UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Locução De Futebol No BRASIL E Na FRANÇA Na XVI COPA DO MUNDO: Um Cruzamento Lingüístico-Cultura

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UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Locução De Futebol No BRASIL E Na FRANÇA Na XVI COPA DO MUNDO: Um Cruzamento Lingüístico-Cultura UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Locução de Futebol no BRASIL e na FRANÇA na XVI COPA DO MUNDO: Um cruzamento lingüístico-cultural de um evento discursivo ANA CLOTILDE THOMÉ WILLIAMS Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Lingüística da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Izidoro Blikstein, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Lingüística. São Paulo, maio de 2002. BANCA EXAMINADORA __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ DEDICATÓRIA Aos meus pais Cesar e Clotilde, primeiros e eternos mestres. Ao meu marido, Greg, com quem aprendo muito sobre 'comparação de línguas e culturas'. E ao nosso bebê, que está para nascer. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Izidoro Blikstein, pela atenção dedicada que possibilitou a realização deste trabalho. Aos professores M.Adélia Mauro e Hudinilson Urbano, da Banca de Qualificação, por suas valiosas e enriquecedoras sugestões. Ao jornalista Reali Junior e ao locutor Thierry Roland, por sua cooperação em entrevistas sobre a locução de futebol na França. Aos amigos do Brasil e da França, que ajudaram na gravação dos jogos. A Daniel Greder, como também a Lionel Yaffi, por sua paciência em responder a todas as minhas perguntas sobre o “ouvinte-torcedor” francês. Sua colaboração foi imprescindível. Aos colegas do Departamento de Francês da PUC, com quem troquei muitas idéias. Ao Prof.Dr. Robert St. Clair, da University of Louisville, por sua especial atenção. À minha família e amigos, pelo seu constante apoio. Em especial, à minha mãe, que tanto ajudou na revisão, impressão, no incentivo a cada minuto. A Deus, que me deu forças e ânimo na busca de meus objetivos. RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo a comparação de aspectos do discurso de locutores de futebol no Brasil e na França, durante a Copa do Mundo de Futebol, realizada em 1998, na França. O futebol, o esporte mais popular do planeta, está intrinsecamente arraigado à cultura do Brasil, enquanto, na França, ele é considerado “mais um esporte” em que esse país tem se destacado. O locutor esportivo é quem, pelo rádio ou pela televisão, dá voz ao jogo de futebol. Por sua linguagem, baseada em aspectos sócio-culturais e abundante em recursos estilísticos, transmite as ações em campo. Para realizar a comparação de locutores brasileiros e franceses, foram feitas gravações em áudio e em vídeo da locução dos jogos desses dois países durante todo o evento, em uma ação coordenada no Brasil e na França. Depois das fitas serem transcritas, selecionamos momentos específicos, como o “início da partida”, os “lances a gol”, os “gols” e o “encerramento do jogo” para neles basear a análise. A locução de futebol tem por base três subgêneros discursivos, a narração, o comentário e a conversação, e cada um deles é composto por seqüências e subseqüências que formam a arquitetura desse discurso. Ao considerarmos os momentos selecionados para a análise foram comparados, em cada um deles, a “construção geral do texto”, a “extensão e a conexão das seqüências”, os “aspectos prosódicos”, as “gírias e expressões metafóricas” e o “envolvimento com o ouvinte”. As conclusões indicam que o brasileiro prefere seqüências justapostas e coordenadas, enquanto o francês, além dessas, faz largo uso de seqüências com a conjunção subordinativa “qui”, para explicar a sucessão dos fatos. Para o brasileiro, o que importa é a narração do fato, para o francês, sua explicação. Prosodicamente, há muita semelhança entre ambos, já que a entoação é a forma mais simples e natural de demonstrar a emoção. O brasileiro é mais inventivo, usando muitas metáforas e envolvendo-se intensamente com o ouvinte, que participa de sua fala em quase todos os momentos. O francês, comparativamente, envolve-se, sobretudo, pela entoação emotiva. Esse tipo de envolvimento, leva-nos a compreender porque o francês se diz um “commentateur” de futebol e o brasileiro, um “narrador”. O “narrador” vivencia e o “commentateur” analisa. ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is to compare different aspects of soccer broadcasting in Brazil and in France during the World Soccer Cup in 1998, hosted in France. Soccer, the most popular sport of the planet, is intrinsically linked to Brazil’s culture, while in France, soccer is “just another sport” in which the country excels. The sport broadcaster is the soccer match’s voice, either on radio or on TV. Through his language, based on social cultural aspects and rich in style resources, the actions in the field are broadcast. In order to compare Brazilian and French announcers, audio and video broadcasts of the games were recorded in both countries during the whole event, in a coordinated effort in Brazil and in France. After the transcription of the tapes, specific moments for the analysis were selected, such as the “start of the game”, the “attempts to score”, the “goals” and the “end of the match”. Soccer broadcasting is composed of three speech patterns: the narration, the commentary and the conversation; each one has its own sequences and sub-sequences which form the architecture of this discourse. In the selected moments for the analysis, these sequences were compared regarding the “ general construction of the text”, the “extension and the sequencing of the connections”, the “prosodical aspects”, “slangs and metaphors” and “ involvement with the listener”. The conclusion indicates that the Brazilians prefer juxtaposed and coordinated sequences, while the French, besides those, also make ample use of sequences with the subordinate conjunction “qui” in order to explain the course of action. For the Brazilians what matters most is the narration of the fact, while for the French, it is its explanation. Prosodically, there are many similarities since the tone of voice is the simplest way to demonstrate emotion. The Brazilians are more creative, by the use of more metaphors and deeply getting involved with the listener, who "participates" in the broadcast almost all the time. Comparatively, the French are especially involved through the tone of voice. This type of involvement makes it clear for us to understand why the French call themselves a soccer “commentateur” and the Brazilians call themselves a “narrador”. The “narrador” lives the game, the “commentateur” analyses it. “Foi um urro, um berro primata, na caverna da minha consciência, rugido que, como a epopéia dos homens para inventar a palavra, desenvolveu-se em ecos e símbolos sagrados. Grito original, atávico, bíblico: gol. Fora do tempo mas sem o elo perdido e, sim, um arco que me leva a quem no meio do universo, este vazio cheio de galáxias, dramas e infinitos, gerou a luz sonora vinda daquele rádio: Tostão, um sábio de asas sutilíssimas que criou um outro alfabeto, o alfabeto do invisível, para mim.” W.F. Padovani “Primeiro Gol que Ouvi pelo Rádio” In “Corações Épicos” “Il n’y a rien de compliqué à commenter un match(…) Le type qui t’écoute devant sa télé adore qu’on prenne parti. Attention! On doit aussi être un peu chauvin. Juste au bon moment, surtout quand l’arbitre siffle contre la France.(…) On fait Aïeaieaïe quand le ballon passe au-dessus des filets et Ouillouillouille quand un joueur prend un mauvais coup. Ah! J’allais oublier le Buuuuttteee… que tu laisses traîner tant que t’as l’air dans les poumons. Mais seulement quand il y a un but, hein! Tu sais bien le faire, But? Tu voudrais pas essayer que je voie?” Jean-Michel Riou In Le Mille-Pattes ÍNDICE Uma breve apresentação pessoal.............................................................................................i Introdução................................................................................................................................1 Primeira Parte: Futebol no Brasil e na França, as Copas do Mundo e a transmissão pelo rádio e pela televisão..................................................................................................................5 Capítulo 1: A origem do futebol e breve história desse jogo no Brasil e na França.................6 Capítulo 2: Copas do Mundo..................................................................................................18 Capítulo 3: Os primórdios do rádio e da televisão na propagação do futebol........................26 Segunda Parte: Materiais e método.......................................................................................31 Capítulo 4: Pressupostos e objetivos do trabalho...................................................................32 Pressupostos.....................................................................................................33 Objetivos..........................................................................................................53 Capítulo 5: Metodologia da pesquisa e recursos aplicados....................................................54 Capítulo 6: Descrição do corpus: os jogos do Brasil e da França na XVI Copa do Mundo e os locutores de futebol analisados............................................................................................61 Terceira Parte: Fundamentacão teórica e análise dos dados................................................74 Capítulo 7: Linguagem, representação, cenários discursivos e a língua falada.....................75 Introducão...........................................................................................................76 1. Usos e funcões da íngua.................................................................................80
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