Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: an Account of Two Years' Examination Work in 1902-4 on Behalf of the Government of Rhodesia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: an Account of Two Years' Examination Work in 1902-4 on Behalf of the Government of Rhodesia Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: an account of two years' examination work in 1902-4 on behalf of the government of Rhodesia http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200010 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: an account of two years' examination work in 1902-4 on behalf of the government of Rhodesia Author/Creator Hall, Richard Nicklin Date 1905? Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zambezi-Limpopo Watershed, Zimbabwe, Great Zimbabwe Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, DT952 .H17 Description With an introduction by Professor A.H. Keane. With two hundred illustrations, maps and plans. Format extent 556 (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200010 http://www.aluka.org AtiX- AtiX- Lj GREAT ZIMBABWE MASHONALAND, RHODESIA Price ios. 6d. net. T-Vith seventy illustrations THE ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA BY W. G. NEAL AND R. N. HALL SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION THE CONICAL TO\VE2, ELLIPTICAL TElýIPLIý,, GREAT ZI,7\IBAIý,Wlý, HAA GREAT ZIMBABWE MASHONALAND, RHODESIA AN ACCOUNT OF TWO YEARS' EXAMINATION WORK IN 1902-4 ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT OF RHODESIA BY R. N HALL, F.R.G.S. CO-AUTHOR WITH W. G. NEAL OF " THE ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA' WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY PROFESSOR A. H. KEANE, LL.D., F.R.G.S. WITH TWO HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, AND PLANS NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION TSONANy jUN 2 7 1985 METHUEN & CO. L:z 36 ESSEX STREET" LONDON First PulisAed. Second and Cheaoer Edition Febira y, 1Q05 f907 CONTENTS DEDICATION Page xiii PREFACE xv INTRODUCTION, by Professor A. H. Keane, LL.D., F.R.G.S. xxxi CHAPTER I Arrival at Great Zimbabwe- First Impressions -View from Acropolis Hill I CHAPTER II Mystic Zimbabwe-Sunday Morning and Midnight in an Ancient Temple--Sunset on the Acropolis 12 CHAPTER III A day at Havilah Camp, Zimbabwe 31 CHAPTER IV Zimbabwe District-Chipo-popo Falls-Frond Glen-Lumbo Rocks -" Morgenster" Mission-Wuwulu-Mojej~je, or Mystic Bar -Suku Dingle- Bingura's Kraal-Motumi's Kraal-Chipfuko Hill- Chipadzi's Kraal 5I CHAPTER V Zimbabwe Natives-Natives and the Ruins-Natives (general) 8o CHAPTER VI Relics and Finds, Great Zimbabwe, 19o2-4 102 CHAPTER VII Notes on Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe- IntroductionDurability of Walls- Dilapidations- M akalanga Walls- Remains of Native Huts found in Ruins- Passages-Entrances and Buttresses 135 Vi CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII Notes on Ancient Architecture at Zimbabwe (continued)-DrainsBattering of Walls-Soapstone Monoliths and Beams-Granite and Slate Beams-Cement- Dadoes-Built-up crevices-Holes in Walls other than Drains-Blind Steps- Platforms-Ancient Walls at a Distance from Main Walls-Caves and Rock Holes Page x68 CHAPTER IX The Elliptical Temple- Plan- Construction, Measurements Summit and Foundations of Main Wall-Chevron PatternGround Surface of Exterior 193 CHAPTER X The Elliptical Temple (continued)-Main Entrances 2 i6 CHAPTER XI The Elliptical Temple (continued)-Enclosures Nos. I to 7 225 CHAPTER XII The Elliptical Temple (coninued)-Sacred Enclosure-Conical Tower-Small Tower-Parallel passage 237 CHAPTER