Victims of Human Trafficking

VI. Section 6: VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Page# A. OVERVIEW 601 B. RESOURCES The 13 Kinds of Support Needed for a Victim 602 of Human Trafficking to Become a Survivor Taken From Hands That Heal NCA-NW Recommended Resources 604 Anti-Human Trafficking Volunteer Opportunities In 607 Seattle And Portland Identifying Child Victims of Commercial 611 Sexual Exploitation of Children Document from the State of Washington Identifying and Responding to 616 Victims of Human Trafficking Document from the State of Washington C. AFFILIATE REPORTS Aurora Church of the Nazarene 637

600 INTRO TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING – FACTS AND DEFINITIONS District Assembly Workshop 2015

WORKSHOP SUMMARY

Come and learn about Modern Slavery, also known as Human Trafficking. Become aware of the facts of one of the world's most rapidly growing industries--albeit illegal-- the sale of another human being for profit: children in third world countries being trained to kill with AK-47's, sweat shops with indentured child slaves or the flourishing child sex tourism industry in Asia. We might be less aware of the 300,000-800,000 juvenile girls being bought and sold in the U.S. today. Learn what is being done by churches in the WAPAC District, and how you can become a modern abolitionist.

Leah Wheeler, moderator, Lindsay DuBois, Charmaine Sanders

BIOS OF PRESENTERS

• Lindsey DuBois is the wife of Worship Arts Pastor, Brenden DuBois, from Aurora Church of the Nazarene and is a fellow worship leader. She is passionate about the anti-human trafficking movement & has experience working with survivors.

• Charmaine Sanders, manager of a large 55+ park, joined the fight against modern slavery through Washington Engage. She is a core leader of Southwest King Coalition Against Trafficking and of Federal Way Church of the Nazarene.

• Leah Wheeler is a missionary at Kelso Church of the Nazarene and has years of experience working and training against human trafficking in several countries.

601 B. RESOURCES

THE 13 KINDS OF SUPPORT NEEDED FOR A SURVIVOR OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING TO SURVIVE

Taken from Hands that Heal: International Curriculum to Train Caregivers of Trafficking Survivors, by F.A.A.S.T. (Faith Alliance Against Slavery and Trafficking), 2007.

1. ADMINISTRATION 2. EDUCATION & LITERACY 3. LEGAL COUNSEL 4. LIFE SKILLS TRAINING 5. MEDICAL 6. MICRO ENTERPRISE 7. POLITICAL ADVOCACY 8. PRAYER 9. REPATRIATION/REINTEGRATION 10. SOCIAL WORK/COUNSELING 11. SPIRITUAL FORMATION 12. THE ARTS 13. VOCATIONAL TRAINING

WHERE DO YOU CONNECT INAFTERCARE?

The curriculum [of FAAST] is not about the agenda of any one organization, ministry or denomination, rather it is about the work of our Father’s Kingdon on earth. The global horror of trafficking of women and young children for sexual exploitation is now far bigger than any one organization, no matter how global. Organized crime around the world is networking together for the destructive purposes of sexual exploitation. How much more should we as people of faith around the world be working together to accomplish God’s purposes of healing and restoration? In the face of this exploding crime, the response of people of faith around the world be working together to accomplish God’s purposes of healing and restoration? In the face of this exploding crime, the response of people of faith must be greater, more coordinated, and more collaborative than anything we’ve ever attempted before in order to challenge this horrendous evil and bring hope to its hurting victims.

602

The

603 RESOURCES TO INFORM ACTION AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING Gathered by Margaret Scott

NATIONAL and/or INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

POLARIS PROJECT: By successfully pushing for stronger federal and state laws, operating the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline (1-888-373-7888), conducting trainings, and providing vital services to victims of trafficking, Polaris Project creates long-term solutions that move our society closer to a world without slavery. http://www.polarisproject.org/

EXODUS CRY: Exodus Cry is built on a foundation of prayer and is committed to abolishing sex slavery through Christ-centered prevention, intervention, and holistic restoration of trafficking victims, produces films http://exoduscry.com/

EUROPEAN FREEDOM NETWORK (EFT) is a strategic network of the European Evangelical Alliance that connects active and emerging ministries and other stakeholders across Europe. Includes downloadable curriculum for churches. A major player in EFT is a graduate of Northwest Nazarene University, Jennifer Roemhildt Tunehag. http://www.europeanfreedomnetwork.org/

