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Effetti Dei Cambiamenti Climatici Recenti Sulle Cenosi Di Artropodi: Ipotesi E Protocolli

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Effetti Dei Cambiamenti Climatici Recenti Sulle Cenosi Di Artropodi: Ipotesi E Protocolli Effetti dei cambiamenti climatici recenti sulle cenosi di artropodi: ipotesi e protocolli Mauro Gobbi Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati Museo delle Scienze, Trento Mercoledì 9 novembre 2011, ARPA Piemonte, Torino Premessa Studi a scala globale hanno evidenziato che l’aumentare della temperatura sta comportato cambiamenti nelle: Popolazioni animali: - Successo riproduttivo - Ciclo biologico Comunità animali: - Ricchezza di specie - Distribuzione spaziale Gli studi a scala locale sono ancora pochi, solo negli ultimi anni si è compreso che posso contribuire a capire dinamiche globali Premessa Come testare l’effetto della temperatura sulle biocenosi: - Comparare i dati di distribuzione storica delle specie con quelli attuali - Studiare sul lungo periodo le biocenosi di ambienti liberi dall’impatto antropico - Eseguire test di laboratorio Problematiche: - In Italia siamo carenti di database storici - I pochi dati che abbiamo spesso non sono confrontabili Soluzioni: - Studiare gli ambienti in cui in spazi ridotti abbiamo gradienti di habitat indotti da gradienti di temperatura (spaziali e cronologici) - Considerare organismi sensibili al riscaldamento e poco mobili Gli ambienti d’alta quota sono particolarmente sensibili ai cambiamenti climatici Indicatori biotici e abiotici del Organismi poco mobili e sensibili al GC riscaldamento globale in alta quota sono: sono: - i ghiacciai - piante - la presenza e la distribuzione del - alcuni artropodi permafrost - la treeline Gli Artropodi terrestri come strumento di lettura •Gli artropodi reagiscono direttamente e indirettamente ai cambiamenti nei parametri fisici e chimici dei suoli •Le specie di ambienti estremi possiedono specializzazione morfologica, fisiologica e comportamentale •Le artropodocenosi si distribuiscono secondo pattern chiari e noti lungo gradienti di habitat indotti da parametri fisici e dal tempo •Ciascuna specie ha dei limiti di tolleranza-adattabilità nei confronti di mutevoli condizioni ambientali Modelli di studio Piane proglaciali Ghiacciai Ghiacciai neri Rock glaciers Tecniche di campionamento e monitoraggio Studi di comunità Studi di popolazione Potenziali problematiche di campionamento e il sampling design •Problemi tecnici: Elevata piovosità Congelamento nelle ore notturne Ribaltamento ad opera di fauna Instabilità di versante •Problemi analitico-statistici: Autocorrelazioni spaziali Gradienti altitudinali Numero di stazioni di campionamento - controllo Numero di repliche Numero di uscite sul campo Piane proglaciali Conoscenze preliminari • Una successione primaria è caratterizzata da comunità eterotrofe alla quale succede la fase autotrofa. • La fase eterotrofa conserva i nutrienti, in particolar modo l’azoto, e facilita la stabilizzazione delle piante. • Le comunità sono costituite essenzialmente da predatori (ragni e carabidi ubiquitari), mentre i fitofagi sono i meno abbondanti e unicamente associati agli stadi più maturi della successione. Piane proglaciali: (Ghiacciaio dei Forni) Carabidi Gradiente specie-sito Gradiente specie-variabili ambientali comunità forestali comunità della prateria alpina comunità criofile Specie guida Comunità forestali Leistus nitidus Calatus micropterus Prateria Amara erratica Amara quenseli Sub-, epi-glaciale Oreonebria spp. Nebria spp. Ragni Gradiente specie-sito P = 0.0016 Ci sono specie la cui presenza èmutualmente esclusiva Trend ricchezza di specie 5-14 specie 1-4 specie PianeChance proglaciali: (Vedretta del Pasquale) 55 44 11 22 33 1: <20 yr 2: 20 yr 3: 40 yr 4: 150 yr 5: >150 yr 24 