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Notes Introduction 1. Álvarez Junco, Mater Dolorosa, p. 25. 2. For the polemics between 1996 and 2004 see Tusell, Aznarato. For an overview of the national question in post-1970s Spain see Balfour and Quiroga, Reinvention of Spain. 3. Connor, ‘Terminological Chaos’, pp. 89–117. 4. See the comments in Halliday, ‘Formation of Yemini Nationalism’, pp. 26–42. 5. Anderson, Imagined Communities,p.6. 6. For a general study which incorporates an analysis of the Hispanic Habsburg Empire see Marx, FaithintheNation. 7. Smith, National Identity, pp. 76–8. 8. The key work for Catalonia is Torres Sans, Naciones sin nacionalismo. 9. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 14–21. 10. As analysed in some depth in Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, pp. 54–71. 11. Stressed in, for example, Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, p. 3; Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 9–10. 12. The classic study is Kohn, Idea of Nationalism. 13. Because of its empirical weight, I would stress the importance of Baycroft and Hewitson (eds), What is a Nation? 14. Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, p. 3. Few academics would, however, accept Breuilly’s argument that the term nationalism should be restricted to such opposition groups. 15. Applegate, ‘A Europe of Regions’, pp. 1157–82. 16. Smith, National Identity, p. 146. 17. For a stimulating analysis see Umbach, ‘Nation and Region’, pp. 63–80. 18. Walker Connor, ‘Nation-Building or Nation Destroying?’, p. 43. 19. Breuilly, Nationalism and the State;Hroch,Social Preconditions. 20. Núñez Seixas, ‘Region’, pp. 483–518. 21. Smith, National Identity, pp. 20–1 and 66–7. Such a teleological perspective can, I would argue, be seen in, for example, Vicens Vives, ‘Catalans en el segle XIX’; Termes, Historia del Catalanisme; Balcells, Catalan Nationalism;Llobera, God of Modernity,andFoundations of National Identity. Such views are not lim- ited to Catalan historians. A teleological undercurrent can be detected in Hina, Castilla y Cataluña. I cannot claim any originality in my critique of such teleological discourses. Similar comments have been made by such historians as Joan-Lluís Marfany, Àngel Duarte and Genís Barsonell. For a hard-hitting attack on primordialism see Eller and Coughlan, ‘Poverty of Primordialism’, pp. 183–201. 22. Rovira i Virgili, Resum. 23. Rubió i Balaguer, ‘Segle de la Renaixença’, p. 296. 24. For example, he argues that the decision taken in 1842 to pull down the military fortress, La Ciudadela, represented ‘one of the first examples of the rebirth of the Catalan spirit (espirit)’, and affirms that the government’s proposed 1851 civil 223 224 Notes code was ‘a stake in the heart of one of the major elements of the Catalan spirit (ànima)’. ‘Catalans en el segle XIX’, p. 253 and p. 263. 25. See, for example, Jorba, Milà i Fontanals, p. 147; Fontana, ‘Altra Renaixença’, p. 17; Duran i Tort, Renaixença, p. 10. 26. Özkirimli, Theories of Nationalism, pp. 217–18. For a sophisticated discussion in a Spanish context see Serrano, Nacimiento de Carmen, pp. 10–18. 1 King, Patria and Nation: Catalonia from the Ancien Régime to Liberalism 1. The word pàtria is used in the same way in the Castilian and Catalan languages, but the orthography is slightly different; patria in Castilian and pàtria in Catalan. Matters are further complicated because until Pompeu Fabra’s standardization of Catalan grammar and spelling in the early twentieth century Catalans also wrote patria. 2. See Bisson, Medieval Crown. It should be noted that at times parts of the Crown were ruled independently by junior members of the House of Barcelona. 3. They were married in 1469 but did not rule jointly until 1479, when Fernando became king of the Crown of Aragon. 4. Elliott, ‘Composite Monarchies’, pp. 37–46. 5. Elliott, Imperial Spain, pp. 24–6. 