2005 NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ALBANIA PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN POLICIES AND DEVELOPMENT IN ALBANIA Approaches to Operationalising the MDGs in Albania SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT AGENCY DEVELOPMENT TIRANA – ALBANIA PROGRAMME National Human Development Report Albania 2005 Pro-Poor and Pro-Women Policies: Operationalizing MDGs in Albania Prepared for the United Nations Development Programme in Albania By the Sustainable Economic Development Agency Team Leader Genc Myftiu Chairman – Sustainable Economic Development Agency Poverty Principal Author Adrian Civici – Director, Department of National Strategy of Socio Economic Development Gender Principal Author Eglantina Gjermeni Director - Gender Alliance for Development Centre Poverty working group Gelardina Ducka, Ina Kraja, Kloalda Kamberi, Shkelzen Marku, Arta Hoxha, Shyqyri Llaci, Fran Brahimi Gender working group Marsela Dauti, Elvana Lula, Admir Meko Human development indexes working group Arjan Rukaj, Ariana Misha With the institutional contribution of: Albanian Association of Municipalities Centre for Rural Studies, Co-Plan Gender Alliance for Development Centre INSTAT Partners Albania – Centre for Change and Conflict Management United Nations Volunteers Peer review Ylli Bufi, Milva Ekonomi, Eda Haxhiymeri, Nora Malaj, Capajev Gjokutaj, Remzi Lani, Edmond Leka, Sotiraq Guga, Engjell Shkreli, Besnik Aliaj, Fatos Hodaj,Tim Scott, Hermine de Sotto, Sabine Beddies, Elira Sakiqi, An- drey Ivanov, Dono Abdurazakova, Dritan Tola, Gjergji Themeli, Ylli Dedja, Genc Demi, Vincenzo Bonvicini, John Channon, Keida Lulo. MARCH 2005 Special thanks to: HE. Mr. Alfred Moisiu – President of Albania HE. Ms. Jozefina Topalli – Deputy Speaker of Albanian Parliament HE. Mr. Arben Malaj – Minister of Finance HE. Ms. Ermelinda Meksi – Minister of Integration Ms. Anna Stjarnerklint – UNDP Resident Representative and UN Resident Coordinator in Albania Ms. Elzira Sagynbaeva – UNDP Deputy Resident Representative The authors acknowledge the valuable contribution of all UNDP Albania programme and project staff for their reviews, insights and suggestions during the preparation of this report Essay contributions Albana Mustafaraj, Denisa Xhoga, Edi Lesi, Jerina Zaloshnja, Luljeta Progni, Manjola Zeka Editor of essays Altin Raxhimi Translators Stavri Pone Ana Gjokutaj English language editing Elisabeth Warn Albanian language editing Xhevat Lloshi Photos Roland Tasho Technical advisor Peter Gudgeon – Inter-regional advisor, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Management, coordination and technical support Eno Ngjela – Team Leader / Policy, UNDP Albania graphic design Studio grafike Elsi Kongo Shtypi Pegi The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme. Information contained in this report is not subject to copyright. However, clear acknowledgment and reference and to the Albanian Human Development Report 2005 authorship is required, when using this information. This report is available at www.undp.org.al www.seda.org.al LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 LIST OF BOXES, TABLES, FIGURES 8 FOREWORD 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 RECOMMENDATIONS 17 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1: PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN POLICIES AND STRATEGIES - MAIN ISSUES AND APPROACHES 25 1.1 Conceptual Underpinnings of Pro- Poor and Pro- Women Policies and Strategies 26 1.1.1 The Human Development Approach – Development for All 26 1.1.2 Poverty – What Does It Mean? 26 1.1.3 Women, Gender and Development 27 1.1.4 Pro-poor and Pro-women Policies 28 1.1.5 The Importance of Pro-poor and Pro Women Development for Albania 30 CHAPTER 2: POVERTY AND THE SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MAIN REFORMS IN ALBANIA: 1990 – 2004 33 Introduction 34 2.1 Macro-economic Performance 35 2.2 Sectoral Reforms 36 2.3 Social Impact Analysis 38 2.4 The National Strategy for Social and Economic Development (NSSED) 41 2.5 The MDGs at the Regional Level – The Case for Regional Development 43 CHAPTER 3: A PROFILE OF POVERTY IN ALBANIA 45 Introduction 46 3.1 Poverty Indicators 46 3.2 Unmet Basic Needs; Poverty 52 3.3 Selected Poverty Profiles in Albania 52 3.4 Social Categories at Risk 54 3.5 Other Dimensions of Poverty 56 3.6 Poverty and Access assets – private and public 58 CHAPTER 4: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN ALBANIA 61 Introduction 62 4.1 The Legal and Institutional Framework of Women’s Rights 62 4.2 Gender and Health 64 4.3 The Economic Status of Albanian Women 66 4.4 Gender and Poverty 69 4.5 Gender and Education 71 4.6 Albanian Women and Decision Making 73 4.7 Women and Migration 76 4.8 Domestic Violence and Violence against Women 77 4.9 Women and Crime 81 4.10 Trafficking And Prostitution of Albanian Women and Girls 81 4.11 The