XIII The Elliptical Temple (continued)-The Platform-Enclosures Nos. 9 to is5-Central Area-Platform Area-Inner Parallel Passage-South Passage- West Passage-North-East Passage -Outer Parallel Passage 251 CHAPTER XIV Acropolis Ruins-South-East Ancient Ascent-Lower ParapetRock Passage-Upper Parapet-Western Enclosure 27 CHAPTER XV Acropolis Ruins (continued)-The Western Temple 297 CHAPTER XVI Acropolis Ruins (continued)-Platform Enclosure-Cleft Rock Enclosure-The Platform-Balcony Wall--Little EnclosureWinding Stairs-Upper Passage-East Passage- Buttress Passage-South Enclosures A, B, and C-South Cave-South Passage-Central Passage 310 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER XVII Acropolis Ruins (continued)-Eastern Temple-Ancient BalconyBalcony Enclosure-Balcony Cave-"Gold Furnace" Enclosure -Pattern Passage-Recess Enclosure-North Plateau-North Parapet Page 323 CHAPTER XVIII Acropolis Ruins (continued)-North-West Ancient Ascent-Watergate Ruins- Terraced Enclosures on North-West Fice of Zimbabwe Hill-South Terrace-Ruins on South Face of Zimbabwe Hill-Outspan Ruins 344 CHAPTER XIX "The Valley of Ruins "-Posselt, Philips, Maund, Renders, Mauch Ruins, and South-East Ruins 363 CHAPTER XX "The Valley of Ruins" (continued)-No. i Ruins-Ridge RuinsCamp Ruins Nos. i and 2 398 CHAPTER XXI Ruins near Zimbabwe-East Ruins-Other Ruins within the Zimbabwe Ruins' Area 420 NOTES AND ADDENDA 433 INDEX LIST OF PLATES Conical Tower, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe Fronti The late Mr. Theodore Bent, F.R.G.S., explorer of Great Zimbabwe in I8gi, author of The Ruined Cities of Mashonaland Coin of Byblos, Phcenicia, showing Conical Tower Wooden Bowl with Zodiacal Signs, found near Zimbabwe Cylinder with Rosettes found at Phoenician Temple of Paphos in Cyprus x: Soapstone Cylinder, with Rosettes, found near Zimbabwe x "Fuko-ya-Nebandge" Model of Temple "To Great Zimbabwe" Havilah Camp, Great Zimbabwe View from Acropolis, showing Elliptical Temple in the Valley, Zimbabwe Conical Tower and Platform (from north), Elliptical Temple, Zimbabwe The Balcony, Eastern Temple, Acropolis. The parapet wall of Balcony is built upon the suspended boulder Carrying debris from the Elliptical Temple A noontide shelter at the Elliptical Temple The Camp Messenger Labourers at the Elliptical Temple The Chipo-popo Falls, near Zimbabwe Rapping the Moje-je-je, or "Mystic Bar," Zimbabwe Finger Rock, Morgenster, near Zimbabwe I-Baku (the cave) at Chicagomboni, where Adam Renders, the rediscoverer of Great Zimbabwe, lived from 1868 to 1871 The Bird Rock, near Zimbabwe View on Motelekwe River A Makalanga, Zimbabwe The Camp Watchman Makalanga "Boys" fencing, Zimbabwe Motumi and Mongwaine, Zimbabwe Makalanga mother and child, Zimbabwe The Mogabe Handisibishe, chiet of the Zimbabwe Makalanga Makalanga women and girls at the Mogabe's Kraal, Great Zimbabwe Soapstone Beams, with Birds, Zimbabwe Front, side, and back views of Soapstone bird, Zimbabwe Soapstone Bird on Beam, discovered at Philips Ruins, Zimbabwe, in 1903 (three views) An old wall crossing over the foundation of a still older wall, Zimbabwe Binding of the summits of two separate walls Exterior of Drain, Elliptical Temple Monoliths on the Platform, Acropolis PA E spiece xiii xxxvi xxxvi xxviii xxviii xl xl 2 2 I0 16 16 36 36 46 46 56 56 62 62 68 68 80 80 84 84 88 88 96 102 io6 xo8 152 152 170 170 x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE South-east Wall, with Chevron Pattern, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe 198 Chevron Pattern, East Wall, Elliptical Temple 204 North-east Wall, with Chevron Pattern, Elliptical