The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies PHAROS LIGHTING THE PATH TO UNDERSTANDING

THE NEWSLETTER OF THE FARES CENTER AT TUFTS UNIVERSITY FALL 2011

A Letter from the Provost

It is with pride and admiration that I look back on this past year at the Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies. I am proud of the important work that Jamshed Bharucha the Fares Center has done to help us all understand a momentous year in the Middle East. One of the great pleasures of my nine years at Tufts was to support and encourage the Fares Center and its many initiatives, and I will remember it warmly in my new position as President of The Cooper Union in New York City. As we all watched the “Arab Spring” of uprisings from North Africa to the Gulf, Leslie Gelb delivers the keynote address, “Is There a Workable U.S. Strategy for the Middle the Fares Center continued to provide East? No! Then What?”, on the first day of the 2010 Fares Center Conference. a crucial venue for the Tufts community and beyond to discuss current events as well as reflect on the history and “Engaging the Middle East: cultures of the Middle East. The Fares Center hosted a lively dis- After the Cairo Speech” cussion on Arab youth demographics with Gallup pollster Mohamed Younis On October 14–15, 2010 the Fares Center Middle East in the wake of President and Fares Center visiting scholar Rami held its annual conference at Tufts Obama’s promising speech and recom- Khouri. The Center also hosted several University. The conference attracted a mended avenues for progress on key student roundtables on the uprisings in wide array of Middle East experts who concerns where progress had not yet Tunisia and beyond. Martin Indyk, vice discussed the evolution of President materialized. president of the Brookings Institution Barack Obama’s foreign policy in the American foreign policy in the Middle and former ambassador to Israel and region since his June 2009 speech at Cairo East has been guided by “worse than no assistant secretary of state under University, “A New Beginning.” strategy,” argued Leslie H. Gelb in his President Clinton, gave a fascinating Participants analyzed the core issues keynote remarks, “Is There a Workable luncheon talk titled “President Obama’s affecting the Middle East, including the U.S. Strategy for the Middle East? No! Efforts at Peace in the Middle East: ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict, U.S. Then What?” Formulating a strategy Is This Time Different?” in which he involvement in Afghanistan, relations with requires clearheaded identification of discussed the likely causes of the recent Pakistan, and, more generally, relations achievable objectives, and an assessment unrest. with Muslim communities. The speakers of the power a nation has to accomplish evaluated American foreign policy in the these objectives. According to Gelb, who

CONTINUED ON PAGE 3 CONTINUED ON PAGE 3 The Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies Letter from the Director PHAROS LIGHTING THE PATH TO UNDERSTANDING

he 2010–2011 academic year was a dynamic one for the Fares Center as it continued to engage members of the Tufts University community

THE NEWSLETTER OF THE FARES CENTER and others on issues concerning the Middle East, AT TUFTS UNIVERSITY FALL 2011 Tincluding the eastern Mediterranean region. Our October conference, “Engaging the Middle East: After the Cairo The lighthouse known as Pharos, considered one of Speech,” brought together a diverse group of academics, jour- the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, directed Leila Fawaz nalists, practitioners, and students to discuss the challenges ships to the cultural richness of Alexandria. facing President Obama and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East today. Events in the region during the early part of 2011 shaped many of the lectures and events of the spring semester, including Martin Indyk’s March 30 talk in which he addressed U.S. pol- icy toward the Middle East in light of the uprisings. GUEST EDITOR: Within the university the Fares Center collaborated with a range of academic depart- Amelia Cook (MALD ’08) received a ments and schools, including the International Relations Program, the Department of Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy from The Fletcher School, where she studied Art and Art History, the Department of History, the Department of Political Science, the international development, human rights, Department of German, Russian and Asian Languages and Literatures, the Jonathan M. and environmental policy. She recently Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service, and The Fletcher School. We welcomed published, with Jeremy Sarkin, “Who is Indigenous? Indigenous Rights Globally, the addition of an Arabic major, in addition to the Middle East Studies major, and sev- in Africa, and among the San in Botswana,” eral first-class faculty members to teach about the region. We are also pleased that Dean in the Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law (Fall, 2009); “Is Botswana James Glaser and others in the Tufts administration are working to establish closer ties the Miracle of Africa? Democracy, the Rule with language programs in the Middle East. of Law, and Human Rights versus Economic We have continued to emphasize our relationship with Tufts students—both gradu- Development,” in Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems (Spring, 2010); and ate and undergraduate—and to offer a growing selection of opportunities for these “The Human Rights of the San (Bushmen) students to become involved in our work. During this academic year, we were fortunate of Botswana: The Clash of the Rights of to have two remarkable visiting scholars, Rami G. Khouri and William A. Rugh, both of Indigenous Communities and Their Access to Water with the Rights of the State to whom enriched the Center’s work with their research and public lectures, as well as the Environmental Conservation and Mineral relationships they developed with students. Resource Exploitation,” in Transnational Law The Fares Center would like to offer special thanks to Jamshed Bharucha, Tufts and Policy (Spring, 2011). In 2010, she completed an M.S. in resource economics University provost, to whom the Center reports. Since his arrival in 2002 he has been a and policy at the University of Maine, where strong and active supporter of the Fares Center, as has Tufts president Lawrence Bacow. she worked as a graduate assistant in the School of Economics. Amelia received her We have greatly appreciated the support of both university leaders and will miss them as B.A. in Africana studies from Vassar College each moves on to a new position this year. We also wish to congratulate and thank Rob in 2001. She was a research assistant at the Hollister, outgoing dean of the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Fares Center while at The Fletcher School, and continues to work as an editor for the Service, who fortunately for Tufts will stay on as faculty. He, too, has been a staunch Center from her new home in Boise, Idaho. supporter of the Fares Center and the Tisch College has been involved in all of our con- Amelia can be reached at [email protected]. ferences and many other activities. We are grateful for the generosity of friends of the Center, including H.E. Issam M. CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Fares and trustee Fares I. Fares, on whom we depend for much of our programming. We Nicole Abi-Esber, Lauren Dorgan, Hammad Hammad, Brooke Smith, Katrina Stanislaw, would especially like to thank Anastassis David, member of the Fares Center Advisory David Wallsh, and Julie Younes Board, whose support made this year’s conference possible. Currently, we are looking forward to our upcoming conference, “The New Middle

CONSULTING EDITOR: East: Challenges and Opportunities,” which will take place at Tufts University on Peri Bearman October 13–14, 2011.

PHOTO EDITORS: Chris Zymaris and Don Button Letter from the Provost The Fares Center CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1

At the same time, the Center “Engaging the Middle East: After the Cairo Speech” CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 maintained its focus on exploring the history, art, and cultures of the Middle East by hosting talks on a wide range of topics. These included a lecture by Gülru Necipoglu, Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art at Harvard University, on “Architectural Dialogues Across the Mediterranean,” a presentation by Ohio State University professor Jane Hathaway on “Eunuchs in Islamic Civilization,” and a paper given by Princeton University postdoctoral research associate Andrew Arsan on “The Beginnings of Shi‘a Internationalism.” Participants in the 2010 Fares Center Conference: (from left) Farideh Farhi, This year’s conference, “Engaging Randa Slim, C. Christine Fair, Barbara Slavin, and Deborah Amos. the Middle East: After the Cairo Speech,” was once again remark- ably successful in drawing a selective was introduced by Fletcher School dean comparative politics at the United States group of speakers together to and U.S. Special Representative for North Military Academy, West Point. Shai debate the level of progress Korea Policy Stephen Bosworth, the U.S. Feldman, professor of politics at President Barack Obama has made has been consistently unable to achieve Brandeis University and director of its in the Middle East since his inaugu- this objective in regard to Middle East Crown Center for Middle East Studies, ration. I know that the Center is policy. Instead it is influenced by a range noted a handful of reasons why it is not especially grateful for the support of “impulses”—among others, to protect “entirely crazy” for President Obama to provided by Advisory Board member oil-producing countries, to resolve remain engaged, starting with the fact Anastassis David, which made the problems with military force, and to that both sides have a lot to lose if peace conference possible. The annual democratize. The result has been regular talks fail. The September launch of direct involvement in endeavors that do not talks between Palestinians and Israelis conference, the Fares Lecture necessarily address America’s most was “smartly done” with a good rollout, Series, and the student roundtables important interests and a string of noted longtime diplomat Robert have made the Fares Center a vital strategic failures. Moving forward, Gelb Pelletreau, former assistant secretary resource at The Fletcher School and concluded, the U.S. must become more of state and ambassador to Egypt, at Tufts University. Their work helps modest about its goals and the breadth Tunisia, and Bahrain—but unfortunately us all gain perspective as we con- of its influence. “negotiations haven’t ensued.” Eventually, sider the challenges and promise of The likelihood of peace between the concluded journalist and Issam Fares the Middle East. Israelis and the Palestinians in the near Institute (Beirut) director Rami Khouri, Professor Leila Fawaz has been a term is not high, agreed four panelists the U.S. must make known what it brilliant director of the Fares Center. from diverse backgrounds during Session believes is a fair resolution to this conflict It has been a joy for me to watch her I of the conference, “The Arab-Israeli for progress to ensue. guide it to its present renown. The Conflict,” chaired by Nadim Rouhana, In Session II, chaired by Robert M. Center is widely known and professor of international negotiation Hollister, outgoing dean of the Jonathan respected, and the annual confer- and conflict studies at The Fletcher M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public ence has received more attention School. Panelists discussed the many Service, four regional experts discussed with each passing year. Under her impediments to the peace process, but “New Strategies for Managing Old leadership the Fares Center has they also noted the serious drawbacks Conflicts,” specifically in Iran, Iraq, and engaged students and faculty alike, of abandoning the process for all parties Lebanon, where the U.S. has employed a has brought important scholars, involved. “If there isn’t a way back to the range of strategies and tactics. Farideh speakers, and leaders to the campus, table, nobody wins except for Hamas or Farhi, an expert on Iranian politics and and has crossed disciplinary lines. Iran,” remarked Ruth Margolies Beitler, adjunct professor of political science at the

I would like to thank the Fares professor of international relations and CONTINUED ON PAGE 12 family and all of the supporters of the Fares Center for this wonderful institution.

