Väitöskirjan Mallipohja

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Väitöskirjan Mallipohja MERVI MIETTINEN Truth, Justice, and the American Way? The Popular Geopolitics of American Identity in Contemporary Superhero Comics ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the board of the School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Auditorium Pinni B 1096, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on December 15th, 2012, at 12 o’clock. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies Finland Copyright ©2012 Tampere University Press and the author Distribution Tel. +358 40 190 9800 Bookshop TAJU [email protected] P.O. Box 617 www.uta.fi/taju 33014 University of Tampere http://granum.uta.fi Finland Cover design by Mikko Reinikka Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 1790 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1266 ISBN 978-951-44-8995-2 (print) ISBN 978-951-44-8996-9 (pdf) ISSN-L 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X ISSN 1455-1616 http://acta.uta.fi Tampereen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print Tampere 2012 Acknowledgements This work has been years in the making, and, accordingly, the list of people who have made it possible is equally long. The commitment and support of my supervisors, Maarit Piipponen and Markku Salmela, made the completion of this work a reality. Maarit’s critical insight and ability to identify discontinuities in my writing have continuously forced me to challenge my thinking, while Markku’s constant support and encouragement have made all the difference during times of self-doubt. I cannot thank you both enough. I also wish to thank Päivi Pahta, Pekka Tammi, Nigel Mapp, Matti Hyvärinen, Arja Rosenholm, and everyone else at the University of Tampere who has (knowingly or unknowingly) contributed to the completion of this study during its various stages. The Fulbright Center generously granted me the opportunity to go and study in the United States. My stay at Bowling Green State University, Ohio, in 2009– 2010 was a rewarding experience in more ways than I can count. I wish to thank BGSU’s American Culture Studies Program for hosting me, and especially Don McQuarie, Esther Clinton, Chuck Coletta, and Ellen Berry for being generous with their time, guidance, and suggestions during my stay. I am also indebted to Andrea Hulme, Natalie Wiseman, Tim Bavlnka, Meredith King, Lizabeth Mason, Kevan Feshami, and everyone else I met in BG—you made me feel at home in Ohio, and for that I remain eternally grateful. This work would not have been possible without the financial support provided by the following instances: the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation (Pirkanmaa Regional fund), the Scientific Foundation of the City of Tampere, Matti and Hilkka Ahde, the Tampere University Foundation, the Fulbright Center, and the American-Scandinavian Foundation. I also want to acknowledge the generosity of Marvel, DC, and Mark Millar and John Romita Jr. (and Titan Books) for letting me use their images in this dissertation. During the long writing process, I have had the pleasure of meeting several people who have, in some way or another, influenced my work in significant ways. Jopi Nyman and Kai Mikkonen read my work in its Licentiate phase and provided much-needed critical commentary and feedback. Karin Kukkonen, the other half of the “Finnish School of Alan Moore,” remains a source of support and inspiration. Aino Tegelman’s unhealthy obsession with Magneto’s offspring and her willingness to share the intricacies of this obsession proved to be invaluable. Kent Lentz graciously shared his collection of superhero comics and introduced me to texts I would otherwise never have read. I also want to extend my gratitude to Josh Kopin, who not only sends me superhero comics, but also offered crucial corrections on matters that count, and to Jouni Forsström, who unwittingly set the ball rolling years ago by donating me his worn copy of Watchmen. I offer my sincere thanks to my pre-examiners, Dr. Jared Gardner and Dr. Chris Murray, who read the work carefully and provided comments that were both encouraging and insightful. All mistakes and flaws that may still remain are my own. I have been blessed with incredible friends whom I cannot thank enough. The world of a graduate student can be a lonely and desolate place, and I especially want to thank Katariina Mäkinen, Netta Nakari, Anu Lampinen, and Maria Vihlman for making it less so. My family remains a constant source of love and support: my parents, who have always encouraged me to continue with my studies (and never ever told me not read comics), and my siblings, who continue to remind me that there is life outside academia. You have made me the person I am today. If I have any regrets, they arise from the knowledge that