Temple, Great Zimbabwe 2o6 North-west Entrance, Elliptical Temple 216 Entrance to Passage, No. 1o Enclosure, Elliptical Temple 2x6 Exterior of North Entrance, Elliptical Temple, Zimbabwe. Discovered 1903 220 Summit of South-east Main Wall, Elliptical Temple 222 West Entrance from interior, Elliptical Temple 222 Nos. 3 and 4 Enclosures and West Main Wall, Elliptical Temple 228 West Entrance, No. 7 Enclosure, Elliptical Temple 234 South Wall of No. 7 Enclosure, showing part (to left) reconstructed, Elliptical Temple 234 Visitors' Ladder to summit of Main Wall, Elliptical Temple 238 The small Conical Tower, Elliptical Temple 238 The Parallel Passage (from south), Elliptical Temple 246 The Parallel Passage (from north), Elliptical Temple 248 South Entrance to Parallel Passage, looking south, Elliptical Temple 250 Part of Platform Area, looking west, showing drain from No. io Enclosure, Elliptical Temple 250 South Wall, with Pattern, No. ii Enclosure, Elliptical Temple 258 Joint between original and reconstructed walls, Nos. i i and 12 Enclosures, Elliptical Temple 258 South-east interior of Elliptical Temple, looking N. N.E., and showing excavations, 1902-4 264 Circular Cement Platform, with Steps, and carved Soapstone Beams, discovered 1903, Elliptical Temple 266 Entrance to Inner Parallel Passage from South Passage, Elliptical Temple 266 East Wall, with Pattern, No. I I Enclosure, Elliptical Temple 268 Inner Parallel Passage, looking east, Elliptical Temple 268 Zimbabwe Hill, or Acropolis. View from Havilah Camp 276 A turn in the Passage of the South-east Ancient Ascent, Acropolis 284 View from South-east Ascent, Acropolis 284 Lower Entrance to Rock Passage, South-east Ascent, Acropolis 286 View down Rock Passage, South-east Ancient Ascent, Acropolis 286 Entrance to Covered Passage, Western Temple, Acropolis 300 Summit of West Wall of Western Temple, Acropolis, showing small
Recommended publications
  • MASHONALAND EAST PROVINCE - Basemap
    MASHONALAND EAST PROVINCE - Basemap Mashonaland Central Karanda Chimandau Guruve MukosaMukosa Guruve Kamusasa Karanda Marymount Matsvitsi Marymount Mary Mount Locations ShinjeShinje Horseshoe Nyamahobobo Ruyamuro RUSHINGA CentenaryDavid Nelson Nyamatikiti Nyamatikiti Province Capital Nyakapupu M a z o w e CENTENARY Mazowe St. Pius MOUNT DARWIN 2 Chipuriro Mount DarwinZRP NyanzouNyanzou Mt Darwin Chidikamwedzi Town 17 GoromonziNyahuku Tsakare GURUVE Jingamvura MAKONDE Kafura Nyamhondoro Place of Local Importance Bepura 40 Kafura Mugarakamwe Mudindo Nyamanyora Chingamuka Bure Katanya Nyamanyora Bare Chihuri Dindi ARDA Sisi Manga Dindi Goora Mission M u s e n g e z i Nyakasoro KondoKondo Zvomanyanga Goora Wa l t o n Chinehasha Madziwa Chitsungo Mine Silverside Donje Madombwe Mutepatepa Nyamaruro C o w l e y Chistungo Chisvo DenderaDendera Nyamapanda Birkdale Chimukoko Nyamapanda Chindunduma 13 Mukodzongi UMFURUDZI SAFARI AREA Madziwa Chiunye KotwaKotwa 16 Chiunye Shinga Health Facility Nyakudya UZUMBA MARAMBA PFUNGWE Shinga Kotwa Nyakudya Bradley Institute Borera Kapotesa Shopo ChakondaTakawira MvurwiMvurwi Makope Raffingora Jester H y d e Maramba Ayrshire Madziwa Raffingora Mvurwi Farm Health Scheme Nyamaropa MUDZI Kasimbwi Masarakufa Boundaries Rusununguko Madziva Mine Madziwa Vanad R u y a Madziwa Masarakufa Shutu Nyamukoho P e m b i Nzvimbo M u f u r u d z i Madziva Teacher's College Vanad Nzvimbo Chidembo SHAMVA Masenda National Boundary Feock MutawatawaMutawatawa Mudzi Rosa Muswewenhede Chakonda Suswe Mutorashanga Madimutsa Chiwarira
    [Show full text]
  • Midlands State University Faculty of Arts
    MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AN EXAMINATION OF TACTICS USED BY ZANLA TO PROMOTE THEIR IDEOLOGY AND AGENDA FOR THE LIBERATION OF ZIMBABWE. A CASE STUDY OF MUZARABANI (1972-1979) By THELMA B BOMANI R144662M Being a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE IN HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES at Midlands State University JUNE 2018 ZVISHAVANE- ZIMBABWE SUPERVISOR: MR G.T NCUBE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have supervised the student Thelma B Bomani (R144662M)’s dissertation entitled “An examination of tactics used by ZANLA to promote their ideology and agenda for the liberation of Zimbabwe. A case study of Muzarabani (1972-1979)” Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree in History and International Studies offered by Midlands State University. MR. G.T. NCUBE …………………………. SUPERVISOR DATE DR. J. CHAKAWA …………………………. CHAIRPERSON DATE .................................. …………………………… EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE i DECLARATION I, Thelma B Bomani, hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work which has never been submitted to any university. All sources used in this dissertation which is not mine have been acknowledged to show that it is the work from other scholars in accordance to copy right law. This is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Bachelor of Arts Honours Degree in History and International Studies offered by the Midlands State University. Thelma B Bomani ………………….. June 2018 ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of individuals who are worthy to be acknowledged in the completion of my degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Bishop Knight-Bruce (1891–1894)
    CHAPTER ONE OCCUPYING THE GROUND: BISHOP KNIGHT-BRUCE (1891–1894) In 1891 the Church of the Province of South Africa (CPSA), a daughter church of the Church of England, expanded into Central Africa. A diocese was created by the Provincial Synod for an area north of the Diocese of Pretoria, which ended at the Limpopo River. This diocese, “for Mashonaland and the surrounding territories”,1 was one of the largest Anglican dioceses in the world. It was roughly the size of France, two-and-a-half times the size of Great Britain (see Map 1, p. xx). The central area of the original diocese is today divided into the fi ve dioceses of the Anglican Church in Zimbabwe (Harare, Matabeleland, Mutare, Central Zimbabwe and Masvingo). Mashonaland itself was little known to the outside world in 1891 and undefi ned, other than by its general topography and the distribu- tion within it of Shona-speaking peoples (‘the Mashona’). At its centre was a large, high plateau, well-wooded and watered. To the north, the land fell away to the Zambezi River; to the east, in the region of the Manyika people rose a mountainous barrier beyond which lay the colony of Portuguese East Africa. Much of the area was dominated by two peoples of Southern, Nguni, origin: the Gaza, in ‘Umzila’s country’ to the south-east;2 and the Ndebele (‘Matabele’), in the south-west (see Map 2, p. xxi). Ndebele territory (Matabeleland) was itself bordered to the south- west, across the Ramokwebana and Shashe Rivers, by territory known as ‘Khama’s country’: Khama was the leading chief of a number of native polities which had come under British infl uence, as the Bechuanaland Protectorate, in 1885.3 To the south-east of Matabeleland and south- west of Gazaland ran the Limpopo River, which served not only as an ecclesiastical boundary between the new Diocese of Mashonaland and 1 ‘The Bishop’s Letter: Resolutions: Section VII’, CMSA 6:64 (April 1891), xxxi.