3 THE 2010–2011 FARES LECTURE SERIES

nuclear capability. However, he argued that mal and official connections lay an entire military action against Iran is “fraught with worldview, a global radical “moment” that predictable and unpredictable dangers” for radical thinkers and activists in the eastern both the U.S. and its allies. One area of Mediterranean participated in and helped common interest that offers the potential shape. Through an exploration of radical for cooperation is the stabilization of ideas and practices, Khuri-Makdisi sought Afghanistan, Banuazizi concluded. to normalize the history of the eastern Mediterranean and move away from “The Eastern Mediterranean and exceptionalist narratives regarding the the Making of Global Radicalism, Arab world, the Ottoman world, and 1860–1914” Islam. In closing, she argued that this was a On October 28 region profoundly connected to other Ilham Khuri- Ali Banuazizi parts of the world through webs of people, Makdisi, assistant information, capital, and commodities. professor of his- tory at “Iran: Sanctions, Negotiations, “The Beginnings of Shi‘a and Support for the Democracy Northeastern Internationalism: Politics in the Lebanese Movement” University, dis- Diaspora, 1931–1958” Iran expert Ali Banuazizi told a packed cussed the wide The story of a crowd on September 15 that he opposes the variety of radical Lebanese immi- Ilham Khuri-Makdisi idea of employing military strikes to stop leftist ideas that grant bookseller in Iran’s nuclear program, but he is not overly began circulating Dakar, Senegal optimistic about the prospects of negotia- in the late nineteenth and early twentieth during the first tions either. Instead Banuazizi supports centuries among segments of the popula- half of the twenti- sanctions aimed at isolating and pressuring tions of eastern Mediterranean cities, eth century offers Iran. Effective sanctions, he argued, should especially Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria, an interesting per- target the banking sector or the energy sec- then among the most culturally and politi- Andrew Arsan spective on the tor, as half of the Iranian government’s cally important cities of the Arab Ottoman role of Lebanese budget stems from oil. world. These ideas, best described as adap- Shiites in political life and on the larger con- Banuazizi, professor of political science tations of socialist and anarchist principles, nection between diasporas and homelands, and director of the Program in Islamic included specific calls for social justice, Andrew Arsan argued in his February 10 Civilization and Societies at Boston College, workers’ rights, mass secular education, lecture at the Fares Center. Arsan, a cultural summed up the modern history of Iran, and anticlericalism, and more broadly a historian of the eastern Mediterranean noting that many who participated in the challenge to the existing social and political and postdoctoral research associate at revolt against the shah in 1979 did not order at home and abroad. Those who Princeton University, gave a talk on the life intend to establish an Islamic republic. embraced such ideas, Khuri-Makdisi and politics of Ibrahim Tham, a Lebanese Only in the final hours was Ayatollah noted, expressed them in articles, pam- immigrant from Jabal ‘Amil, the region that Khomeini’s revolutionary concept of phlets, plays, and popular poetry (in is now known as South Lebanon, who vilayet-e faqih—governance by the jurist— Arabic, but also in Italian, Ottoman moved to a mixed neighborhood in Dakar unveiled. Turkish, and Greek), in literary salons and and became a bookseller, sometime-tailor, In recent years Iranians have selected theatres, and during strikes and demon- newspaper correspondent, and political moderate presidents such as Rafsanjani and strations, disseminating radical thought activist for a wide range of causes. Khatami, whom hardliners have fought to through educational, cultural, and popular In West Africa, where Tham migrated in restrain. The regime of the current Iranian institutions. 1924, Lebanese Shiites found wealth and president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, is Radicals in the three cities formed opportunity, fueling the dreams—and fund- “more repressive than any other regime in networks that were connected, informa- ing the migrations—of future generations. modern times in Iran,” Banuazizi noted. tionally, politically, and organizationally, to Tham’s bookshop, which subscribed to both According to many within Iran, the legiti- international and internationalist move- pan-Islamic periodicals and those aimed macy of this regime is unraveling. ments and organizations that sought to particularly at Shiite intellectuals as well as to Despite his support for sanctions, promote leftist ideas and implement radi- the literature of North Africa, exhibited the Banuazizi is not optimistic that they can cal projects in various corners of the world, CONTINUED ON PAGE 5 stop Iran from continuing to pursue Khuri-Makdisi argued. Beyond these for-

4 The Fares Center diversity of his political inclinations and the cost as a rite of passage, arguing that Both speakers argued that the drive those of his clients. He was an early Lebanon must finally affirm the rule of behind the insurrections in the Arab fundraiser for the Syrian Nationalist Party, law. The only easy resolution to the con- world stems from citizens’ desires in each helping to facilitate the spread of Syrian flict is a negotiated solution that satisfies country to define their own national val- nationalism to Lebanese migrants in Africa. both sides but will not ultimately resolve ues and systems of governance. Data from In the 1950s, Tham fundraised for the Front anything. “This is the Lebanese way,” con- the Silatech report show an underlying de Libération Nationale (FLN), the political cluded Khouri. commonality—regardless of the GDP of organization that led the independence their country, citizens do not feel that movement in Algeria. they are the beneficiaries of government The relationship of Tham and his com- policies and economic opportunities. As rades with France’s empire in the Middle events continue to unfold, Khouri and East and West Africa was complicated, Younis emphasized that it is essential to Arsan noted: while they resisted the influ- allow each country to develop its own sys- ence of the empire, the very anti-imperial tem of democratic institutions that material they read was transmitted through reflects the cultural makeup of that coun- imperial lines of communication. try. Allowing the evolution of systems of accountable governance will benefit “All Roads Lead to Lebanon— regional and international stability, both Mohamed Younis (left) and Rami Khouri Microcosm of the Best and Worst in concluded. the Modern Middle East” Lebanon is a microcosm of the Middle “What They Fear, What They Seek: “Eunuchs in Islamic Civilization” East, a place where all of the conflicts and Understanding Young Arabs Who are The role of eunuchs in the Ottoman ideological strains that course through the Reshaping Their Societies” empire was the focus region meet, journalist and Fares Center On February 22 Rami Khouri, Fares of an April 1 lunch- visiting scholar Rami Khouri told a Center visiting scholar, and Mohamed eon at the Fares standing room-only crowd on February Younis, Gallup pollster, discussed the Center where Jane 16. Khouri’s presentation described the social, political, and economic motivations Hathaway, professor various forces at play in Lebanon and behind Arab youth discontent and the of history at Ohio across the Middle East. In particular, he ongoing revolts taking place across the State University, highlighted the conflict inspired by the Middle East. Younis was a collaborator on Jane Hathaway spoke. Eunuchs have a Special Tribunal for Lebanon, which was the Silatech study which measured well- long history in established by the United Nations being in twenty of the twenty-two Arab Islamic civilization and beyond, Hathaway Security Council to investigate the 2005 League Nations to assess perceptions noted; in fact, most societies in the eastern assassination of Rafik Hariri. The conflict, regarding access to opportunity and exam- hemisphere employed eunuchs in some Khouri said, represents the “culmination ined the attitudes of young Arabs toward capacity until 250 or 300 years ago. Taken of two centuries of an irresistible force the primary challenges they face in life. from their families of origin and unable hitting an immovable object”: Arab- The tremendous difficulty of transitioning themselves to reproduce, the appeal of Islamic nationalism versus Western from student life to financial independ- eunuchs was that they were without family intervention. ence, when individuals can begin families, ties to “dilute their loyalty” to the ruler. Khouri guessed that for approximately affects youth across the region. The final They were therefore seen as especially loyal half of the Lebanese population the tribu- report, “The Silatech Index: Voices of servants. nal has generated massive resistance. Young Arabs,” concluded that young Arabs In the Ottoman empire, eunuchs came Many consider the tribunal the latest believe that their wellbeing and access to from several sources: prisoners of war, example of Western manipulation in the opportunity are decreasing. slaves purchased from the Caucasus and Middle East. “It reflects the high water Khouri contextualized the current Arab East Africa, and an institution called the mark of Western intervention in our youth movement, placing it within a longer devshirme. Through the devshirme, region,” Khouri said. tradition of indigenous groups in Middle Ottoman authorities took boys from At the same time, most Lebanese want Eastern countries demanding change in the among their Christian subjects and edu- to know who killed Hariri, and people are decades since the end of colonial rule and cated and trained them, with some generally fed up with political assassina- desiring to be treated as citizens with rights. selected for castration. Eunuchs from dif- tions in Lebanon. If the court does hand Khouri stressed that the “Arab Spring” ferent origins tended to have different down indictments on members of rebellions are directed at internal governing roles within the Ottoman system. The Hezbollah, as many have predicted it will, systems, and represent a second “Arab devshirme eunuchs and eunuchs from the the cost of living through the trials may awakening,” sustained by a demand to exer- be high for Lebanon. However, some see cise human, civil, and political rights. CONTINUED ON PAGE 6

5 “The Fares Lecture Series” CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5