FAITH ALLIANCE AGAINST SEX TRAFFICKING: (FAAST) is a Christian alliance working in collaboration to eradicate human trafficking and restore survivors: http://www.faastinternational.org/

SHARED HOPED INTERNATIONAL: (Christian) many different ministries including establishment of “Villages of Hope” http://sharedhope.org/

THE DEFENDERS USA is a coalition of men across the United States who fight the commercial sex industry. http://sharedhope.org/join-the-cause/become-a-defender/

THE A21 CAMPAIGN exists to abolish injustice in the 21st century through a comprehensive system of preventative measures, victim protection, prosecution of violators, and strategic partnerships. http://www.TheA21Campaign.org/

WEST COAST ORGANIZATIONS

WASHINGTON ENGAGE, building community coalitions (called CATs) to prevent human trafficking in Washington State, founding Director, Rose Gunderson from Mt. View Nazarene, Olympia (a site with multiple links):http://www.waengage.com/

SEATTLE AGAINST SLAVERY (secular):http://www.seattleagainstslavery.org/

SEATTLE UNION GOSPEL MISSION, WOMEN & CHILDREN’S SHELTER: http://www.ugm.org/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_emergency - For women

604 REAL ESCAPE FROM THE SEX TRADE (REST) has several ministries include a 24-hr hotline and a woman’s shelter. http://iwantrest.com/

KING COUNTRY SECURITY & PROTECTIVE SERVICES. Police officers who give pro-bono assistance to locate and retrieve runaways, helping victims of domestic violence or human trafficking, provide training programs, http://www.kcsguards.net

INTERCOMMUNITY PEACE & JUSTICE CENTER.IPJC acts for justice in the church and in the world and is sponsored by sixteen religious communities and collaborates with Catholic, ecumenical, interfaith and other organizations in this mission. http://www.ipjc.org/links/trafficking.htm

GENERATE HOPE offers a real way out to San Diego's trafficking victims www.generatehope.org

AWARE, Inc. is a non-profit youth program serving Clark County since 1997 and now serves Clark, Cowlitz, Skamania, Yakima, Benton and Kittitas Counties. We are building a national presence as school districts from around the US to share in their schools using the film called “Chosen” and the in-school curriculum called “Deceptions” and trains presenters in WA. http://awareprogram.net/

ASLAN ACADEMY, a non-profit 501 (c)(3) boarding school (IN PROCESS) that provides a home environment in a safe and secure location. Girls can now begin to rebuild their lives thru education, recreation, and the arts as well as having classes in self-defense, self-reliance, hygiene, and personal grooming. The academy is planned to house 64 rescued girls ages 11 thru 17 years old, 5th to twelfth grades. http://www.aslanacademy.org/

NEWS ARTICLE ABOUT SEX ECONOMY IN SEATTLE: http://www.kplu.org/post/seattles-underground-sex-economy-explained-five-points

VIDEOS/FILMS: (there are many! Almost all the non-profits have videos on their sites) • Trading the Innocents”, Justice needs a hero – be one. http://tradeofinnocentsresources.com/ • “Nefarious, Merchant of Souls” (2011) is a hard-hitting documentary that exposes the disturbing trends of modern-day sex slavery; provides an in-depth look into the human trafficking industry. For free viewing or purchase athttp://store.exoduscry.com/index.php?product=NMOS-DVD&c=2 • Edenhttp://www.edenthefilm.com/ • Sara’s Story Copy 2https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iiGy9QRavc

CAMPAIGNS & EVENTS (there are many, many of these, too) • NOT IN MY CITY DECLARATION: http://www.waengage.com/Not-In-My-City- Declaration • RUN FOR THEIR LIVES: http://www.freedom424.org/r4tl/