100 21 80 18 60 15 40 NumberNumber of species of species VegetationVegetation cover cover (%) (%) 12 20 9 0 <20 20 40 150 >150 <20 20 40 150 >150 Time since deglaciation (years) Time since deglaciation (years) 1.10 Disturbance Resource gradient availability 1.00 functional diversity body length lengthbody body (cm) (cm) 100yr 0.90 O. castanea O. castanea 0.80 Structural and <20 20 40 150 >150 Time since deglaciation (years) Time since deglaciation DebrisRifugio covered glacier (Ghiacciaio del Miage) Gnaphosa badia species turnover Pardosa gr. lugubris EA observedEA 387 observedEA 522 Zelotes devotus EA meanEA 398.67 meanEA 299.34 dev 33.227 dev 105.66 Platycarabus depressus Forest assemblages P 0.725 0.725 Pterostichus multipunctatus Leistus nitidus Calathus micropterus assemblages turnover assemblages Amaurobius fenestralis Xerolycosa nemoralis Xysticus cristatus P 0.035 Cychrus attenuatus Gradiente specie-sito Amara erratica Calathus melanocephalus Boundary zone Nebria picea (treeline) Alopecosa sulzeri Drassodes lapidosus Walckenaeria antica Xysticus lanio Ozyptila rauda Pardosa saturatior Drassodex heeri Nebria angusticollis Species ofrocky and Pisaura mirabilis subglacial habitats Aculepeira ceropegia Rugathodes bellicosus B A C D E F Sites 12 >80 100 1640 3 245 0 265 2230 0 355 2150 10 40 1870 158 1850 >80 90 1830 Species richness Debris thickness (cm) Vegetation cover (%) Altitude (m) S p eci e cr io f i le Zona di transizione Specie forestali 1750m 1800m n o ti u ib tr is d d 1900m e Expected distribution of rv se b N. angusticollis and D. heeri O 2000m 2200m 2050m 2150m 2100m Drassodex heeri Nebria angusticollis IPOTESI: il periglaciale come “warm stage refugia” (Vedretta dell’Amola) Debris Covered Glaciers Debris Piana proglaciale covered glacier Rock Glaciers Rock Glacier Controllo Rifugio: i Rock Glaciers Specie esterne al RG, indicatrici di suoli maturi, acidi e a forte innevamento Carabus sylvestris Bembidion bipunctatum nivale Cymindis vaporariorum Specie di RG, indicatrici di ambienti freddi e umidi Nebria spp. Trechus spp. Pardosa spp. Take home concepts Gli studi compiuti a scala locale stanno evidenziando come gli habitat d’alta quota fungano per la biodiversità da: - trappola - chance - rifugio Quindi ci saranno dei “winners” e dei “losers” ed è su di essi che si devono concentrare gli sforzi conoscitivi e conservazionistici. ************ Ragni e insetti mostrano che il riscaldamento globale li pone davanti a tre scelte: - Estinguersi - Adattarsi - Rifugiarsi e il bioma alpino offre tutte e tre le opzioni. I dati mostrati fanno riferimento alle seguenti pubblicazioni: GOBBI M., DE BERNARDI F., PELFINI M., ROSSARO B. & BRANDMAYR P. (2006) Epigean arthropod succession along a 154 year glacier foreland chronosequence in the Forni Valley (Central Italian Alps). Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 38(3): 357-362. GOBBI M., FONTANETO D. & DE BERNARDI F. (2006) Climate impacts on animal communities in space and time: the case of spider assemblages along an alpine glacier foreland. Global Change Biology, 12: 1985-1992. GOBBI M., ROSSARO B., VATER A., DE BERNARDI F., PELFINI M. & BRANDMAYR P. (2007) Environmental features influencing Carabid beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages along a recently deglaciated area in the Alpine region. Ecological Entomology, 32: 282-289. GOBBI M., CACCIANIGA M., CERABOLINI B., LUZZARO A., DE BERNARDI F. & PIERCE S. (2010) Plant adaptive responses during primary succession are associated with functional adaptations in ground beetles on deglaciated terrain. Community Ecology, 11 (2): 223-231. GOBBI M., ISAIA M. & DE BERNARDI F. (2011) Arthropod colonisation of a debris-covered glacier. The Holocene, 21 (2): 343-349. Grazie per l’attenzione! [email protected].
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