    [Show full text]
  • University of the Witwatersrand
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented in RW 4.00pm AUGUST 1982 Title: The Making of Colonial Zimbabwe, Speculation and Violence 1890-1902. by: Ian Phimister No. 122 •UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented at Seminar in RW 319 at 4.00 pm on Monday, the 16th August, 1982. THE MAKING OF COLONIAL ZIMBABWE, SPECULATION AND VIOLENCE 1890-1902. Ian Phimister NOTE This paper does not follow the usual seminar format as it is a chapter out of a forthcoming book by Dr. Phimister. ************************ THE MAKING OF COLONIAL ZIMBABWE: SPECULATION AND VIOLENCE 1890-1902 Ian Phimister 'The relationship between a good or bad share market on the one side and a British Colony in the stage of tender infancy on the other is to be studied, if anywhere, in this country of Rhodesia, Rhodesia is a country which, . almost avowedly is intended to be built up, or at least forced upward, by aid. of gold mining and land dealing on the £1 share limited lia- bility principle1 {Rhodesia Herald, 1898) The immediate genesis of colonial Zimbabwe grew out of the discovery of the main gold reef on the T-Jitwatersrand in 1886. When news of the find reached the diamond mining centre of Kimberley, reaction was mixed. Some entrepreneurs, particularly those bruised in the on-going fight to amalga- mate the diamond industry, made their way as fast as possible to the Rand. Others, with much less reason to gamble, like Cecil Rhodes, held back.
    [Show full text]
  • The African Languages Research Institute: a Milestone in The
    The African Languages Research Institute: A Milestone in the Development of the Zimbabwean Languages* Emmanuel Chabata, African Languages Research Institute (ALRI), University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe ([email protected]) Abstract: This article is an assessment of the work the African Languages Research Institute (ALRI) has done towards developing the indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. It looks at what the research team at ALRI has achieved, first in initiating serious research on the Zimbabwean lan- guages and the progress it has made towards achieving its goal, developing and raising the status of these languages. It also considers what ALRI has planned for the future of the different catego- ries or levels into which the various Zimbabwean languages have been classified. Part of the as- sessment focuses on measures ALRI has put in place to ensure the initiated research programme is sustainable and will continue in future. The article furthermore discusses the importance of the research work being done at ALRI, especially with regard to language development as a means towards self-realisation and -actualisation, national advancement and the sustenance of the lan- guages involved. ALRI's agenda is also analysed to see how well it agrees with popular thinking in Zimbabwe concerning the development and promotion of all of the indigenous languages. Keywords: ALRI, CAPACITY BUILDING, INSTITUTIONALISATION, LANGUAGE HAR- MONISATION, LANGUAGE STANDARDISATION, MONOLINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY, ZIM- BABWEAN LANGUAGES Opsomming: Die African Languages Research Institute: 'n Mylpaal in die ont- wikkeling van die Zimbabwiese tale. Hierdie artikel is 'n evaluering van die werk wat die African Languages Research Institute (ALRI) gedoen het in die ontwikkeling van die inheemse tale van Zimbabwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe Market Study: Matabeleland North Province Report
    USAID Zimbabwe USAID RESEARCH TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CENTER January 2020 Zimbabwe Market Study: Matabeleland North Province Report Dominica Chingarande, Gift Mugano, Godfrey Chagwiza, Mabel Hungwe Month Year Acknowledgments The research team expresses its gratitude to the various stakeholders that participated in this study in different capacities. Special gratitude goes to the District Food and Nutrition Committee members, the District Drought Relief Committee members, and various market actors in the province for providing invaluable local market information. We further express our gratitude to the Amalima team in Matabeleland North for mobilizing beneficiaries of food assistance who in turn shared their lived experiences with food assistance. To these food assistance beneficiaries, we say thank you for freely sharing your experiences. Research Technical Assistance Center The Research Technical Assistance Center is a network of academic researchers generating timely research for USAID to promote evidence-based policies and programs. The project is led by NORC at the University of Chicago in partnership with Arizona State University, Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacifico (Lima, Peru), Davis Management Group, the DevLab@Duke University, Forum One, the Institute of International Education, the Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development, Population Reference Bureau, the Resilient Africa Network at Makerere University (Kampala, Uganda), the United Negro College Fund, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. The Research Technical Assistance Center (RTAC) is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of contract no. 7200AA18R00023. This report was produced by Dominica Chingarande, Gift Mugano, Godfrey Chagwiza, and Mabel Hungwe.