Caucasus began as palace pages and could city.” This vision of Jerusalem was perpet- rise up to high-ranking positions, as uated by the British, who ushered in an guards of the threshold in front of the era of confessionalism following their throne room in Topkapı Palace, for conquest of the city in 1917. This repre- example, Hathaway noted. East African sented a reversal of Ottoman policy, eunuchs were employed as guardians which emphasized the importance of citi- of the palace harem and of Prophet zenship over religion; indeed, the Muhammad’s tomb in Medina. Ottoman Constitution of 1908 abolished Hathaway concluded with a descrip- the previously confessionalist dhimmi sys- tion of the end of the eunuch tradition. tem, Tamari noted. The Young Turk revolution of 1908–9 In the modern era, religion continues and the collapse of the Ottoman empire to serve as the basis of many popular following World War I spelled the conclu- models for the administration of sion of the harem eunuch institution. Jerusalem. For example, the “Holy Basin” In Medina, the eunuchs guarding the approach separates the Old City of Prophet’s tomb were affected by the Saudi Jerusalem and a few select religious sites takeover of the Hijaz in the 1920s. Unlike from the rest of the city. This “holy” sec- his early nineteenth-century predecessors, tion would be dealt with as a distinct Michele Dunne Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud did not exile the issue in Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. eunuchs, but rather cut off their support However, Tamari argued, this method Transformations in the last few years and simply let the institution fade away. assumes that the locations of various holy in Egypt now look like precursors to the sites are mutually exclusive, and it does events of early 2011, argued Dunne. The not take into account the fact that many unresolved succession of President Hosni sites are claimed by multiple religions. It Mubarak created a sense of regime vul- also misleadingly reduces the Palestinian- nerability. Kifaya’s emergence in 2004 Israeli conflict to a question of religious gradually broke down the barrier of fear claims. between citizens and the government. Tamari concluded his remarks by Additionally, growing numbers of smaller discussing the current physical status of protests became increasingly united in Jerusalem—namely, the isolation of the purpose. In the days leading up to city from the West Bank as a result of the January 25, 2011, the objective became separation wall constructed by Israeli bringing down Mubarak, a process that authorities—and how the unequal was aided by virtual activism transform- Salim Tamari balance of power between Palestinians ing into real activism. and Israelis has hindered negotiations Many debate today whether the events “What Future for Jerusalem?” over difficult issues such as the future in Egypt should be called a coup or a rev- In his April 4 lecture, Salim Tamari, of Jerusalem. olution. The elimination of top leadership Palestinian sociologist and Arcapita while leaving the governing system intact Visiting Professor at Columbia “Egypt: From Evolution to supports the argument that it was a coup. Revolution” University’s Middle East Institute, dis- However, the continuation of these move- On April 13 Michele Dunne, a senior cussed historical and modern approaches ments, including sustained pressure on associate at the Carnegie Endowment for to the administration of Jerusalem. After the military, supports the idea that we are International Peace, highlighted the ways outlining several conceptualizations of the witnessing a revolution. Demonstrators in which the Egyptian protest movement city, Tamari considered how each has are determined to prevent the reemer- was an expression of many of the issues been used to address the question of gence of the old regime. Dunne offered a that scholars and observers have been Jerusalem’s status within the larger working answer to the question: there was studying in recent years in the Middle Palestinian-Israeli conflict. He began his a coup, but now there is a revolution. East. Demographic changes and the youth talk by emphasizing how religion has col- Dunne closed with three issues of note bulge, a changing information environ- ored perceptions of Jerusalem. As a result in Egypt going forward, in addition to the ment with the advent of new media of the city’s importance to the three upcoming elections: the economy, the outlets, and growing disenchantment with major Abrahamic faiths of Islam, Judaism, future of the internal security services, formal politics were all present in the and Christianity, it exists as a “literary, and the tension between religion and protest movement. Yet, Dunne opined, imaginary, utopian place,” an image “at politics. odds with the actual development of the outside observers did not see the move- ment coming. CONTINUED ON PAGE 7

6 The Fares Center “The Fares Lecture Series” CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6

“President Obama’s Efforts at Peace in the Middle East: Is This Time Different?”

has produced fertile ground for revolt. that the perceived need for stability is based In Indyk’s opinion all countries in the on four factors. The first is the U.S. com- region will be affected in some manner by mitment to the survival and wellbeing of these uprisings. While many analyses of the the state of Israel, including a resolution to root of the revolts focus on Tunisia, Indyk the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The second, believes that the first seeds were sown in third, and fourth reasons, he argued, are the Iraq. For citizens across the region, witness- vital importance of oil to the U.S. and ing the collapse of Saddam Hussein’s global economies. regime in only a few days was a powerful Indyk argued that policymakers have a event, despite it being a result of foreign choice: to be on the side of history or to con- Martin Indyk intervention. Ben Ali’s departure within tinue to support autocrats. The impact of days of the uprisings in Tunisia resonated these considerations on foreign policy deci- During a March 30 lecture at the Chase across the region as well, suggesting that sions will play out on a case-by-case basis. Center at Tufts University, Martin Indyk, seemingly entrenched regimes might be According to Indyk, the Obama administra- vice president and director of foreign policy hollow. These events gave Egyptians the tion made the right decision in Egypt. at the Brookings Institution, gave a talk in confidence to take on the “Pharaoh,” an Although not widely acknowledged, the cur- which he provided insight into the continu- event Indyk argued that created a “Middle rent administration deserves credit for ing insurrections in the Middle East based East tsunami” that is still washing up on ensuring that the military did not fire on on his extensive experience in the region. every Arab shore. demonstrators, by threatening to cut funding Indyk served as U.S. ambassador to Israel Based on the unrest in North Africa, in the event of civilian targeting. This helped and assistant secretary of state for Near East Indyk described three models of change. to guarantee a relatively bloodless revolt and Affairs under the Clinton administration The first is the Tunisian model of revolu- it is the kind of role the U.S. can play as a and is currently a senior advisor to Special tion, where the leader left quickly, allowing “midwife” for stable, democratic transition. Envoy for Middle East Peace George for peaceful democratic change. The second As events continue to unfold, interna- Mitchell. model is Libya, where Qaddafi continues to tional intervention in Libya, supported by Indyk discussed the multiple reasons hold onto power through force, resulting in the Arab League, will give pause to Syria why these revolts are occurring now. A crit- a major international development—a UN and Yemen. Prioritizing the protection of ical component is the “youth bulge” that resolution invoking the Chapter 7 responsi- civilians is an important component of has developed over recent decades: a signif- bility to protect citizens through all promoting democratic values in the region. icant portion of the population across the necessary means. Finally, Indyk outlined Indyk believes that the Gulf will prove region is under thirty years old. The major- the Moroccan model, which has received more complicated for the Obama adminis- ity of them are unemployed or face limited relatively little media attention. King tration, pointing to recent protests in economic opportunity. These socio-eco- Mohammed VI of Morocco announced Bahrain against the minority Sunni rule nomic challenges are key to understanding sweeping political reforms that would allow and Saudi Arabian intervention over fear the revolts, argued Indyk. New develop- for the development of a constitutional of political reform. The stability of the Al ments in social networking have been democracy, thus involving the people in Saud regime is critical to perceived U.S. and another factor, allowing like-minded youth enacting change. This model for peaceful, international interests because of their across the region to connect. This factor is democratic change under a monarch or oil-producing capacity. This is not a new combined with the “Al-Jazeera effect,” in sheikh, as seen with Sultan Qaboos of consideration for the U.S., but given the which information is immediately broad- Oman, is an alternative route. Regardless of current economic recovery and the vulner- cast into homes across the region, beyond the model of change, Indyk noted, the end ability of the Libyan oil supply as well as government control. Equally important has result remains unknown, and many Saudi capacity to make up the difference, been the role of authoritarian governments observers are haunted by memories of the these concerns have become even more which have traditionally been able to buy Iranian revolution. critical. As oil prices fluctuate and the off discontent or repress dissenters. In Indyk’s assessment, the U.S. has fol- Middle East uprisings continue to pan out, Unwillingness on the behalf of govern- lowed a consistent Middle East policy over energy security will test the Obama admin- ments to allow the development of a more the past four decades. He characterized this istration. In the face of these competing accountable and transparent political sys- as the “Middle East exception,” in which the concerns Indyk stressed the importance tem, through free and fair elections, promotion of American values has been of ensuring the Arab world’s democratic independent judiciaries, and legislatures, sacrificed in favor of stability. Indyk stated transition.

7 Co-sponsored Events

parallels between the situation in the Arab Tufts called “Seeds of Revolution: The world today and popular protests in east- Arab ‘Nahda’ Reconsidered.” The sym- ern Europe in the late 1980s and early posium re-evaluated the nineteenth- 2000s. The varied experience of eastern and early twentieth-century Arab cul- Europe during these periods—democracy tural renaissance (Ar. nahda) in a global took hold in some countries but not all— comparative frame. The event sought provides cause for optimism and to situate the recent revolutionary pessimism in the Middle East. Professor of movements in the Middle East within economics Enrico Spolaore concentrated a historical context in which the Arab his analysis on the economic factors world experienced a cultural awakening underlying the current unrest in the and social movements pushed to re- Middle East, while Professor Ryan invigorate Arab cultural life. Then, Centner of the Department of Sociology as now, these movements advocated concluded the panel with remarks on the for democratic, humanist, sometimes role of cities in the Arab uprisings. secular, socially egalitarian, and cultur- ally innovative ideals. “Seeds of Revolution: The Arab Over the course of a full day, the sym- ‘Nahda’ Reconsidered.” posium brought together scholars from “Arab Uprising: The Revolution and On April 11 Kamran Rastegar, assistant a variety of disciplines who shared new Its Aftermath” professor of Arabic at Tufts University, perspectives on the Arab nahda. By plac- On March 14 the Fares Center, the in conjunction with the Department of ing the nahda in a broader comparative International Relations Program, the German, Russian and Asian Languages framework, the symposium explored Department of Political Science, the and Literatures and with support from new ways to engage with the promise of Department of Economics, and the the Fares Center among other co-spon- its ideals and to better comprehend con- Department of Sociology at Tufts sors, hosted a full-day symposium at temporary currents in the Arab world. University co-sponsored a panel discus- sion featuring Tufts experts from a wide range of academic disciplines, who spoke on the causes and consequences of the 2011 popular uprisings in the Middle East. The panelists compared the current unrest to previous rebellions against authoritar- ian regimes. Robert Devigne, professor of political theory, focused his opening remarks on Europe in 1848, which he described as “the most widespread period of revolt [the continent] had ever seen.” It took over fifty years for a significant portion of European political parties to adopt liberal goals, while religion continued to play a major role in the political arena. Devigne pre- dicted that this may hold true in the Arab world. The panel’s next speaker, professor of international relations and the Middle East Malik Mufti, noted some variation in where and why individual uprisings have emerged. He remarked specifically on the Panelists Elliott Colla, Kenneth Garden, Dana Sajdi, and Ilham Khouri-Makdisi at the ability of monarchies to survive instability April 11 “Seeds of Revolution” symposium. better than one-party regimes. The third discussant, professor of com- parative politics Oxana Shevel, highlighted

