There Has Never Been a 'Timber War'
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Vantage Points There Has Never Been A ‘Timber War’ Greg King, Siskiyou Land Conservancy here has never been a ‘Tim- yourself, Judi.” A few months before that, ber War’ in California. Ra- Judi’s car was rammed from behind by the ther, in the redwoods there same logging truck she had blockaded the has been an ongoing one- previous day. Her young daughters were in sided assault against the for- the backseat. The car was totaled. When she T est, and against activists who, reported the attack to the Mendocino County in modern times, have risked their liberty and Sheriff’s office a deputy told her, “If you turn their lives in large part to enforce state and up dead then we’ll investigate.” federal laws. This essay is an attempt to de- mystify the history of this assault and the cit- izenry’s response to it. To start, it’s important to keep in mind that crimes against activists and public trust resources (water, wildlife, fisheries) have almost always been treated with indif- ference, or complicity, in California by police agencies, elected officials, and regulators. Beginning in the mid-1980s, violence against activists was regarded as inconsequential, even desirable. Perpetrators of violence en- joyed an unspoken impunity that environ- Figure 1. Judi Bari at a rally in San Fran- mentalists could never hope to achieve. cisco, 1995 (photo provided by author) For a war you have to have violence on both sides. This was no war. When some- In 1989 the owner of a Humboldt one detonated a pipe bomb under the driver’s County log hauling company, whose truck seat of Judi Bari’s car in 1990, severely injur- full of Pacific Lumber (PL) logs was block- ing her and Darryl Cherney, rather than in- aded by activists at the intersection of High- vestigate the attack the FBI and Oakland Po- way 101 and Highway 36, struck a protester lice arrested the pair for ‘transporting’ the who was trying to take his picture. A Hum- bomb. The police agencies would later lose a boldt County Sheriff’s Deputy stood a few $4.4 million lawsuit against the pair for vio- feet away and witnessed the assault, but he lating their constitutional rights. A few did nothing. months earlier, when Bari reported to the In 1997, David “Gypsy” Chain died Mendocino County Board of Supervisors that under a tree felled by a logger who previously she had received dozens of death threats, in- had been videotaped threatening to kill activ- cluding the latest, an illustration of a rifle- ists. The Humboldt County Sheriff’s Depart- scope superimposed over her face, Supervi- ment and District Attorney’s office did noth- sor Marilyn Butcher said, “You brought it on THERE HAS NEVER BEEN A ‘TIMBER WAR’ ing about it. Between September 25 and Oc- nearly five hundred courageous PL employ- tober 16, 1997, the Humboldt County Sher- ees – more than half the work force – signed iff’s Department three times responded to a full-page newspaper advertisement oppos- peaceful protests by swabbing activists’ eyes ing the takeover. Looking at what happened with Q-tips soaked in pepper spray. One of thereafter, however, the contrast increases. the activists was just sixteen years old. Am- After the ad ran, Maxxam’s notorious nesty International called the attacks “cruel, CEO Charles Hurwitz dropped into Scotia to inhuman and degrading treatment ... tanta- deliver his infamous ‘golden rule’ speech, mount to torture.” which reminded workers that “he who has the The pattern of assaults leveled against gold, rules.” Hurwitz and his army of lawyers activists mirrored the ongoing attacks against then put this kingly maxim into effect by or- the forest itself, which was the greatest crime dering PL’s President John Campbell and of all. Overseeing and sanctioning assaults Public Affairs Manager Dave Galitz, among against the forest were the California State others, to ferret out and quiet any workforce Board of Forestry and the state Department agitators. In this respect, at least, those two of Forestry. The de facto role of these agen- were good at their jobs. In 1989, after I was cies was to facilitate decades of illegal activ- attacked by a chainsaw-wielding logger, ity by the timber industry. Had state officials Galitz sent a memo to Pacific Lumber Presi- actually done their jobs, had they enforced dent John Campbell that said, “As soon as we the provisions of the 1973 Z’Berg-Nejedly find the fellow who decked Greg King he has Forest Practices Act and the important court a dinner invitation at the Galitz residence.” decisions of the 1980s, we would today be It’s worth noting that only in modern enjoying a much different conversation. We times has California even had forest practice would be celebrating the sustained economic