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Use of Isotope and Radiation Methods in Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition

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Use of Isotope and Radiation Methods in Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition XA0200409 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERG llAEA-TCS-14 Use of Isotope and Radiation Methods in Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Manual FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture 53 /05 TRAINING COURSE SERIES TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 14 Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, 2001 This publication has been prepared by the: FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory Agency's Laboratories, Seibersdorf and Soil and water Management & Crop Nutrition Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria USE OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION METHODS IN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT AND CROP NUTRITION IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TCS-14 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2001 FOREWORD This publication is a replacement for the IAEA Training Course Series No. 2 "L/se of Nuclear Techniques in Studies of Soil-Plant Relationships" published in 1990. This edition, prepared by staff of the Soil Science Unit, Seibersdorf, and the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, differs in many respects from its predecessor both in terms of content and objectives. The earlier publication provided basic information for use in interregional training courses held at regular intervals at the Seibersdorf Laboratories. Since the discontinuation of these training courses in 1996, the need for dissemination of up to date information to Member States has become more acute, particularly in view of the evolution of new methodologies during the past decade and new applications of existing methodologies to monitor the dynamics of soil, water and nutrients in cropping systems, and to pilot test interventions to conserve the natural resource base and optimize the availability of water and nutrients to crops. The present publication attempts to fulfill a part of this need. The manual provides an overview of the use of nuclear techniques in soil science and plant nutrition, balancing the need for a comprehensive coverage of a multitude of techniques involving isotopic tracers and sealed or unsealed sources, while giving sufficient depth to be of practical value to the end-users — students, technicians, scientists in national agricultural research systems and fellowship trainees. In this respect it is important to emphasize that nuclear techniques do not in themselves provide solutions to real world problems — they provide tools which when used in conjunction with other techniques, provide precise and specific information necessary to understand system dynamics and hence the value of alternative management practices to improve system productivity and resource conservation. This publication covers selected aspects of the use of nuclear techniques in studies of soil-plant relationships. However, the need for a series of detailed guidelines on the theory and practical applications of nuclear techniques in soil and water management and crop nutrition, including methodologies, case studies, comparative advantages with non-nuclear techniques and comprehensive bibliographies, is recognized. Rebecca Hood, Soil Science Unit and Graeme Blair, visiting scientist at the Unit, compiled the manual. Several staff of the Soil and Water Management & Crop Nutrition Section, and the Soil Science Unit, reviewed the contributions and edited the publication. The list of contributors is provided on page 247 of the manual. EDITORIAL NOTE The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE THEORY AND USE OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Isotope terminology 4 1.3 Measurement of stable isotopes 10 1.4 Measurement of radioisotopes 16 1.5 References and further reading 20 CHAPTER 2 APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT NUTRITION STUDIES 2.1 Principles and applications of isotopes in fertiliser experiments 21 2.2 Isotopic techniques in N fertiliser use efficiency studies 27 2.3 Isotopic techniques in P fertiliser use efficiency studies 37 2.4 The use of isotopes of S in soil/plant studies 42 2.5 13C and 14C isotope studies 47 2.6 Root activity studies using isotope techniques 52 2.7 Use of 15N to quantify biological nitrogen fixation in legumes 57 2.8 Measurement of soil N mineralisation using 15N techniques 70 2.9 The use of isotopes in organic residue studies 72 2.10 15N as a tool in N loss studies 78 2.11 The neutron probe for water measurements 82 2.12 Experimental design, analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear 88 correlation and regression 2.13 References and further reading 96 CHAPTER 3 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO USING NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE LABORATORY, GLASSHOUSE AND FIELD 3.1 General laboratory practice 105 3.2 Basic design features of radiation installations 117 3.3 Preparation of radioactively-labelled fertilisers 121 3.4 Preparation of plant samples for analysis 125 3.5 Preparation of soil samples for analysis 129 3.6 Conducting a field experiment using stable isotopes 131 3.7 Conducting a pot experiment using stable isotopes 134 3.8 References and further reading 140 CHAPTER 4 LABORATORY METHODS 4.1 Nitrogen 141 4.2 Phosphorus 166 4.3 Labelling plants with 13C and/or14C and analysis of C in soil and 199 plant samples 4.4 Simple methods for organic residue quality assessment 205 4.5 References and further reading 212 CHAPTER 5 QUALITY ASSURANCE 5.1 Quality control 217 5.2 Introduction to quality assurance (QA). Basic requirements for 220 analytical laboratories with emphasis on total N and 15N analyses of plant materials 5.3 Quality control (QC). Measures applied in total N and 15N plant 229 analysis. Assessment of the analytical performance. 5.4 Production of plant reference material 237 5.5 References and further reading 240 CHAPTER 6 MODELLING 6.1 What is a model? 241 6.2 Fundamental goals of a model 241 6.3 Strengths and weaknesses of models 241 6.4 Classification of models 242 6.5 Processes of modelling 242 6.6 Model application 243 6.7 Data requirements 243 6.8 Models as tools in decision-making (Decision support systems 244 (DSS)) 6.9 Good modelling practice 245 6.10 Internet discussion groups involving in modelling agricultural 245 systems 6.11 References and further reading 245 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 247 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE THEORY AND USE OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Stable and radioactive isotopes A Introduction The nucleus of an atom contains two sub-atomic particles, namely protons (p) and neutrons (n). The atom of a given element has a set number of protons and this is termed the atomic number. The number of protons+neutrons is referred to as the mass number. A particular element can have differing numbers of neutrons and therefore have a different mass number. Examples of isotopes with the same atomic number (subscript) but with different mass number 32 33 (superscript) are 15 P, 15 P, 15 P- A nucleus contains protons, which are positively charged so they should repel. The presence of neutrons, however, keeps the protons together and so stabilises the nucleus. Stability depends upon the neutrons:protons (n:p) ratio. For light elements, the number of neutrons greatly exceeds the number of protons for stability. For heavier elements more neutrons than protons are necessary for stability. When the ratio of neutrons to protons is outside a particular number, which varies with each atom, the nucleus becomes unstable and spontaneously emits particles and/or electromagnetic radiation and such a substance is called radioactive. If the ratio of n:p is not outside the "belt of stability" then the isotope does not spontaneously emit particles and is said to be stable eg. 15N,34 S, 13C. Three types of particles can be emitted from an unstable nucleus Alpha emission (a) This is a cluster of 2 neutrons and 2 protons, 4He2+, a helium nucleus. They are heavy, slow- moving, have low energy and are easily stopped by a sheet of paper or a few cm of air. They are highly charged and so are very harmful. Beta emission {p) These are fast moving, high-energy electrons, resulting from a neutron decaying into a proton and an electron. They can travel further than an alpha particle and, a few meters of air or a sheet of aluminium is needed to stop them. Gamma emission (y) This is not a particle, but a burst of very high-energy electromagnetic radiation of a very high frequency, y rays are very dangerous, and require large amounts of lead or concrete to absorb them. The exact type of emission from a given isotope is a fixed property of that isotope — there will be a fixed pattern of decay until a stable product is reached. B Half-life The amount of radioactivity from a radioisotope is measured as a rate i.e. number of disintegrations per unit time. This rate declines with time and the rate of decline is a characteristic of the isotope, e.g. for 32P, a p emitter, the rate drops by 50% every 14.7 days so this is the half-life (see Table 1.1) The decay curve for any a or p emission is exponential.
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