8 The Fares Center Roundtables

“Higher Education Strategic Plans in The Italian Abu Dhabi and Dubai: The Tale of humanist preoc- Two Global Cities” cupation with On September 2 a pure Greco- Federico Velez Roman classical discussed the state pedigree and the of higher education Ottoman in the United Arab emphasis on an Emirates (UAE). Islamic dynastic Federico Velez Velez, who serves as heritage gave the assistant dean of rise to exclu- the College of Arts and Sciences and man- sivist discourses aging director of the Zayed Diplomatic on architecture, Academy at Zayed University, focused his Necipoğlu remarks on the contrasting approaches of Tufts Professor of the Practice Partha Ghosh, with the Gordon argued. The Abu Dhabi and Dubai in reforming their Institute, speaks during a roundtable discussion at the Fares Center. monuments respective university systems. themselves, Demand for high-quality undergradu- “Architectural Dialogues Across the however, point to a more connected ate institutions in the UAE rose Mediterranean: Domed Sanctuaries architectural culture in the eastern particularly after September 11, 2001, in the Ottoman Empire and Mediterranean world—a kind of visual asserted Velez, as visa restrictions and Renaissance Italy” common wealth unifying the eastern other factors led to a twenty-five percent While contemporary Mediterranean basin, despite obvious decrease in the number of Gulf nationals discourse tends to differences in style and function. enrolled in American universities. draw dramatic distinc- The Ottomans and the Italians The emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai tions between Western expressed a mutual conviction that responded differently to this influx of stu- and Islamic architec- monumental public spaces of worship dents, noted Velez. In 2003 Dubai ture, an examination Gülru Necipoğlu represented the pinnacle of architectural introduced the Dubai Knowledge Village, a of Ottoman and values, despite religious and political “free zone” that allows foreign universities Italian Renaissance differences. Although the two parties to establish branch campuses without domed monuments reveals striking characterized one another as infidels, paying local taxes. Abu Dhabi adopted a similarities. Gülru Necipoğlu, Aga Kahn Necipoğlu noted, they continued to more structured method for building its Professor of Islamic Art at Harvard engage in trade and diplomacy, forming higher education system, rejecting the “free University, highlighted these during her a shared cultural heritage that can be zone” model in favor of forming a limited lecture at the Fares Center on September seen today in the awe-inspiring churches number of partnerships between foreign 23, which was moderated by Tufts associate and mosques they left behind. universities and local Emirati schools. professor of art and art history Daniel Questions remain regarding whether Abramsom. The lecture focused on these imported institutions will flourish in parallels between centrally planned domed “Nuclear Issues in Iran” the long term, and how effectively they will churches in Italy and mosques in the serve the local population. In many cases, Ottoman empire during the fifteenth and Emiratis are unable to obtain admission to sixteenth centuries. Despite longstanding foreign universities because of inadequate recognition of these parallels and current preparation at the secondary level. These interest in cross-cultural artistic exchanges students are thus largely confined to the in the Mediterranean world, a relatively federal system, which is plagued by budget insular treatment of these two architectural constraints, limited and unfocused aca- traditions persists due to disciplinary demic offerings, and a lack of basic skills boundaries and the traditional east-west among incoming students. According to divide in the global histories of world archi- tecture. Moreover, the early modern written Velez, the most significant challenge in Participants of a Fares Center round- Emirati higher education is therefore rais- discourses of both building traditions, each table discuss Iran’s nuclear program ing the quality of both students and stressing an origin in a different historical on March 3. academic programming. past, have obscured such parallels.

9 Mediterranean Club

“Mosque at Ground Zero: Offensive or Inclusive?” For its kickoff event of the 2010–2011 academic year, the Mediterranean Club invited six students to discuss on September 29 the proposed Park 51 Islamic Center near Ground Zero in New York City. The students—Cheney Wells (MALD ’11), Mariam Jalalzada (MALD ’11), Ilya Lozovsky (MALD ’12), Hammad Hammad (MALD ’11), Prashanth Parameswaran (MALD ’12), and Ravi Shankar Chaturvedi (MIB ’12)—were evenly divided on the issue. While all six panelists agreed on the con- stitutionality of the mosque, the debate centered upon whether it was insensitive to build an Islamic center near the site of Tufts students fill the Fares Center conference room during the January 26 student the September 11 attacks. The panelists roundtable on Tunisia. debated the role that “community” plays in downtown urban areas, protections Ravi Shankar Chaturvedi (MIB ’12)— gestions of the student panelists, and against the tyranny of the majority, and approached the uprising in Tunisia fielded a range of questions from the the growth of Islamophobia in America. from different perspectives. student audience alongside Professors Comparisons were drawn to the civil Parameswaran, editor of “The Asianist” Eileen Babbitt, Leila Fawaz, and Nadim rights movement and historical biases blog, highlighted the demographic dif- Rouhana. against other religious groups. ferences between Tunisia and other After the panelists made two rounds Arab states and questioned whether “Med Night” of statements and counter-statements, this may have influenced popular The Mediterranean Club of The Fletcher the floor was opened to the student action. Middleton-Detzner framed her School presented Mediterranean Night in audience, fielded by two Fletcher School response within “strategic non-violent Dewick Hall on April 16. Hosted by military fellows, Col. Bentley Nettles and action” theory. She also compared the Hammad Hammad (MALD ’11) and Lt. Col. Thomas Rasmussen. Several stu- current events in North Africa to the Louisa Seferis (MALD ’11), the evening dents offered anecdotes from their own color revolutions in eastern Europe and kicked off with a performance of a Greek upbringing and professional experience. commented that the political struggle dance, followed by Italian tunes by the The roundtable came to a close with a did not take place around a set election, Ambassachords, a poem by Jean-Louis discussion of what defines human rights but rather a shared grievance by an Romanet Perroux (Ph.D. candidate), and and social tolerance. entire society. She did note, however, an opera performance by Thorin Shriber that Tunisia is an anomaly in that the (MALD ’11) and Claire Walsh (MALD “Tunisia: What Happened and protests were not organized by an exist- ’12). The crowd was then entertained by What Next?” ing opposition group. an Armenian song led by Fletcher’s On January 26 the Mediterranean Club Chaturvedi compared the events in Tavitian Scholars. Hend Abdel Ghany held a student roundtable, co-spon- Tunisia to the “people power” revolu- (LLM ’10) read the poem “Al-Midan,” fol- sored by the Fares Center and attended tion in the Philippines, which he lowed by a belly dance performance by several Fletcher School faculty mem- witnessed in his youth, and stressed the choreographed by Alysha Bedig (MALD bers, to discuss the immediate non-violent nature of both incidents. ’12) and Barbara Seymour (MALD ’12). aftermath of the popular revolution in He did, however, mention points of The show concluded with Arabic dabke Tunisia that deposed 23-year president concern for Tunisia, namely, the lack of dance, choreographed by Hammad Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali. The three stu- a clear successor to Ben Ali and the Hammad (MALD ’11), Rabeh Ghadban dent panelists—Prashanth high youth demographic of the coun- (MALD ’12), and Julie Younes (MALD Parameswaran (MALD ’12), Althea try. Fletcher School dean Stephen ’12). With catering by Cafe Barada, the Middleton-Detzner (MALD ’11), and Bosworth commented informally on evening was a beautiful tribute to the cul- the events, addressing some of the sug- tures and traditions of the Mediterranean.

10 The Fares Center

The Fares Center Forum on U.S.-Middle East Diplomacy

This year the Fares Center co-sponsored was a large-scale intervention (10,000– two events as part of the Fares Center 14,000 troops), there was effective U.S. Forum on U.S.-Middle East Diplomacy military-political cooperation, the U.S. with the Mediterranean Club of The was out in three months—no “mission Fletcher School. Fares Center visiting creep” and luck. scholar William A. Rugh initiated the Lane categorized the 1982–84 operation Forum in 2008. in Lebanon, on the other hand, as a catas- trophe. Israel had just invaded Lebanon “When is Direct U.S. Military and the U.S. sent troops to evacuate PLO Intervention in the Middle East fighters. The U.S. conducted a “presence Malik Mufti Useful?” mission,” which had no clear end date and began his talk by reviewing three common lacked the support of both the American schools of thought in regard to Turkish and Lebanese populations. In October 1983 foreign policy. First, there are those who the U.S. Marine barracks were bombed, believe that there has been no change in killing 241 American soldiers; troops left Turkish foreign policy in recent years. A the following March. This mission was a second view holds the opposite, that one disaster, Lane argued, because the U.S. sent can observe a fundamental shift in Turkish too few troops (1,400) and because it went foreign policy orientation, which is driven on for too long. by Islam and focuses on Russia, Iran, and Nor was the 1990–91 Iraq War a Syria. According to this view, Turkey is resounding victory. On the positive side indeed turning its back on the West. there was no “mission creep” and the Finally, a third group argues that Turkey is invading force was a wide-ranging coali- experiencing a break with the West, William Rugh (left) moderates a Fares tion. However, Lane added, the U.S. “lost although in a more benign form than the Center Forum event featuring George Lane the peace” when Saddam Hussein began (right). second view holds. This argument toes the massacring Shiites in the south and Kurds line of liberal political thought, claiming in the north. that Turkey is looking to establish rela- In collaboration with the Fares Center, the The current Iraq War is still in tionships of political and economic Mediterranean Club hosted Ambassador progress. At the moment it does not seem interdependence throughout the world. George Lane on November 15 as the first likely that this war will be considered a After reviewing these conventional fall 2010 speaker for the Fares Center victory, if only for the mission’s cost— views, Mufti explained that he disagrees Forum on U.S.-Middle East Diplomacy. both financially and in loss of life. with all three. Informed observers cannot Lane spoke on the post-WWII legacy of However, Lane argued, if Iraq is a stable deny that there has been some change U.S. military intervention in the Middle country with a democratically elected gov- occurring in Ankara, noted Mufti. At the East during this event moderated by ernment in twenty years, the campaign same time, it is possible to question Ambassador William A. Rugh. In his talk, may be remembered as a success. Lane outlined four case studies for discus- Turkey’s devotion to liberalism. Mufti cited a number of points to suggest that Turkey’s sion: Lebanon in 1958, Lebanon from “What Direction are Turkey’s 1982 to 1984, Iraq from 1990 to 1991, and Relations with the Arab World multilateral engagement may have more to Iraq from 2003 to the present. Going?” do with power politics than interdepend- U.S. military intervention in Lebanon In response to growing questions in aca- ence, and he offered a counter-thesis: in 1958 was more successful than the demic and policymaking circles regarding Turkish foreign policy today is aimed at 1982–84 iteration, noted Lane. U.S. mili- a potential shift in Turkish foreign policy, establishing Turkish hegemony in the tary troops entered Lebanon the day after Malik Mufti, professor of political science Middle East, and this is not part of a sinis- the 1958 Iraqi revolution, and by October at Tufts University, spoke on November ter Turkish plan. In fact, he concluded, 25 U.S. troops had departed from 23 at the second Fares Center Forum many Arabs and others in the region Lebanese soil. Lane argued that this mis- event of the fall semester, moderated by would welcome Turkish leadership. sion was successful for four reasons: it Ambassador William A. Rugh. Mufti