6. The Empire never had an official title. I have used the term ‘Hispanic Habsburg Empire’ because at the end of his reign Charles V divided his possessions into a Germanic half and a Hispanic half. Felipe II became monarch of the latter. But it should be noted that the Hispanic Habsburgs retained possessions outside Iberia in Italy and the Low Countries. 7. González Sánchez-Molero, ‘Principis Hispanarium’, pp. 65–85. 8. This is the view advanced in Elliott, Imperial Spain, pp. 255–6; Kamen, Spain 1469–1714, pp. 154–5; and Koenigsberger, ‘Spain’, pp. 161–8. It is, however, rejected in Thompson, ‘Castile, Spain and the Monarchy’, pp. 139–41. 9. Smith, National Identity, pp. 38–9. 10. Kamen, ‘Política lingüística’, p. 33. 11. See, for example, Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, p. 406. 12. Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms, pp. 8–15. 13. Greenfeld, Nationalism; Anthony W. Marx, FaithintheNation. A whole debate has grown up about whether this attachment should be termed old-regime ‘patriotism’, or whether it can legitimately be called ‘nationalism’. Marx argues that the core element of nationalism is collective identification with the state (or with a religious opposition that aims to take state power). Hence, national- ism arose in sixteenth-century Europe. ‘Modernist’ scholars, like Ernest Gellner and E. J. Hobsbawm, and with respect to Spain José Álvarez Junco, on the other hand, affirm that nationalism only emerged in the late eighteenth century with the doctrines of national and political sovereignty. Clearly, a case study is not the place to undertake a long disquisition on the merits of rival definitions of nationalism. I have used the term patriotism for the early-modern era, but am also of the belief that the attachments to king, state, kingdom and reli- gion, which were forged from the sixteenth century onwards, were an essential building block for modern nationalism. ‘Modernists’, I think, have posited too sharp a break between the early-modern and modern worlds. For the question of definitions see also, Introduction, pp. 3–4. Notes 225 14. Elliott, ‘Self Perception and Decline’, p. 246; Thompson, ‘Castile, Spain, and the Monarchy’, pp. 135–9; Álvarez Junco, Mater Dolorosa, pp. 41–4, and 79–81. 15. Connor, ‘Ethnonationalism’, pp. 74–6; Smith, National Identity, p. 22. 16. Elliott, ‘Composite Monarchies’, p. 59; Koenigsberger, ‘Spain’, p. 164; García Cárcel, ‘Concepte d’Espanya’, p. 42; Gónzález Sánchez-Molero, ‘Principes Hispanarium’, pp. 65–85; Thompson, ‘Castile, Spain, and the Monarchy’, p. 138; Álvarez Junco, Mater Dolorosa, pp. 45–60. 17. Antón Pelayo, ‘Historiografía catalana’, p. 295; Gónzález Sánchez-Molero, ‘Principes Hispanarium’, pp. 83–5. 18. Elliott, Revolt of the Catalans, p. 15. 19. Elliott, Revolt of the Catalans, pp. 13–17 and pp. 42–8; Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms, p. 279 and pp. 372–84. 20. Elliott, Revolt of the Catalans, pp. 13–17 and pp. 42–8; Hillgarth, Spanish Kingdoms, p. 279 and pp. 372–84. 21. Coll i Alentorn, ‘Llegenda de Otger Cataló’, pp. 1–47; Freedman, ‘Legendary Origins of Catalonia’, pp. 3–28; Coll i Alentorn, Guifré el Pelós; Alcoberro, ‘Mites fundacionals’, pp. 16–21; Villanueva, Política y discurso histórico; Simón i Tarrés, Orígins ideològics. 22. The key work is Marfany, Llengua Maltractada. See also, Amelang, Honored Citizens, pp. 190–5; Lluch, ‘Producció de llibres’, pp. 22–7; Kamen, ‘Política lingüística’, pp. 30–4. Jeroni Pujades’ Coronica Universal, for example, reflected the growing influence of Castilian. The first volume was written in Catalan, but the next two (which would not be published until the early nineteenth century) were written in Castilian. 23. Kamen, Spain 1469–1714, pp. 211–12. 24. Vilar, ‘Estado, nación y patria’, p. 267; Torres Sans, ‘Pactisme’, pp. 45–62. 25. There is a detailed analysis in Elliott, Revolt of the Catalans. 