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SPECIFIC TO NAZARENES • OPEN DOOR FOUNDATION Bucharest, Romania: Only shelter for women in Romania. Monica Boseff, Director. It has only one source of income, Ann Glow, Nazarene in Scotland and was featured in the March newsletter of EFN:http://www.europeanfreedomnetwork.org/blog/2014/02/partner-spotlight- open-door-foundation/ • DOWNLOADABLE FREE RESOURCES from NMI include lessons on Human Trafficking:http://www.livingmission.com/nphweb/html/lm/freebies.jsp • CENTER FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE AT TREVECCA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY, Nashville, TN:http://engagemagazine.com/content/qa-what-biblical-social- justice • POINT LOMA NAZARENE UNIVERSITY’S abolition website www.abolishhumantrafficking.com

606 ANTI-HUMAN TRAFFICKING VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES IN SEATTLE AND PORTLAND

• Api Chaya (http://apichaya.org/c5/get-involved/volunteer/)

“API Chaya seeks to end systemic violence in our communities. We have served thousands of people and worked with dozens of community groups for community organizing and education regarding prevention of sexual and domestic violence, exploitation, and human trafficking. We understand the cultural normal and stigmas associated with such violence and believe in the inherent strength and potential of each person and our communities to address situations in which there has been systemic emotional and/or physical violence. Our services are free, confidential, and available to any person in need. Our programs include the following: survivor services, community organizing, natural helpers.

API Chaya volunteers can take part in many different projects to achieve one or more of the following: reach out to the communities we serve and connect them to our services, create awareness around the issues of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking and engage our communities to address these issues, help our advocates address the needs of people we serve.”

• Defenders: The Men of Shared Hope (http://sharedhope.org/join-the-cause/become-a-defender/)

“The Defenders are men who have come to understand the marketplace of commercial sexual exploitation. We are committed to doing everything in our power to stop that exploitation. At the core of our existence is the Defenders Pledge, where we commit our lives to bringing dignity, honor, and respect to women and children. Out of that flow our other initiatives which exist to show women that we care, hold other men accountable, and working to end the demand for this destructive market. The question is: are you a Defender?”

• The Genesis Project (http://genesisnow.org/volunteer/)

The Genesis Project exists to offer hope for a new life to young women leaving commercial sexual exploitation. It is the initiative highlighted in “Rape for Profit”, a Seattle-based documentary. The drop-in center serves as a safe-haven for women and girls who have been involved in commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking. We provide food, clothing and laundry, hygiene and shower, emergency shelter, case management, lay and licensed mental health counseling, legal support, transportation, job and life skills classes, GED completion program, and more. Volunteers are needed for day and night shifts and the drop-in center, mentoring, assisting in classes, providing transportation, accepting/organizing donations, maintenance, hospitality, event planning, the prayer time, marketing/fundraising, and more.

607 • Real Escape from the Sex Trade/REST (http://iwantrest.com)

“You can work to bring rest to others. At the core of REST is a passion to see a path of hope made for the exploited. We are a direct service provider made up of passionate people who are compelled to action by the desire for justice in our city and our state. We want Washington to be inhospitable to traffickers and we want to work ourselves out of a job. We need your help to do this.”

• Seattle Against Slavery (http://www.seattleagainstslavery.org/mobilization/volunteer-opportunities/)

“Seattle Against Slavery is a grassroots coalition working to make a slave-free world, one city at a time. Uniting community-based abolition activists, local and national non- government organizations, government agencies, and other coalitions, SAS seeks to raise human trafficking awareness and mobilize the public to better advocate for victims, enhance survivor care, promote legislation to combat human trafficking, and help service providers build capacity. “

Current needs include prospect researcher/analyst, Grant Writer, Graphic Designer, Headshot and Event Photographer, and more.

• Shared Hope International (http://sharedhope.org/join-the-cause/)

“Shared Hope International is dedicated to bringing an end to sex trafficking through our three-pronged approach – prevent, restore, and bring justice.”

Get involved by becoming a Defender, an Ambassador, hosting/attending events, and more.

• Washington Engage (http://www.waengage.com/volunteer)

“Washington Engage is a human rights organization addressing sex and labor trafficking in Washington State through prevention and early intervention initiatives. From policy work at the state legislature to grassroots community activism and professional engagement, we seek to make WA State incompatible to human trafficking.”

Opportunities are available in accounting, clerical, event planning, fundraising, grant writing/research, IT, legislation/policy, legal experience, photography, public speaking, social media, translation, videography, and more.