laws. They were fairly late in coming. During growth created by maintenance of low-im- the mid-1800s the post-European migration pact, low-yield forestry in production of a across North America brought to the West consistent inventory of high-quality forest settlers and businessmen who would ‘dis- products. There might very well still be a cover’ the most extraordinary forest ever commercial salmon fishery rather than salm- known, only to methodically begin cutting onid extinctions. We could be smiling every accessible tree. These individuals in- warmly at that fair town of Scotia, still ‘para- cluded my ancestors, four King brothers who, dise with a waiting list’ full of multi-genera- in the 1870s, emigrated from Ontario, Can- tional timber families rather than its current ada – where they and their Irish grandfather status as a newly realized real estate market, had logged the great pines for English ship stripped of historical and cultural relevancy. masts – to Sonoma County to cut and mill the It is difficult for me to write about fabulous ancient redwoods along the lower redwood logging without falling into a form Russian River. Some saw it coming. In 1852, of trenchant, black-and-white prose. When it California Assemblyman Henry A. Crabb comes to timber workers, there is a lot of proposed legislation to keep all of the state’s gray. Give people good paying jobs that don’t redwoods in public ownership, as they then require the obliteration of forest life — as the were. The measure failed, and soon enough ‘old’ Pacific Lumber did before being bought 160-acre federal land grants were being ac- out by Houston-based Maxxam Corp., in quired by ‘entrymen’ – usually loggers, min- 1985 – and they will be more than satisfied. ers, and sailors – and then consolidated by In fact, on November 17, 1985, when the middlemen who then sold ‘batches’ of land to Maxxam takeover was not yet a done deal, industrial timber interests. This consolidation HJSR ISSUE 40 (2018) continued for decades, such that today the children’s petition, in 1913 asked Congress to timber empires of Green Diamond and Hum- create a Redwood National Park. But it boldt Redwood Company/Mendocino Red- wasn’t until a cadre of well-connected men wood Company together own more than half got involved that the idea of a redwood park of the commercially available redwood in- on the North Coast gained traction. When the ventory that remains in the two-million-acre male-dominated Save-the-Redwoods League redwood biome. was established in 1918, a hefty 1.4 million The felling of the redwoods was acres of the two-million-acre redwood biome swift. In Humboldt County logging began still stood. The Eureka women remained a just one year after the Gregg Party stumbled force in the campaign, even going so far as to on Humboldt Bay, in 1849. The first Guerne- physically blockade logging in what is now ville redwoods fell in 1865, and the old Rockefeller Forest, where they frequently en- growth trees were gone well before my joyed picnics. grandfather was born there, in 1903. In 1870 The U.S. Congress passed its first East Bay Area industrialist W.G. Alban re- Redwood National Park Act in 1920 and cre- marked, “A thousand years of unceasing toil, ated a committee to determine the best place even with the increased facilities for making to establish one, but nothing came of it — at lumber, cannot seriously mar this forest.” least not for forty-eight more years. In be- Nonetheless, in 1879 U.S. Secretary of the tween, more than one million acres of the re- Interior Carl Shurz asked Congress to set maining ancient redwood forest was deci- aside 50,000 acres of ancient redwoods for a mated. preserve, but he was ignored. Over the next California’s first significant statute to two decades, activists fought to create a park address abusive logging was the state Forest at Big Basin, north of Santa Cruz. There, in Practice Act of 1945. According to Ecology 1902, the state accepted 2,500 acres of an- Law Quarterly, the legislation was “primarily cient redwood for California’s first state park. the product of the timber industry lobby. … Six years later, in what the national Journal No attempt was made to provide for any pub- of Education called “one of the most unique lic interest beyond that in the continuous pro- petitions ever sent to Uncle Sam,” fourteen duction of timber.”2 The timing was no coin- hundred Eureka school children sent a peti- cidence. After World War II, timber compa- tion to the U.S. Forest Service asking for cre- nies embarked on a retooling and moderniza- ation of a Redwood National Park. The Jour- tion binge, in anticipation of what by the nal noted that “the children give good reasons 1960s would become the fastest redwood for the establishment of the national park.