people who should be with me today are not. My deepest gratitude and affection goes to Matti Savolainen (1949–2012), whose love, support, wisdom, and guidance even in the face of insurmountable odds made this work possible. This is for Turkka. You never read this dissertation (and I never asked you to), yet without you this work would never have been completed. Thank you for your patience, thank you for your understanding, and most of all, thank you for your love (and the Hulk hands). November, 2012. Mervi Miettinen Mervi Miettinen Tampereen yliopisto Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö Englantilainen filologia MIETTINEN, MERVI: Truth, Justice, and the American Way? The Popular Geopolitics of American Identity in Contemporary Superhero Comics Väitöskirjassani tutkin supersankarisarjakuvan suhdetta Yhdysvaltojen populaariin geopoliittiseen identiteettiin. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat erityisesti viimeisen kolmenkymmenen vuoden aikana julkaistut supersankarisarjakuvat, joiden kautta tutkin ja analysoin niiden luomaa kuvaa supersankarista fiktiivisenä ”amerikkalaisuuden” ruumiillistumana. Työni lähtökohtana toimii populaari geopolitiikka, kansakunnan ja kansallisuuden ”kertominen” populaarikulttuuristen tekstien kautta. Supersankari toimii yhtenä lukemattomista populaarin geopolitiikan välittäjistä, ja sankarin kautta on mahdollista tuottaa erilaisia geopoliittisesti latautuneita kertomuksia, jotka osaltaan vaikuttavat Yhdysvaltojen jaetun kansallisen minuuden rakentumiseen. Keskityn tutkimuksessani erityisesti supersankarisarjakuvan luomaan äärimaskuliiniseen identiteettiin, joka tuotetaan sekä suhteessa toisiin, ei- toivottuihin maskuliinisuuksiin että alisteisiin naishahmoihin. Tuon myös esille sen, miten supersankarin edustama maskuliinisuus on vahvasti sidoksissa väkivallan käyttöön. Supersankarisarjakuvien väkivalta on monin tavoin ongelmallista, sillä se esitetään usein paitsi voimaannuttavana, myös luonnollisena miehisyyden ilmaisuna. Väkivallan ja maskuliinisuuden esiin nostamat kysymykset liittyvät myös keskeisesti vallankäytön kysymyksiin, joihin keskityn erityisesti poikkeustilan käsitteen kautta. Poikkeustilan käsite mahdollistaa supersankarisarjakuvan poliittisemman luennan nostamalla esiin hahmon ristiriitaisen suhteen sekä demokratiaan että valtioon ja vallan kysymyksiin. Keskeiseksi kysymykseksi tutkimuksessani nousee supersankarin ristiriitainen suhde juuri demokratiaan, jonka periaatteet ovat voimakkaasti ristiriidassa supersankarin todellisen toiminnan kanssa. Viimeisessä luvussa keskityn tutkimaan näiden elementtien muutosta supersankarisarjakuvassa ja sen geopoliittisessa merkityksessä amerikkalaiselle identiteettikäsitykselle 11.9.2001 tapahtuneiden WTC -iskujen jälkeen. Tapahtumalla oli valtava geopoliittinen vaikutus, ja supersankarisarjakuvat pyrkivät välittömästi tapahtuman jälkeen tarjoamaan lukijoilleen uusia geopoliittisia malleja, jotka korostivat kansallista yhtenäisyyttä sekä ylistivät pelastustyöntekijöitä päivän ”todellisina” sankareina. Tämä yhteisöllinen vastareaktio oli kuitenkin lyhytaikainen, ja tutkimukseni tuokin esille tämänhetkisen supersankarisarjakuvan sankaruutta kyseenalaistavan luonteen. Tutkimukseni muodostaa kattavan kokonaiskuvan supersankarisarjakuvan kulttuurisesta merkityksestä ja sen mahdollisista ongelmakohdista Yhdysvaltojen populaarin kansallisen identiteetin muokkaajana ja ylläpitäjänä. Tutkimukseni esittelee uuden tavan tarkastella kansallisen identiteetin rakentumista populaarikulttuurin kautta ja samalla tuo esille erityisesti Yhdysvaltojen populaarin geopolitiikan lausuttujen ihanteiden ja todellisuuden välisiä ristiriitoja supersankarisarjakuvien kautta. Etenkin WTC -iskujen jälkeen supersankarin merkitys joutui laajan uudelleenarvioinnin kohteeksi, ja tämä kansallinen trauma pakotti Yhdysvallat pohtimaan uudelleen kansallista minuuttaan—myös sarjakuvalehtien sivuilla. Analysointimenetelmäni korostaa käsitteiden, ei teorian varaan pohjaavaa tutkimussuuntausta, joka mahdollistaa aidosti poikkitieteellisen lähestymistavan, jota sarjakuva tekstuaalisena ja visuaalisena hybridisenä muotona edellyttää. Keskeisiä, tieteenaloja ylittäviä käsitteitä tutkimuksessani ovat maskuliinisuus, väkivalta ja poikkeustila, joiden kautta lähestyn ja puran kohdetekstieni suhdetta Yhdysvaltojen populaariin geopolitiikkaan. Maskuliinisuuden ja väkivallan kautta on mahdollista tarkastella kriittisesti niin sankari-identiteettiä kuin sen kautta ihannoitua kansallista minuutta. Samoin näiden käsitteiden kautta voidaan analysoida laajemmin supersankarisarjakuvien politiikkaa ja niiden edustamaa paradoksaalista poikkeustilan pysyvyyttä. Asiasanat: supersankari, sarjakuva, Yhdysvallat, geopolitiikka, identiteetti, maskuliinisuus, väkivalta, sukupuoli, poikkeustila, valta,
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