • Carbon Intensity =>There are no first order solutions Carbon Sequestration CO2 Emissions = (Population) (GDP/person) (Energy/GDP) (CO2/energy) (CO2 emitted/CO2) Some questions: • Is it a green energy technology? • Is it sustainable? • Is it a technology in competition with renewables? Summary • Resource/World Production = 240 years • Heavy-oil recovery technologies do exist • Oil Production–CO2 generation • not well to gas pump numbers – Kern River 110 lbs per barrel, but this is CHP (whose CO2 is it?) – Syncrude: 220 lbs per barrel • Geological sequestration is a CO2 mitigation option.