26. Albareda Salvadó, Guerra de Sucesión, pp. 41–5. 27. Albareda Salvadó, Guerra de Sucesión, pp. 492–8. 28. Artola, Orígenes, p. 31. 29. For more details see, for example, Herr, Eighteenth Century Revolution, pp. 11–12. 30. Felipe V affirmed in his 29 June 1707 decree abolishing the institutions of Aragon and Valencia that this was based on ‘just right of conquest’. Cited in Lluch, Catalunya vençuda, p. 137. In England, in contrast, as Marx notes, the Puritan victory in the English civil war of 1640–5, followed by the execution of King Charles I, ensured that absolutism on the French model would not be possible. Marx, FaithintheNation, p. 107. Of course, England was a major inde- pendent power surrounded by sea, while Catalonia, Valencia and Aragon were much smaller territories wedged between France and the Kingdom of Castile. 31. For an overview see Smith, National Identity, pp. 93–5. 32. Herr, Eighteenth Century Revolution, pp. 227–30. 33. Sánchez Ageste, ‘ “Cortejo de naciones” ’, pp. 205–18; Maravall, ‘Sentimiento de nación’ and ‘De la Ilustración al Romanticismo’, pp. 29–41 and pp. 42–60; Fernández Sebastián, ‘España, monarquía y nación’, pp. 53–8. 34. Herr, Eighteenth Century Revolution, pp. 37–85; Álvarez Junco, Mater Dolorosa, pp. 79–81, and pp. 227–32. 35. Vilar, ‘Estado, nación y patria’, pp. 267–71; Fernández Sebastián, ‘España, monarquía y nación’, p. 56; Varela, ‘Nación, patria y patriotismo’, p. 2. 36. Fontana, Fi de l’antic règim, pp. 94–6; Prats, ‘Estat de la llengua i de la cultura’, pp. 308–17; Jacobson, Catalonia’s Advocates,p.52. 226 Notes 37. For the concept of diglossia see Fishman, Sociology of Language.Thekeysource remains Marfany, Llengua maltractada, especially, p. 286, pp. 326–32, and pp. 403–12. From a somewhat different perspective see Fontana, Fi de l’antic règim, pp. 94–6; Prats, ‘Estat de la llengua i de la cultura’, pp. 308–17. On the legal profession see Jacobson, Catalonia’s Advocates,p.52. 38. Albareda Salvadó, Guerra de Sucesión, pp. 435–7; Roura i Aulinas, Subjecció i revolta, pp. 42–71. 39. Kamen, Spain 1469–1714, p.
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    ACTES HIST 3-2.qxp:- 11/4/11 11:25 Pgina 119 ACTES D’HISTÒRIA DE LA CIÈNCIA I DE LA TÈCNICA NOVA ÈPOCA / VOLUM 3 (2) / 2010, p. 119-129 DEL ANARQUISMO AL LIBREPENSAMIENTO: UNA PROPUESTA DE APROXIMACIÓN AL PROCESO DE APROPIACIÓN DEL DARWINISMO EN LA CATALUÑA DE FINES DEL XIX* ÁLVARO GIRÓN SIERRA INSTITUCIÓ MILÀ I FONTANALS-CSIC, BARCELONA. [email protected] Resumen: En las últimas décadas la historiografía ha puesto de manifiesto que repre- sentar el darwinismo de las últimas décadas del XIX como una suerte de aplicación de la teoría de Darwin de la selección natural a diferentes dominios era a la vez ingenuo y simplista. Más que una entidad fija, el darwinismo es mejor visto como un artefacto histórico cuyo significado era continuamente renegociado. Paradójicamente, aquellos trabajos dedicados al proceso de circulación/apropiación del darwinismo dentro de las organizaciones de izquierda y de la clase obrera, han soslayado habitualmente el hecho de que tanto partidos políticos como sindicatos es- tuvieron lejos de ser entidades fijas y auto-contenidas. Ello fue especialmente cierto en *Este artículo ha sido elaborado dentro del marco del proyecto “La ciencia europea y su impacto. De el origen a la recepción y desarrollo del darwinismo en España: interpretación, polémicas y ani- versarios” de referencia HUM2007-65125-C02-01 y financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e In- novación. Una primera versión de este artículo se presentó en la jornada Darwin en el 150è ani- versari de la publicació de «L’origen de les espècies», organitzada por la Societat Catalana d’Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica (SCHCT)-Institut d’Estudis Catalans (IEC), la Institució Milà i Fontanals-CSIC y la Residència d’Investigadors CSIC-Generalitat de Catalunya.