Women’s Movement in Albania 83 CHAPTER 5: POVERTY AND GENDER THROUGH THE LENSES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 87 Introduction 88 5.1 The Human Development Index 88 Table Of Contents Table 5.2 Gender Empowerment Measure 91 5.3 The Human Poverty Indexes (Hpi-1/2) 91 CHAPTER 6: PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 97 Introduction 98 6.1 Pro Poor Policies and Strategies 98 6.2 The Importance of Economic Growth for Poverty Reduction 99 6.3 Pro-poor Policies and Strategies Linked To the NSSED 100 6.4 Poverty Social Impact Analysis as a Development Tool 104 6.5 Health Care from A Gender Perspective 105 6.6 Gender and Education 107 6.7 Economic, Political and Social Dimensions Of Pro-women Policies 107 CHAPTER 7: REGIONALIZING AND OPERATIONALISING THE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES ON PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 111 Introduction 112 7.1 Towards Effective Regional Based Strategies and Programmes for Pro-poor and Pro-women Development 112 7.1.1 Pro-Poor Programmes and Initiatives 112 7.1.2 Polices and Strategies for Addressing Gender Issues and Women’s Development at the Regional Level 115 7.2 Proposed Participatory Monitoring Tools at the Local Level 117 CHAPTER 8: THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND VOLUNTEERISM IN PROMOTING THE PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN AGENDA 119 Introduction 120 8.1 Increasing Civil Society Involvement in Issues of Public Concern 120 8.2 Participation of Civil Society in Poverty Reduction 121 8.3 Civil Society and the Millennium Development Goals 122 8.4 Volunteerism and Pro-poor and Pro-women Policies 123 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 130 ANNEXES 133 BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 6 “we will spare no effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty…... ”. UN Millennium Declaration 7 list of Abreviations CBO – Community Based Organization CDD – Community Driven Development CSO – Civil Society Organization EU – European Union GDI – Gender Development Index GDP – Gross Domestic Product GEM – Gender Empowerment Index GIS – Geographic Information System HDI – Human Development Index HPI – Human Poverty Index ICT – Information and Communication Technology ILO – International Labour Organization INSTAT – Institute of Statistics IOM – International Organization for Migration LGU – Local Government Unit LSMS – Living Standards Measurement Survey MDGs – Millennium Development Goals MDGRR – Millennium Development Goals Regional Report NHDR – National Human Development Report NGO – Non-Governmental Organization NPO – Non-for Profit Organization NSSED – National Strategy for Social and Economic Development OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PRSP – Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSIA – Poverty and Social Impact Assessment RDS – Regional Development Strategy SAA – Stability and Association Agreement SAp – Stability and Association Process SME – Small and Medium Enterprises UN – United Nations UNDAF – United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund VIO – Volunteer Involving Organisations WB – World Bank WHO – World Health Organisation 8 List of boxes BOX.1: Definitions of Poverty BOX 2: A chronology of the definitions of poverty BOX 3: Historical approaches to women’s role and gender equality in the development process. BOX 4: Migration and remittances Box 5: Fiscal decentralization Box 6: Some other MDG targets for Albania BOX 7: Challenges –as identified by the NSSED Box 8: Inequality In Albania: Lorenz Curve And Gini Coefficient BOX 9: The most vulnerable groups in Albania BOX 10: Health and the family in KUKES BOX 11: The Poverty and gender nexus of energy and climate change BOX 12: Creative women with creative hands Box 13: The Albanian Network Against Gender Violence and Women Trafficking Box 14: Gender equal opportunities through the use of Media Box 15: The law on domestic violence BOX 16: Human Development Index (HDI) BOX 17: The gender-related development index (GDI) BOX 18: Gender Empowerment Index (GEM) BOX 19: Human Poverty Index 1 (HP – 1) BOX 20: The Human Poverty Index 2 (HPI – 2) Box 21: Future prospects BOX 22: NSSED Macro Economic Targets BOX 23: Good Governance BOX 24: NSSED expected poverty related effects BOX 25: The need for data collection for poverty (and gender) analysis Box 26: The case of Stebleva Box 27: Raising Public Debate on Women’s empowerment Box 28: Enhancing the status of women in rural areas Box 29: Women and Migration Box 30: Examples of public influence on political behaviour Box 31: Action priorities suggested by the civil society in the NSSED Box 32: “Volunteerism brings change” - at least for Radat women List of tables Table 1: THE PRINCIPAL MDG POVERTY TARGETS for ALBANIA – absolute and extreme poverty Table 2: Level of poverty according to various definitions