11 “Engaging the Middle East: After the Cairo Speech” CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3

University of Hawaii, said that although Echoing broader debate on the war President Obama entered office with a in Afghanistan, the panelists who partici- bold agenda hinting at a possible strategic pated in Session III, “Afghanistan and reorientation with Iran, the White House Pakistan,” chaired by Tufts professor of is now at a place of “strategic ambivalence, political science Malik Mufti, disagreed, perhaps even confusion.” Barbara Slavin, sometimes sharply, on strategy, tactics, a journalist of long experience in the goals, and possibilities in the ongoing war Middle East who has written a book about in Afghanistan. Panelist Trudy Rubin, a Iran, noted that each time the U.S. is pre- foreign affairs columnist for The pared for reconciliation with Iran, Iran is Philadelphia Inquirer, commented that not, and vice versa, such that the two many people, including soldiers on the countries are eternally out of sync. ground, have become confused regarding Turning to Lebanon, Randa Slim, board America’s “strategy, let alone tactics” in member of the International Institute for Afghanistan. Michael O’Hanlon, director Sustained Dialogue, discussed the crisis in of research and a senior fellow at the Lebanon over the United Nations investi- Brookings Institution, was more opti- Conference attendee Roger Hardy, Public gation into the assassination of former mistic: he laid out a “case for hope” as well Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, asks a prime minister Rafik Hariri. The stakes are as a back-up plan in case the current question. high for Hezbollah, noted Slim, which American strategy in Afghanistan fails. His may face an indictment, likely causing the “plan A-minus” focuses on strengthening Council’s South Asia Center, argued that group to lose face in Lebanon and across the Afghan security forces and involves a the U.S. should be more sympathetic to the Middle East. She recommended that two-to-four year transition period. He the real security threats facing Pakistan, the U.S. stay out of the tribunal process argued against the concept of long-range adding that the U.S. should use its posi- other than expressing support for it. counterterrorism, which often fails due to tion to help defuse the tense relationship Deborah Amos, an NPR correspondent a lack of human intelligence. C. Christine between India and Pakistan. with broad experience in the Middle East Fair, associate professor at Georgetown General (Ret.) John P. Abizaid’s whose new book chronicles the plight of University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of luncheon address, “Strategic Directions Sunni Iraqi refugees in Syria, focused on Foreign Service, argued that the U.S. mili- in the Middle East,” focused on transfor- the refugee problem caused by the Iraq tary has an unrealistic mission in mations in the strategic landscape of the war. Of the two million who fled Iraq dur- Afghanistan, and stressed that America’s Middle East over the past decade. Abizaid ing the war, most of them Sunni Muslims, biggest problem is actually in Pakistan, outlined four major issues confronting only about five percent have returned. where al-Qaeda has now taken root. In the U.S. in the Middle East: the rise of Iraqi refugees are now the second largest regards to the U.S.–Pakistani relationship, “Sunni Islamic militant jihadism,” refugee population worldwide. Shuja Nawaz, director of the Atlantic exemplified by groups such as al-Qaeda;

Participants in the 2010 Fares Center conference: (top row) Ibrahim Warde, Hassan Abbas, Malik Mufti, Emile Nakhleh, Richard Shultz, Ruth Margolies Beitler, Robert Pelletreau, Rami Khouri, Shibley Telhami, Shuja Nawaz, Marc Lynch, Chas Freeman, Barbara Slavin, John Esposito, Michael O’Hanlon, John Abizaid, William Rugh, and Vali Nasr. (Seated) Farideh Farhi, Querine Hanlon, Randa Slim, Leila Fawaz, C. Christine Fair, Deborah Amos, and Trudy Rubin.

12 The Fares Center the threat of “Shiite Islamic extremism,” headed by Iran; the lack of an Israeli- Palestinian peace agreement, which he cautioned could lead to yet more open conflict; and America’s dangerous dependence on Middle Eastern oil. To address these concerns, Abizaid recom- mended that the U.S. confront Sunni Muslim extremism in cooperation with the people of the Middle East, most specifically by shifting from American- led to locally-owned military operations. Additionally, the U.S. should continue its policy of containment toward Iran, while also encouraging the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and working to reduce dependency on foreign oil. While American power cannot control the Middle East, Abizaid stressed, it can help shape the outcome of these strategic con- cerns if it remains engaged. Audience members and panelists Ruth Margolies Beitler (second row, center) and In Session IV, “Conflict and War Querine Hanlon (second row, right) listen to a panel at the 2010 Fares Center conference. Today,” chair Stephen Van Evera, profes- sor of political science at MIT, opened the panel by describing the nature of warfare ing growing numbers of increasingly U.S. should continue to fine-tune its today, which is characterized by weak empowered armed groups that employ counterinsurgency strategies. states, armed groups, and irregular con- irregular means to engage in conflict and William Rugh, Edward R. Murrow flict. Richard Schultz, professor of who take advantage of weak, failing, and Visiting Professor of Public Diplomacy at international politics at The Fletcher failed states to do so. Hanlon introduced a The Fletcher School, chaired Session V, School, and Querine Hanlon, dean of classification system for these states. She “Engaging the Muslim World,” in which academic affairs at National Defense found that the majority of non-demo- panelists discussed U.S. relations with University, discussed changes in the global cratic states are weak or failing and, Muslim communities in the Middle East. conflict and security environment since presciently, saw strong authoritarian states John Esposito, University Professor and the end of the cold war. Despite the com- as likely drivers of future instability. After founding director of the Prince Alwaleed plexities of the current security paradigm, outlining several features of modern mili- Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Schultz identified several patterns, includ- tant movements, including the use of Understanding at Georgetown University, weak, failing, and failed states as sanctuar- introduced Gallup poll data to demon- ies, Hassan Abbas, Quaid-i-Azam strate that Muslim communities generally Professor at the South Asia Institute at do not feel respected by the West and that Columbia University, proposed two major for many Muslims political issues are more policy recommendations for dealing with relevant to this tumultuous relationship these groups: police reform and a de-radi- than cultural differences. His advice to calization strategy to empower those who improve this situation was for U.S. politi- stand up to militants. John Nagl, presi- cians to shift their focus from religious dent of the Center for a New American differences to the resolution of political Security, followed with best practices of concerns. Marc Lynch, associate professor counterinsurgency and used the example of political science and international affairs of fighting insurgents in Kaldia, Iraq to and director of the Institute for Middle emphasize the difficulties that counterin- East Studies and the Middle East Studies surgencies face. In conclusion, he Program at George Washington University, suggested that the conflicts in Iraq and suggested that strained relations between Afghanistan are representative of future the U.S. and Muslim communities are due John P. Abizaid conflict across the world and therefore the CONTINUED ON PAGE 17

13 A Interview with Ina Baghdiantz McCabe Tufts Professor of History and Darakjian and Jafarian Chair in Armenian History

By Katrina Stanislaw (MALD ’12)

Your childhood was uniquely interna- tional: raised in eight countries and educated in six languages before the age of eighteen. How did this exposure influ- ence your passion for history?

Living in many cultures makes you realize that most people are the same despite their cultural differences. Pain and suffering are universal, as is the hope people hold for happiness and a better future. Revolutions have happened on the force of this promise for happiness and equality, but they always fail because some people never believe it should be allowed. To put it simplistically, people believe they are better than “other” people. The idea that some people are bet- ter than others, taken to its extreme logic, is what led to the Holocaust. Of all the places I have lived I feel most at home here in the United States; it remains the best democratic experiment, Through her studies of diasporas, Tufts professor of history Ina Baghdiantz McCabe adds despite some scary episodes. Unfortunately, insight on the formation of identities. that experiment also has a very painful beginning with the annihilation of many the state of Vermont, where my family In a film by Bertrand Tavernier a history native groups. As a historian it helps you lives, my home. teacher enters his high school class, opens avoid the trap of exceptionalism; you real- My own travels have forged a strong a suitcase, and takes out a knife and a large ize that many problems are universal. interest in cross-cultural exchanges, in sausage, which he proceeds to hack into travel writing, in diasporas, in trade, and pieces as he exclaims, “this is history.” Did any of the countries and cultures you in intellectual exchanges. My Flemish History departments are cut up into experienced in your childhood have a mother and my Armenian father were national histories—we have inherited this particularly profound impact on the both born in strong patriarchal cultures artificial classification from nineteenth- development of your academic interests? that were not inclined to accept women as century nationalist views. The world was intellectuals or artists. Although there have not always made up of nation-states, nor My passion for history stems from the been some, including my own mother, will it be in the future. In this national many cultures that I have made my own they succeeded with great difficulty. I was classification, diaspora communities were and to me they are all profoundly con- born with a strong personality and a lot of an invisible group. Luckily, things are nected. I have read most deeply in French drive, but even in the countries where I changing and many departments are and so the ideas of some very interesting have lived in Europe I certainly would now designated in terms of regions or in thinkers such as Bourdieu, Bataille, and have not had the opportunities I have had transregional terms, but most hiring is the very old-fashioned Fernand Braudel here in the United States. still done according to national histories. have marked me. As a historian I shy away I have worked on the global silk and from jargon and theory but I have read a In your writing, research, and teaching silver trade of a small group of Armenians, lot of theory, as most of it started in you focus on the role of diasporas, specif- the New Julfans, since 1987 and wrote my France. Only in the United States could I ically the Armenian diaspora, and first book about their trade in 1999. They have become a historian, so of all of the merchant networks. What is it about were the same group Philip Curtin used to cultures I know, the largest impact has diasporas that piques your academic define the term “trade diaspora” in 1984 been that of the place I have had the privi- interest? and his work on cross-cultural trade lege of choosing as my country. I consider sparked my own. My native Armenian and