  • 09. Notas Pens. Social

    09. Notas Pens. Social

    Notas sobre su pensamiento social Una de las facetas más significativas del pensamiento de M. Reventós son sus estudios sobre los movimientos sociales y la realidad cooperativa, con referencia especial a Cataluña. Su propio hijo, Joan Reventós i Carner, es autor de una monografía sobre el movimiento cooperativo en España que fue defendida como tesis doctoral en la Universidad de Madrid y publicada en Barcelona en un volumen en 1960. Hablaremos en breve de ello. Sobre los movimientos sociales, Manuel Reventós tiene una obra publicada por la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País 1 y otra escrita para la Fundación Patxot en 1936 sobre las clases medias, que no llegaría a alcanzar las linotipias 2 y que tuvo un luctuoso itinerario; nos estamos refiriendo al texto mecanografiado, que fue trasladado a Suiza -cedido por una imprudencia de Maria Carner- y luego recuperado por la propia familia Reventós. Esta obra 1 Manuel REVENTÓS i BORDOY, Els moviments socials a Barcelona durant el segle XIX, La Revista, Barcelona, 1925, 159 pp. Ha sido reeditada en Crítica, Barcelona, 1987. También con el título en otros lugares de Assaig sobre alguns episodis històrics dels moviments socials a Barcelona en el segle XIX, aunque es la misma obra, que Josep TERMES i ARDEVOL, en Bibliografia dels moviments socials a Catalunya, País Valencià i les Illes, Barcelona, 1972, califica como «capdaventera dels treballs científics sobre l’obrerisme català, encara que es ressent de la manca de métode i de visió de conjunt de l’historiografia de l’època. L’autor intentà, en tot cas, tractar els temes sense apriorismes.
  • Nuria Perez Paper Springer Re

    Nuria Perez Paper Springer Re

    Publicat a: Núria Pérez, Medicine Studies (2010) 2:37–48DOI 10.1007/s12376-010-0039-z Medicine and science in a new medical–surgical context: the Royal College of Surgery of Barcelona (1760–1843) ABSTRACT Taking the Royal College of Barcelona (1760 -1843) as a case study this paper shows the development of modern surgery in Spain initiated by Bourbon Monarchy founding new kinds of institutions through their academic activities of spreading scientific knowledge. Antoni Gimbernat was the most famous internationally recognised Spanish surgeon. He was trained as a surgeon at the Royal College of Surgery in Cadiz and was later appointed as professor of the Anatomy in the College of Barcelona. He then became Royal Surgeon of King Carlos IV and with that esteemed position in Madrid he worked resiliently to improve the quality of the Royal colleges in Spain. Learning human body structure by performing hands-on dissections in the anatomical theatre has become a fundamental element of modern medical education. Gimbernat favoured the study of natural sciences, the new chemistry of Lavoisier and experimental physics in the academic programs of surgery. According to the study of a very relevant set of documents preserved in the library, the so-called “juntas literarias”, among the main subjects debated in the clinical sessions was the concept of human beings and diseases in relation to the development of the new experimental sciences. These documents showed that chemistry and experimental physics were considered crucial tools to understand the unexplained processes that occurred in the diseased and healthy human body and in a medico-surgical context.