    [Show full text]
  • “Bullets for Each of You” RIGHTS State-Sponsored Violence Since Zimbabwe’S March 29 Elections WATCH
    Zimbabwe HUMAN “Bullets for Each of You” RIGHTS State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe’s March 29 Elections WATCH “Bullets for Each of You” State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe’s March 29 Elections Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-324-2 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org June 2008 1-56432-324-2 “Bullets for Each of You” State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe’s March 29 Elections I. Summary............................................................................................................... 1 II. Recommendations ...............................................................................................5 To the Government of Zimbabwe.........................................................................5 To the Movement for Democratic Change ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rhodesia to Zimbabwe a Chronology 1830 to 1976
    Rhodesia To Zimbabwe A Chronology 1830 to 1976 by George M. Houser THE AFRICA FUND (Associated with The American Committee on Africa) 305 E. 46th St. * New York, N.Y. 10017 9 Telephone (212) 838-5030 16-~ 16 0N55 7 MASHONALAND NORTH ~ lae KaS / Namibia ~oo 10 T . .. .0 , o ledell ELsv' MASHONALAND OUTH * MILANDS O~on MATABELELANDNORTH *Redd:LU ANClANU.-*-Kt BOTSWANAFotVcri Rs~o~oyo*/ ~For, V'cto,, '..2 Shobon, LKele 1 VICTORI MATABELELAND SOUTH > MOZAMBIQUE SOUTH AFRICA 28 3 Note Provrnces -.- hove no posthon n requlor strvctvre of governmnft Zimbabwe FROM RHODESIA TO ZIMBABWE A conflict of major proportions is now coming to a head in southern Africa, as Africans struggling for a free Zimbabwe confront a white minority government whose sole aim is to protect the political power and economic privilege of the tiny Rhodesian settler population. The white minority numbers less than 280,000 in a population of over 6 million, but it is a minority determined to maintain its power and privilege as long as possible. History, for the white minority, begins with the aggressive expansionism of Cecil Rhodes. His central role in the work of British colonial occupation at the end of the 19th century is reflected in the naming of both Northern Rhodesia (now independent Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia in his honor. The attitude of most white settlers toward African history prior to white occupation is accurately summed up by the white Rhodesian who told a New York Times reporter: "The African has no past, very little present without white or yellow help, and no future of his own." Rhodesian settlers use this argument to justify the history of white minority rule, to explain the present repression of Africans and to project continued white rule into the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Memories and Contestations of the Scramble for Zimbabwe: Chivi (Mashonaland), C.1870-1892 Gerald Chikozho Mazarire
    Memories and Contestations of The Scramble For Zimbabwe: Chivi (Mashonaland), c.1870-1892 Gerald Chikozho Mazarire To be published in F. Kolapo (ed.) Essays in Honour of Kanya Forstner (July 2006) This chapter discusses the events unfolding in Chivi in southern Zimbabwe on the eve of colonisation as they are remembered by the local people. This is placed in the wider context of Chivi’s position as a contested terrain fought over between the British and the Transvaal Boers. Emphasis is placed on the implications of this conflict on the validity of the Rudd Concession that was used by the British South Africa Company to occupy what eventually became Zimbabwe. Because Chivi lay also on the route used by the British occupying force, the Pioneer Column, to enter Mashonaland, much of the memories of this episode and the Anglo-Boer conflict are still embodied in its landscape in the form of roads, graves and forts. It is possible to reconstruct the history of colonial conquest and all its contradictions and ambiguities by analysing the peculiarities written in these local landscapes and oral traditions decades after the Scramble with new insights on the subject.1 Introduction From the 18th century onwards the South has been the major route used to penetrate the Zimbabwean plateau. It is important to highlight the significance of the area between the Runde and Tugwi rivers, modern Chivi district, in south- central Zimbabwe as a place on this historic route through which most contacts between the plateau and the south have been made. Traversing its rugged landscape and the maze of dusty roads in a southwesterly direction just close by ‘Mafuta’2 and Chikofa townships, the most spectacular feature noticeable on its commanding landscape is the Pioneer Road or mugwagwa waMapasure: literally Mapasure’s Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Future Crop Suitability in ZIMBABWE Research Highlights – Climate Change and Future Crop Suitability in Zimbabwe
    RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Climate Change and Future Crop Suitability in ZIMBABWE Research Highlights – Climate Change and Future Crop Suitability in Zimbabwe Funded by ‘Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme’ (ASAP) Phase 2. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Produced by the University of Cape Town Undertaken in support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) by: African Climate & Development Initiative (www.acdi.uct.ac.za) Climate System Analysis Group (www.csag.uct.ac.za) Environmental Policy Research Unit (www.epru.uct.ac.za) Recommended citation: Hunter. R., Crespo. O., Coldrey, K, Cronin, K, New, M. 2020. Research Highlights – Climate Change and Future Crop Suitability in Zimbabwe. University of Cape Town, South Africa, undertaken in support of Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme’ (ASAP) Phase 2. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Rome. The content and presentation of material in this report is the sole responsibility of the Authors and does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Fund for Agricultural Development of the United Nations. The project team gratefully acknowledges the support of IFAD towards this research, and in particular the staff of the SIRP project. In addition, the diverse contributions by Mr Tawanda Mutyambizi of Taonabiz Consulting towards the study’s stakeholder consultations are noted with appreciation. The project team thanks the various stakeholders and contributors who have shared their knowledge and time during this study. CONTENTS Background and context . 1 Summary results . 2 Method and Approach . 3 Impacts........................................................................................3 Figure 1. Demonstration example of the distribution of crop suitability index. generated using EcoCrop ........4 Adaptive Capacity ...............................................................................5 Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes of Child Marriages in Zimbabwe: a Case of Mashonaland Province in Zimbabwe
    April.2017 IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences ISSN 2455-2267; Vol.07, Issue 01 (2017) Pg. no. 73-83 Institute of Research Advances http://research-advances.org/index.php/RAJMSS Causes of Child Marriages in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Province in Zimbabwe Cynthia Dzimiri1, Plaxedes Chikunda2, Viola Ingwani3 1,2,3 Lecturer, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe. Type of Review: Peer Reviewed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n1.p9 How to cite this paper: Dzimiri, C., Chikunda, P., & Ingwani, V. (2017). Causes of Child Marriages in Zimbabwe: A Case of Mashonaland Province in Zimbabwe. IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267), 7(1), 73-83. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n1.p9 © Institute of Research Advances This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License subject to proper citation to the publication source of the work. Disclaimer: The scholarly papers as reviewed and published by the Institute of Research Advances (IRA) are the views and opinions of their respective authors and are not the views or opinions of the IRA. The IRA disclaims of any harm or loss caused due to the published content to any party. 73 IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences ABSTRACT Increasing concerns on the welfare of a girl child world wide is observed and yet there are significant matters still to be discussed. In addition to all the causes raised by other researchers one of the objectives of this study is to focus on the impact of the legal systems that are already in place on child marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • The System of the Mbira
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Rhodes University: Hosted Journals THE SYSTEM OF THE MBIRA by ANDREW TRACEY This is a re-edited and updated version o f the paper presented at the 7th Symposium on Ethnomusicology (Venda University) in 1988, published by ILAM in “Papers presented at the 7th and 8th Symposiums in Ethnomusicology” (1989). It is reproduced here because o f the worldwide interest which has developed in mbira and its system in recent decades. Going up by road to Zimbabwe, I always start to get a thrill of excitement when I get up into the Soutpansberg and look down towards the Limpopo. Not only does the country start to look like Zimbabwe, with the baobab trees, and the Venda language which sounds half Shona, but this is the start of MBIRA COUNTRY. It is the southern boundary of an enormous stretch of Africa from here to the Zambezi and beyond, covering parts of at least seven countries—northern South Africa, eastern Zimbabwe, central and southern Mozambique, southern Malawi, parts of Botswana, Namibia, Angola and possibly further. In short it could be described as the Zambezi basin. Here is where exists a system of music with its own rules, uniquely African, extraordinarily consistent, wonderfully expressive. The system appears in song and in many instruments, but the key is the mbira.1 I discovered mbira through my father, Hugh Tracey. It was his favourite instrument. He first heard a njari mbira in about 1921 when he arrived as a boy among the Shona/ Karanga at Willand Farm, Gutu, near the modern Masvingo.
    [Show full text]