14 The Fares Center

my knowledge of Persian were important about coffee varied tremendously and History is an essential part of under- to this research, as the New Julfans lived could fluctuate within the same decade. standing contemporary culture. Are in Iran after 1604. I wanted to look at the- Today the café is seen as a Parisian institu- there any dynamics or patterns you have oretical problems and definitions of a tion, a marker of French identity, and the found in your research that you feel are deported, wealthy diaspora community, as French think of coffee as a national drink, particularly relevant when looking at well as into the actual trade of the its “oriental” roots forgotten. This very current and future interactions between Armenians. I collaborated with many slow cycle of cultural integration would different countries and cultures? people interested in the same issues. also be the fate of many luxury goods Philip Curtin was also a pioneer in imported from Asia. Initially viewed as for- A study of constantly changing ideas a second issue that fascinates me; in his eign or exotic, the same product some few about the “foreign,” the “exotic,” diaspora, discussion of trade networks in 1984 years later is viewed as representing France refugees, and cross-cultural exchanges he includes the European militarized and French habits. This transformation and encounters permeates my work. Our diaspora in the same category as the fascinates me. Most people imagine that false categories can be a huge obstacle to Armenians, the Jews, the Banians, and the there are some objective properties that are peace and mutual understanding. Fukein Chinese. This remains a contested intrinsic to the nature of things. In the case Categorizing something as foreign or issue as the term diaspora has rarely been of coffee I could show how views about exotic leads to an “us and them” view of applied to Europeans abroad. I agree with coffee changed according to who was the world. The same holds true of the tra- Curtin that his classification offers a importing it and whether it profited France ditional view of diaspora; it is seen as a clearer picture of reality. It is very hard to or not at that point in history. Views group that does not really belong to its reconstruct the past—all honest historians regarding its properties varied from nefari- host country. I have argued for a different will accept that—but if networks, cross- ous enough to cause impotence to view in my work. This “us and them” view cultural contacts and exchanges, travel excellent for your health. is very politically potent. I can give you a and movement, cosmopolitanism, and I also showed how a glorious heroic vivid example to clarify: when you hear transnational histories are not part of the tale about the arrival of coffee in someone argue that our current president quest, the quest will not yield fruitful Martinique—due to one French officer— is a foreigner and was not born in the results. served to mask the total silence about the United States, despite ample proof that he use of slaves on French plantations, mak- was, he is being described as “exotic,” and Your work examines the importance of ing France the main European exporter you are encountering this phenomenon of understanding the intersection of mate- of coffee to the rest of Europe by the arbitrary “othering.” History is supposed rial and intellectual exchanges and how eighteenth century. In analyzing the to be about facts; our president’s these two elements of history viewed discourse about goods you can find varia- American birth certificate is the kind of together can create a more complete his- tions in the discourse about the same document historians use, but what people torical picture. Can you describe the link good that prove how fickle and changing do with facts makes the historian’s job between these two elements and provide our perception of reality can be. We con- complex. My concern with the past gives an example of how they can be viewed stantly construct categories and change me hope that we can understand that we together? them to suit our interests. As Louis XIV built this world both materially and ideo- used the sale of coffee to raise money for logically and that we are responsible for A striking example is the creation of the his wars, court doctors advocated that the many skewed systems of belief that café, a public space in seventeenth-cen- coffee was better for your health than cause us so much trouble. tury Paris, in imitation of the coffee wine. Because an object or good is inani- houses in Constantinople, Cairo, or mate, it is easier to show how terribly Isfahan. I have three chapters on the subjective we are according to our self- arrival of coffee in France in my latest interests. A social scientist can study book. According to several French material goods to show that values are not sources, the Armenians opened the first intrinsic to objects themselves, but rather five Parisian cafés. are projected onto goods by society. This The transfer of ideas is often linked to goes against objectivism, a view that there goods, although few historians study it that is one reality that exists independent of way. Many ideas about health, digestion, the human mind, a truth with a big T. and even morality were transferred with imported coffee, a commodity. Views

15 The Fares Center Bids Farewell to Don Button

fter three and a half productive years, Fares Center administrator Don Button left his position and the A Boston area for South Florida. On November 8 the Fares Center hosted a party in his honor. During his tenure at the Center, Don contributed greatly to the ongoing success of the Center’s many programs, helped create its new website, developed the annual report, and was instrumental in the success of its annual conferences.

Joining Leila Fawaz and the rest of the Fares Center staff in wishing Don farewell were Provost Jamshed Bharucha as well as friends from the Office of the President, the Provost’s Office, The Fletcher School, and the School of Arts and Sciences. Also offering their farewells to Don were Omar Dauhajre, Fares Center program assistant from 2006 to 2010, and friends and colleagues from the many departments that support the Fares Center, including ITS, Publications, Photography, Public Safety, Financial Services, and Accounts Payable. The Fares Center will miss Don’s daily contributions to the functioning of the Center and his outgoing and friendly personality. Prof. Jeanne Marie Penvenne and Don Button

Students bid farewell to Don: (from left) Camila Gonzalez, Don Button, Sami Shammas, Nathalie Bekdache, and Dahlia Domian.

16 “Engaging the Middle East: After the Cairo Speech” The Fares Center CONTINUED FROM PAGE 13

New Staff

The Fares Center is delighted to announce the addition of Jeffrey Pietrantoni as the new Center Administrator as of May 2011. Jeff is a “Double Jumbo,” having earned both his B.A. and M.A. at Tufts University, in Social Psychology and American History, respectively. After completing his first degree, he worked at Tufts for several years, supporting the Office of the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. After holding several positions in the private sector, Jeff returned to Tufts in 2005, working first on contract in Ruth Margolies Beitler (left) looks on as Shai Feldman speaks at the 2010 Fares Center the Office of the Dean of Arts and conference. Sciences, then as assistant to Dean Linda Abriola in the School of to that fact that President Obama prom- political issues—such as the Palestinian- Engineering. Jeff brings a knowledge ised the Muslim world too much and Israeli conflict or the war in Iraq—rather and love of Tufts, as well as a wide delivered too little. Emile Nakhleh, senior than issues of identity, such as the rela- range of experiences and interper- intelligence service officer and director of tionship between Islam and Christianity. sonal and organizational skills, to the Political Islam Strategic Analysis Describing U.S. policy in the Middle East, his new position. Program at the Central Intelligence Agency Ambassador Chas Freeman, Jr. noted that We are also pleased to announce (retired), argued that U.S. engagement the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have that Christopher Zymaris joined the with the Muslim world must be tailored to revealed the dangers of over-reliance on Fares Center as staff assistant in June the individual contexts of each Muslim military might, and that the U.S. is discov- 2010. Chris’s responsibilities include community and should specifically focus ering that dropping missiles will not planning for and coordination of on empowerment. Historically, argued eradicate the militancy caused by mis- Fares Center events, working with Muqtedar Khan, associate professor of guided American policy and actions. “All other university departments and political science and international relations that is necessary to be hated,” stressed centers on joint projects, and serving at the University of Delaware, the U.S. has Freeman, “is to do things that are hateful.” as a focal point for the Center’s engaged with its allies rather than its Ayesha Jalal, Mary Richardson Professor public relations. Chris comes to Tufts adversaries, a reality that will not help the of History and director of the Center for University with nearly fifteen years U.S. or its adversaries achieve their inde- South Asian and Indian Ocean Studies at of administrative and IT experience. pendent objectives. The U.S. must Tufts University, concluded the session Along with other positions Chris has recognize that engagement is a process that with a discussion of the relationship worked as office manager at Harvard transforms all parties involved, so it must between the U.S. and the South Asian University’s Weatherhead Center for itself be willing to change in the process of Muslim world. The two have a checkered International Affairs, managed the engaging with its opponents. history characterized largely by the over- electronic music studio for the In the final session of the conference, deployment of hard power, she claimed. University of Massachusetts, “The Future of U.S. Soft Power in the Currently there is a noticeable gap Dartmouth campus, and oversaw the Muslim World”—chaired by Vali Nasr, between President Obama’s soft rhetoric server-side network for CMGI, a professor of international politics at The and the hard reality—for example, core venture capital company. Fletcher School—speakers discussed regional issues such as the future of America’s use of soft power in the Muslim Kashmir have been left unaddressed. world. Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat Although the President’s outreach to Professor for Peace and Development at Muslim nations is commendable, Jalal the University of Maryland (College Park), concluded, the time has come to act on emphasized the idea that U.S. relations this goodwill. with the Middle East are determined by

