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Background and Derivation of ANS-5.4 Standard Fission Product Release Model

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Background and Derivation of ANS-5.4 Standard Fission Product Release Model NUREG/CR-7003 PNNL-18490 Background and Derivation of ANS-5.4 Standard Fission Product Release Model Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as NRC’s Public Electronic Reading Room at books, journal articles, and transactions, Federal http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm.html. Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and Publicly released records include, to name a few, congressional reports. Such documents as theses, NUREG-series publications; Federal Register notices; dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and applicant, licensee, and vendor documents and non-NRC conference proceedings may be purchased correspondence; NRC correspondence and internal from their sponsoring organization. memoranda; bulletins and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers and their attachments. Copies of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC maintained at— regulations, and Title 10, Energy, in the Code of The NRC Technical Library Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one Two White Flint North of these two sources. 11545 Rockville Pike 1. The Superintendent of Documents Rockville, MD 20852–2738 U.S. Government Printing Office Mail Stop SSOP Washington, DC 20402–0001 These standards are available in the library for Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov reference use by the public. Codes and standards are Telephone: 202-512-1800 usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the Fax: 202-512-2250 originating organization or, if they are American 2. The National Technical Information Service National Standards, from— Springfield, VA 22161–0002 American National Standards Institute www.ntis.gov 11 West 42nd Street 1–800–553–6847 or, locally, 703–605–6000 New York, NY 10036–8002 www.ansi.org A single copy of each NRC draft report for comment is 212–642–4900 available free, to the extent of supply, upon written request as follows: Address: Office of Administration, Printing and Mail Services Branch Legally binding regulatory requirements are stated U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission only in laws; NRC regulations; licenses, including Washington, DC 20555-0001 technical specifications; or orders, not in E-mail: [email protected] NUREG-series publications. The views expressed Facsimile: 301–415–2289 in contractor-prepared publications in this series are not necessarily those of the NRC. Some publications in the NUREG series that are posted at NRC’s Web site address The NUREG series comprises (1) technical and http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs administrative reports and books prepared by the are updated periodically and may differ from the last staff (NUREG–XXXX) or agency contractors printed version. Although references to material found (NUREG/CR–XXXX), (2) proceedings of on a Web site bear the date the material was accessed, conferences (NUREG/CP–XXXX), (3) reports the material available on the date cited may resulting from international agreements subsequently be removed from the site. (NUREG/IA–XXXX), (4) brochures (NUREG/BR–XXXX), and (5) compilations of legal decisions and orders of the Commission and Atomic and Safety Licensing Boards and of Directors’ decisions under Section 2.206 of NRC’s regulations (NUREG–0750). NUREG/CR-7003 PNNL-18490 Background and Derivation of ANS-5.4 Standard Fission Product Release Model Manuscript Completed: March 2009 Date Published: January 2010 Prepared by J.A. Turnbulla, C.E. Beyerb aConsultant, United Kingdom bPacific Norhwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland, WA 99352 NRC Job Code N6326 Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research ABSTRACT This background report describes the technical basis for the newly proposed American Nuclear Society (ANS) 5.4 standard, Methods for Calculating the Fractional Release of Volatile Fission Products from Oxide Fuels. The proposed ANS 5.4 standard provides a methodology for determining the radioactive fission product releases from the fuel for use in assessing radiological consequences of postulated accidents that do not involve abrupt power transients. When coupled with isotopic yields, this method establishes the "gap activity," which is the inventory of volatile fission products that are released from the fuel rod if the cladding is breached. Best-estimate and conservative upper-bound 95/95 tolerance models for predicting the release of volatile radioactive isotopes of krypton, xenon, and iodine are described. The isotope that provides the most significant contribution to equivalent dose to individuals is generally I-131 for accidents that occur during in-reactor operation or shortly after reactor operation (e.g., the fuel-handling accident) due to its dose to the thyroid. The existing conservative upper-bound model for predicting the I-131 release has been shown to be very conservative in comparison to the available measured release data for I-131. The 2009 model proposed herein predicts up to a factor of 2 lower release than the old ANS 5.4 release model. iii FOREWORD The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has worked collaboratively with the American Nuclear Society (ANS) Working Group dealing with Methods for Calculating the Fractional Release of Volatile Fission Products from Oxide Fuels, otherwise known as ANS 5.4, to develop a standard for modeling fission product releases from oxide fuels. In 1982, the Working Group published NUREG/CR-2507, a precursor to the current report with the same title. Over the intervening years, new data have become available from the Halden Reactor Project in Norway, which have shown that the assumptions used in the earlier standard may have been overly conservative. Collaborative efforts between the NRC and its contractor, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the nuclear industry, and the international community have lead to updated methods of determining the release of volatile fission products from the fuel. The technical basis for these revised methods is described in this report. The ANS-5.4 standard provides a method for determining the fractional inventory of radioactive fission products released to the fuel-cladding gap during normal operation. This information, coupled with isotopic yields, establishes the "gap activity" or the fission product inventory that may be released if the cladding is breached during a postulated accident. Regulatory application of these results is further described in Alternative Radiological Source Terms for Evaluating Design Basis Accidents at Nuclear Power Reactors (Regulatory Guide 1.183). The accident source term is intended to be representative of a major accident involving significant core damage and is typically postulated to occur in conjunction with a large loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Although the LOCA is typically the maximum credible accident, NRC staff experience in reviewing license applications has indicated the need to consider other accident sequences of lesser consequence but higher probability of occurrence. These design basis accidents (DBAs) were not intended to be actual event sequences, but rather, were intended to be surrogates that enable deterministic evaluation of the response of a facility’s engineered safety features. These accident analyses are intentionally conservative in order to compensate for known uncertainties in accident progression, fission product inventory, transport, and atmospheric dispersion. As the state of knowledge has evolved, improvements in the methods used are now reflected in updates such as that described in this report. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................iii FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................ v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... xi ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1.1 2.0 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF RELEASE MODEL ................................................. 2.1 3.0 FISSION PRODUCT RELEASE DATABASE ............................................................................ 3.1 4.0 MODEL FITTING BASED ON HALDEN DATA....................................................................... 4.1 4.1 Development of Model Coefficients from R/BKr85m Data.......................................................... 4.3 4.2 Model Comparison to R/BKr85m Data ......................................................................................... 4.3 4.3 Model Comparison to R/BI-131 Data ........................................................................................... 4.6 4.4 Estimate of Model Uncertainties................................................................................................ 4.7 4.5 Assumptions and Limitations..................................................................................................
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