17 Affiliated Faculty at Tufts University

NEWS & NOTES

Mohammed Alwan, Elizabeth Foster, assis- Zeina Hakim, lecturer in the Arabic tant professor in the assistant professor, Program, published Department of Department of a book in Arabic in History, published an Romance Languages, November entitled, article entitled “En just published an arti- Mu‘taqadat al-‘arab mission il faut se faire cle on a female poet in al-bida’iyya (“The à tout: les Soeurs de la sixteenth-century Beliefs of the Ancient Arabs”) (Beirut: Conception Immaculée de Castres au France entitled “Louise Labé’s Elegies, or al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arabiyya, 2010). Sénégal, 1880–1900” in Histoire et mis- The Assuming of a Borrowed Voice” Additionally, the same publishing sions chrétiennes 16 (2010). She also (MLA Series, forthcoming). In March company will publish Alwan’s Arabic presented “Working in a Man’s World: 2010, she gave a paper at the American translation of seventy poems The Sisters of the Immaculate Conception Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies by Langston Hughes, as of Castres in Colonial Senegal, 1880–1900” on Marivaux’s theater and she organized a Langston Hughes: at the Society for French Historical panel at the American Comparative Muqaddima wa-qasa’id Studies meeting in February 2011. Foster Literature Association annual meeting on (“Langston Hughes: is completing a manuscript entitled “Faith “French Language (In)Hospitalities.” Introduction and Poems”). in the Empire: Religion, Politics and Hakim was invited to speak about the Colonial Rule in French Senegal, margins of the eighteenth century at the Amahl Bishara, 1880–1940.” She was a Neubauer Faculty Centre d’études et de recherche assistant professor in Fellow for 2010–2011 and recently éditer/interpréter (CÉRÉdi) of the the Department of received a Fulbright Scholar Award to University of Rouen (France) in Anthropology, is cur- France to begin work on her next project November 2011. In 2010–2011, she was rently on leave for a in the summer of 2012. on junior leave in Switzerland finishing new research project revisions of her book on the theory of fic- about the interactions Kenneth Garden is an tion, to be published by Librairie Droz, between Palestinian citizens of Israel and assistant professor in Geneva. Hakim was invited to teach a Palestinians in the West Bank, research the Department of Master’s level course on the novel in the that is supported by a Tufts Faculty Religion. He was on French Enlightenment at the University of Research Awards Committee Mellon sabbatical for the Fribourg, Switzerland in Spring 2011. Research Fellowship and a Palestinian 2010–2011 academic American Research Center Research year and a fellow at the Andrew C. Hess, professor of diplomacy Fellowship. She completed a manuscript Center for the Humanities at Tufts com- at The Fletcher School, is director of the on the production of U.S. news about pleting his book on al-Ghazali’s (d. 1111) Program in Southwest Asia and Islamic Palestinians in the West Bank during the Revival of the Religious Sciences and its Civilization. Hess is the author of The second intifada. Bishara also published reception. He will participate in three Forgotten Frontier: A History of the “Weapons, Passports, and News: conferences commemorating the 900th Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier Palestinian Perceptions of U.S. Power as a anniversary of al-Ghazili’s death in 2011, (University of Chicago Press, 1978), Mediator of War” in Anthropology and one at Ohio State University, one at Yale which was translated into Arabic by Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. University, and one at the University of Ahmad Abdulrahim Mustafa, of the Kelly et al. (University of Chicago Press, Osnabrück, as well as contribute an article History Department of Kuwait University, 2010). At the annual meeting of the to a special issue of The Muslim World. in 1986. The Küre Press published American Anthropological Association, a Turkish translation (“Unutulmuş she presented the paper “Wall as Stage: sınırlar”) in 2010. Circulation, Confinement, Refusal” in a panel on political walls and boundaries in the Middle East and American contexts. During the 2011–2012 academic year, Bishara will also be a fellow at the Center for the Humanities at Tufts University.

18 The Fares Center

Richard Jankowsky, Jeanne Marie Kamran Rastegar, assistant professor, Penvenne, associate assistant professor, Department of Music, professor, Department Arabic Program, published Stambeli: of History, and core published two essays Music, Trance, and faculty in international in edited volumes Alterity in Tunisia relations, began her over the last year: (University of Chicago third term as an edito- “Mashruteh and Press, 2010), a book about a trance heal- rial advisory board member for the al-Nahda: The Iranian Constitutional ing music developed by slaves in North Journal of African History in 2010-2011. Revolution in the Iranian Diaspora Press of Africa. He also presented a paper entitled She recently published three essays: “Two Egypt and in Arab Reformist Periodicals” “The Ritual Dynamics of Tales of a City: Lourenço Marques, in Iran’s Constitutional Revolution: Popular Repetition, Variation, and 1945–1975” in Portuguese Studies Review Politics, Cultural Transformations and Transformation” at the (2011); “Fotografando Lourenço Transnational Connections, ed. H. E. Symposium Marques: A cidade e os seus habitantes de Chehabi and Vanessa Martin (I.B. Tauris, “Improvisation in Cross- 1960 á 1975” in Os outros da colonização: 2010) and “al-Sinama al-filistiniyya wa-l- Cultural Contexts” at Ensaios sobre tardo-colonialismo em sinama al-kurdiyya wa-ma’lidhat al-sinama Northeastern University Moçambique, ed. Claúdia Castelo et al. al-wataniyya” (“Palestinian and Kurdish in March 2011. (Rio de Janeiro, 2011); and “Samora Cinemas and the Question of National Machel” in the Oxford Dictionary of Cinema”) in Intaj al-ma‘rifa ‘an al-‘alam African Biography (Oxford University al-‘arabi, ed. Hoda Elsadda (Egyptian Ian Johnstone, Press, 2012). Penvenne’s lecture “Africa Supreme Council for Culture, 2010). professor of interna- and the Challenges of Contemporary Additionally, in April 2011 Rastegar tional law at The Imagination” was featured in the organized a symposium at Tufts University Fletcher School, Hamilton Hall Global Affairs Lecture entitled “Seeds of Revolution: The Arab recently completed Series in Salem, Massachusetts. She also ‘Nahda’ Reconsidered,” co-sponsored with a book entitled The spent the 2010-2011 year working on two the Fares Center. He also gave presenta- Power of Deliberation: books, a Southern African textbook and a tions on recent research on war literature International Law, Politics and monograph on Mozambican women’s at the American Comparative Literature Organizations (Oxford University Press, labor and production in the colonial era. Association annual conference, as well as at 2011). He also continued to consult with the conference “Moments of Silence, the United Nations peacekeeping and Authentic Literary Narratives of the Iran- political departments, research for which Iraq War” organized by NYU Abu Dhabi in has resulted in three publications: March 2011. “Managing Consent in Contemporary Peacekeeping Operations,” in International Peacekeeping (2011); “Peacekeeping’s Transitional Moment,” New Arabic Studies Major at Tufts in Annual Review of Global Peace Under the guidance of Assistant Professor Kamran Rastegar, the Operations (2011); and “Emerging Tufts Arabic major was inaugurated in the fall of 2010; its first class Doctrine for Political of Arabic majors graduated in May 2011. The Arabic program is Missions,” in Review of designed to meet the robust interest shown in the study of the lan- Political Missions (2010). guage and its literary and cultural aspects by Tufts students, and to In 2011–2012 he will be compliment the majors of International Relations and Middle Eastern re-introducing a course at Studies. The Arabic major accompanies other initiatives at Tufts The Fletcher School he University to expand and enrich opportunities for studies of the has taught in the past region, including a planned Tufts study abroad program in the Arab called “Non-Proliferation world. The Arabic program aims to build upon Tufts’ strong reputa- Law and Institutions.” tion in the teaching of the language to gain broader national and international standing as a dynamic setting for studying Arabic, with both the minor and major in Arabic, as well as many courses in the Arabic language, on Arabic literature, and on broader studies of the Arab world’s cultures.

19 NEWS & NOTES (CONTINUED) Joel Rosenberg, Reed Ueda, professor, Additionally, Vogel collaborated with Ray associate professor and Department of on his Ph.D. dissertation, “Robust co-director of Judaic History, is engaged in Optimization Using a Variety of studies, Department of research for a study of Performance Measures: A Case Study of German, Russian and the history of the Water Systems Planning Under Climate Asian Languages and American Pacific. The and Demographic Uncertainty in Amman, Literatures, will publish study will focus on the Jordan,” which was completed in May his article “Cultural Erosion and the relationships between development, 2010. Vogel has just begun an interdiscipli- (Br)other at the Gateway of Sound migration, and innovation. Ueda is co- nary research project in collaboration with Cinema” in The Modern Jewish Experience director of the Inter-University ten Tufts faculty and affiliates called in World Cinema, ed. Lawrence Baron Committee on International Migration—a “Collaborating Versus Competing for (Brandeis University Press, 2011). His arti- consortium of universities including Survival: Water and Livelihood Security in cle “The Soul of Catastrophe: On the 1937 Tufts—which is based at the Center for the Middle East.” Film of S. An-Sky’s The Dybbuk” will International Studies at the Massachusetts appear in Jewish Social Studies 17:2. His Institute of Technology. Ueda also serves Jonathan Wilson, translation of Hillel Zeitlin’s Hebrew as director of the American Academy of director of the Center poems Tefillot (“Prayers”) and Zeitlin’s Arts and Sciences’ project on ethnic for Humanities and Yiddish poems Gezangen tsum Eyn Sof minorities in the U.S. and China. Fletcher Professor of (“Songs to the Boundless One”) will Rhetoric and Debate, appear with his essay on Zeitlin’s poetry, Richard Vogel, profes- was awarded an hon- “A Song of Love: Hillel Zeitlin’s Prayer sor of civil and orary professorship by Poems,” in a forthcoming anthology of environmental engi- Sichuan International University in China. Zeitlin’s writings edited by Arthur Green. neering and director of In December 2010 Rosenberg participated the graduate program in a panel discussion on Jewish poetry at a in Water: Systems, meeting of the Association for Jewish Science and Society, Fares Center director Leila Studies in Boston. In April 2011 he pre- was M.S. and Ph.D. advisor to Patrick Ray Fawaz was elected president sented “Snakes on the Loose: Hollywood whose M.S. thesis was recently published of the Board of Overseers Discovers Antisemitism” at a meeting of in the Journal of Water Resources Planning at Harvard University for the Western Association of Jewish Studies. and Management 136:1 (2010), entitled 2011–2012. Fawaz has been “Integrated Optimization of a Dual a member of the Board Quality Water and Wastewater System.” The study was applied to Beirut, Lebanon. since 2006.

Affiliated Faculty Richard Vogel and Shafiqul Islam Involved in New Water Diplomacy Program at Tufts

In a warming world with an uncertain climate and growing population, water is a hot-button issue. A vital but lim- ited resource, water can cross physical and political boundaries, leaving division in its wake. Water diplomacy, a burgeoning field being pioneered at Tufts University, is poised to deal with the increasing conflicts surrounding our water resources. “Our goal is to create actionable knowledge,” says Shafiqul Islam, Bernard M. Gordon Senior Faculty Fellow in Engineering and Professor of Water Diplomacy at The Fletcher School, the principal investigator of a new $4.2 million grant awarded by the National Science Foundation to create an Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) doctoral program at Tufts. This “Water Diplomacy” pro- gram will admit its first cohort of Ph.D. students in the fall of 2011. Students may come from either the “natural” domain (i.e., biology, chemistry, or engineering) or the “social” domain (i.e., economics, law, international rela- tions, political science, urban planning, or anthropology). The goal is to produce students who are “deeply grounded in a particular discipline,” Islam says, but with a thorough understanding of other domains, as well as the political context in which they interact. The goal is to create a unique blend of Tufts water scholars who are well versed in the natural, social, and political dimensions of water issues.

20 The Fares Center

Academic Steering Committee News

Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq Ed. Peter Sluglett, with Stefan Weber

This volume, edited by Peter Sluglett, professor of Middle Eastern history at the University of Utah, with Stefan Weber, director of the Museum of Islamic Art at the Pergamon in Berlin, honors the work of Abdul-Karim Rafeq, William and Annie Bickers Professor of Arab Middle Eastern Studies Emeritus at the College of William and Mary and a member of the Fares Center Academic Steering Committee. Well known as the fore- most historian of Ottoman Syria, Rafeq has pioneered original research in his field, which utilizes material gathered from his- toric Islamic court records in order to contribute to the study of the social and eco- nomic history of Syria between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Over the course of his long career, Rafeq has written prolifically on this subject, and through his roles as scholar and professor, he has served as a mentor to students in his field and to many of his contemporaries. This volume, which features contributions from nearly thirty scholars from around the world, including Fares Center director Leila Fawaz, serves as a complement to existing scholarship on the socio-economic history of the Bilad al-Sham region—consisting of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Palestinian Territories—which has been the focus of Rafeq’s work since the 1960s.

Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century Ed. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin

John L. Esposito, University Professor, professor of religion and international affairs, professor of Islamic stud- ies, and founding director of the Prince Alwaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University, recently published Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century (Oxford University Press, 2011) with Ibrahim Kalin, assistant professor, School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Islamophobia has been on the rise since September 11, 2001, as seen in countless cases of discrimination, racism, hate speech, physical attacks, and anti-Muslim campaigns. Such cases have underscored the urgency of issues such as image-making, multi-culturalism, freedom of expression, respect for religious symbols, and interfaith relations. This collection of essays takes a multidisciplinary approach to Islamophobia, bringing together the expertise and experience of Muslim, American, and European scholars. Analysis is combined with policy recommendations. Contributors discuss and evaluate good practices already in place and offer new methods for dealing with discrimination, hatred, and racism.

21 Affiliated Students

NEWS & NOTES

Nicole Abi-Esber is an undergraduate stu- Brooke Smith (MALD ’12) is a research 2010 FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENTS dent at Tufts University studying assistant at the Fares Center and is study- psychology and international relations ing development economics and Nathelie Bekdache (MALD ’11) received a with a concentration in the Middle East international environment and resource grant from the Fares Center to intern with and South Asia. She has studied Arabic at policy at The Fletcher School. Before com- the Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy the American University of Beirut and ing to The Fletcher School, she worked as and International Affairs at the American spent the summer of 2010 interning at a youth development volunteer with the University of Beirut in Lebanon in the Search for Common Ground, an NGO in Peace Corps in Morocco. As an under- summer of 2010. She worked with the Beirut. She is currently a research assistant graduate at Middlebury College Brooke Research Advocacy and Public Policy- to Karam Dana, a research fellow at studied political science and Arabic and Making Program, which is an indigenous Harvard Kennedy School. Nicole will be spent a semester living in Cairo. Next year effort that contributes to the realm of working for the Institute for Middle East she will begin a joint M.S. degree with the understanding policy-making processes by Understanding in New York this summer. Tufts’ Friedman School of Nutrition, focusing on the Arab world. The work She is the president of the Arab Student studying agriculture, food, and environ- entailed performing literature reviews, Association, the vice president of Students ment. writing think pieces, delivering presenta- for Justice in Palestine, and a participating tions, and assisting in managing member in Tufts New Initiative for Middle Katrina Stanislaw (MALD ’12) is a workshops and expert-group meetings. East Peace. research assistant at the Fares Center and a The research tapped into understanding first-year Fletcher School student concen- the issues that affect policy-making in the Lauren Dorgan (MALD ’11) is a research trating in international negotiation and Arab world, the perceived value of assistant at the Fares Center. She studies conflict resolution and international envi- research in the sphere of policy-making, southwest Asia and Islamic civilization ronment and resource policy. Prior to and NGOs’ capacity to influence policy and security studies at The Fletcher coming to The Fletcher School, Katrina decisions by resorting to evidence-based School. Prior to coming to The Fletcher worked as a legal assistant at Debevoise & research. School, Lauren was a political reporter at Plimpton LLP, as a field organizer for the The Concord Monitor (New Hampshire), Obama Presidential Campaign, and most Emily Fall (MIB ’11) received a fellowship covering the presidential primary and a recently in the environmental sector at from the Fares Center to conduct research variety of state political issues. Before that, World Wildlife Fund and Clean Air-Cool on financial reform and economic devel- she worked as a desk assistant at the Planet. Katrina received her M.A. in inter- opment in Syria. While in Damascus, she “NewsHour” with Jim Lehrer. Lauren national relations and art history from the interviewed several people involved in the graduated from Harvard University with a University of St. Andrews (Scotland). financial reforms, notably former World B.A. in history. Bank economist Nabil Sukkar, head of the Julie Younes (MALD ’12) is a research Damascus Stock Exchange Ratib Shallah, Emily Fall (MIB ’11) is studying finance assistant at the Fares Center and a first- and development economist Malda Al and monetary policy at The Fletcher year Fletcher School student concentrating Sarayji. Emily also interviewed several pri- School and is a research assistant at the in human security and southwest Asia and vate businessmen involved in the Fares Center. Prior to attending graduate Islamic civilization. Prior to joining The construction of new middle class housing school, she worked for the United Nations Fletcher School, Julie worked in Jerusalem developments, a Mediterranean resort, High Commissioner for Refugees and the as a program director for PeacePlayers and a proposed subway system in United Nations Development Programme International-Middle East, a non-profit Damascus. Although politics have often in Damascus, Syria. She also completed a organization that uses sport to teach life prevented Syria from attracting the inter- Fulbright Scholarship in Economic skills and promote peace-building. She est of foreign financiers, Emily believes it Development in Amman, Jordan, and was also served as a program officer at the is now time to rethink this relationship by a research assistant for Middle East energy Middle East Institute in Washington, D.C. engaging Syria and giving it a chance to and security at the Center for Strategic Julie received her B.A. in international excel internationally. and International Studies in Washington, studies and French from Dickinson D.C. College.

22 New and Returning Faculty

Hugh Roberts will join methodology. In 2009, Mazaheri was a visit- Tufts University as the ing researcher at the Gulf Research Center Edward Keller Professor in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. He has Hammad Hammad (MALD ’11) obtained of North African and published articles in The Middle East funds from the Fares Center to return to Middle Eastern History Journal, Middle Eastern Studies, Iranian Palestine to work with the organization he in the Department of Studies, and World Development (co- co-founded, Inspire Dreams, a 501(c)3 History. Roberts is a authored with Philip Howard). Mazaheri non-profit that provides academic, ath- specialist on North Africa, particularly expects to receive his Ph.D. from the letic, and arts-based education programs Algeria, whose research and writings com- Department of Political Science at the to Palestinian refugee youth. During the bine the perspectives and methodological University of Washington in 2011. 2010 summer, Hammad helped to expand approaches of history, political studies, and the flagship program camp “I Have a anthropology. He has worked both inside Eva Hoffman will Dream” to the Askar, Azzeh, Dheisheh, academia, as a lecturer and research fellow, this year return as a and Jalazone refugee camps. The camp is a and outside, as an independent scholar and full-time, tenure-track week-long program for refugee youth consultant on North African affairs and for faculty member in the between the ages of 12 and 16. The pro- the International Crisis Group, based in Department of the gram focuses on teaching non-violence, Cairo, as Director of ICG’s North Africa History of Art. While leadership skills, and career development Project (2002–2007), a position to which Hoffman has taught through the media of basketball, soccer, he recently returned. Previously, he was a for many years at Tufts, her previous theater, poetry, dance, computer-based senior research fellow of the Development appointment was structured =as half-time applications, and journalism. Studies Institute at the London School teaching and half-time administrative. This of Economics and Political Science new academic position will allow her to David Wallsh (MALD ’11) obtained a (1997–2002). He has lectured at the intensify her focus on teaching and research grant from the Fares Center to support his University of East Anglia, the University in the area of her specialty, Islamic art. internship at the Office of the Secretary of of Sussex, the University of California, In addition to courses on Islamic art, Defense for Middle East Policy. At the U.S. Berkeley, and the School of Oriental and Hoffman has taught and served as the Defense Department, David briefed senior African Studies. His book The Battlefield faculty coordinator for the team-taught defense officials, including general officers, Algeria 1988–2002: Studies in a Broken Polity general introductory survey course in art members of the National Security was published by Verso (London) in 2003. history. In the fall 2011 term, she Council, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as Two new books, Berber Government and will teach a course “Early Islamic Art (650– well as the Secretary of Defense, orally and Algérie-Kabylie (in French), will be pub- 1250)” and a seminar “Orientalism in the in writing, on a range of policy issues such lished in 2011. In addition to his research Visual Arts.” This past academic year, as the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and on Algeria, Roberts has also worked and Hoffman was in residence as a fellow at the American support for the Lebanese gov- published on the cooperative movement Newhouse Center for the Humanities at ernment. David also spent time in Jordan, the Western Sahara question, Wellesley College where she focused on her responding to congressional and press the history of Islamism in North Africa, the book project, “The Circulation of Art and inquires and meeting with foreign officials Northern Ireland question, and the histori- Culture in the Medieval Mediterranean from the Middle East. cal anthropology of Berber society in the (ca. 900–1250 CE).” In addition to attending Maghrib. Educated in London, Oxford, and participating in a number of conferences, and Aix-en-Provence, Roberts received his she presented a talk on “Globalization: The D.Phil. from Oxford University in 1980. Art of the Mediterranean and Art History,” at the colloquium “Disputing the Global,” Nimah Mazaheri, sponsored by the Department of the assistant professor, History of Art at Tufts University in Department of Political October 2010. She also gave a lecture Science, comes to Tufts on “The Circulation of Text and Image from the World Bank in the Medieval Mediterranean World” where he was working at the symposium “Mechanisms of on projects related to Exchange: Transmission, Scale, and political economy, public financial manage- Interaction in the Arts and Architecture ment, and natural resources. His research of the Medieval Mediterranean, 1000–1500,” and teaching interests include the political held at The Newberry Library in Chicago economy of development, oil and energy in February 2011. sectors, private sector development, innova- tion and technology, and social science

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