608 Opportunities in Portland/Oregon

• Abolition Now (http://abolitionnow.com/get-involved#individual)

“Abolition Now unites churches and collaborates with government agencies, anti- trafficking and other non-profit organizations to aid in the fight against sex-trafficking through advocacy, awareness, prevention and restoration.”

Current needs include a Director for Dress for FREEdom, a Resource Drive Coordinator for Hands of Hope, Design Studio Coordinator/Administrator, Community Business Liaisons, Seamstresses, Landscape Maintenance, and construction projects.

• Adorned in Grace (http://www.adornedingrace.org/donate/#volunteer)

“Adorned in Grace Bridal and Formalwear Shop sells new and gently used wedding gowns, formals, petticoats, veils, and accessories. All proceeds are used to promote awareness and prevention of sex trafficking as well as restoration for trafficking victims.”

Sales associates, community/business liaisons, seamstresses, inventory merchandisers, event coordinators, volunteer coordinators, marketing/promotion consultants, and shop maintenance helpers are all needed.

• Bridging the Gap ([email protected])

“Bridging the Gap is an intranet-based resource for organizations, law enforcement, and other agencies in the Portland Metro area. This provides a extremely practical and effective tool for collaboration, letting us better serve the sexually exploited and vulnerable we come into contact with on a daily basis. Currently we are in need of a Communications/Networking Volunteer to join our Advisory Board. This person would do a quarterly newsletter and communication (including social media) with BTG partners. Please contact us for further information or inquiries.”

• Compassion First (http://www.compassionfirst.org/)

“COMPASSION FIRST exists to oppose the oppression of commercial sexual exploitation. But we don't wish to simply eradicate this crime. While being a part of a worldwide movement working to end modern-day slavery, we must also care for its survivors. At Compassion First, we provide holistic aftercare for trafficking survivors, partnered law enforcement training, safe pathways for survivors through the court system, and financial collaboration for rescues of trafficked persons.”

You can help through prayer, mentorship, coordinating food, clothing, toiletry, and gift card drives, joining our data research team, and coordinating awareness and fundraising activities.

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• Door to Grace (http://www.doortograce.org/get-involved/)

“Door to Grace offers loving services and vital resources to girls who are between the ages of 14- 17,survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, and preparing to leave “the life”. Our services are offered in the context of trusted relationship in two ways: REACH™ daytime services in our Day Home and mentorship with a qualified volunteer. These services are interwoven with our commitment to demonstrating Christ’s love and redemptive healing while being sensitive to the trauma and abuses these youth have experienced in life.”

Volunteers are needed to staff the Day Home, work the annual Key2Free event, stock the pantry, host a give party, pack freedom bags, advocate, and act as respite parents.

• Sexual Assault Resource Center (http://sarcoregon.org/how-you-can-help/volunteer/)

“SARC’s mission is to promote social justice by eliminating sexual violence through advocacy, education, and support. Founded in 1977 by two sexual assault survivors, SARC seeks to provide immediate response and support to sexually assaulted survivors and empower them to heal and regain control of their lives.”

Current needs include support line advocacy, community outreach and tabling, education program volunteer, and office/small project support.

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621 BIBLIOGRAPHY (from the University of Texas Arlington)

Babies for Sale: The Tennessee Children's Home Adoption Scandal. By Linda Tollett Austin. Westport, CN: Praeger, 1993.

"The Belgian counter-trafficking policy." By Arne Dormaels, Bruno Moens and Nele Praet. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

"Beyond Immigrant Brothels: The Criminal Justice System and Trafficked Persons."By Juhu Thukral. Chapter In: 21st Century Sexualities: Contemporary Issues in Health, Education, and Rights. Edited, Gilbert Herdt and Cymene Howe. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007.

"Bonded labour in South Asia: India, Nepal and Pakistan." By Krishna Upadhyaya. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

"Breaking the chains of bonded laborers: South Asia." http://worldcat.org/oclc/82944776By David B. Batstone. Chapter In: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: Harper, SanFrancisco, ©2007.

"Building a new Underground Railroad: USA." By David B. Batstone. Chapter In: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: Harper San Francisco, ©2007. Other Titles: Return of the global slave trade -- and how we can fight it.

"Causes of trafficking in women and children." By Obi N. I. Ebbe. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008. Conference Name: International Police Executive Symposium.

622 "The Challenge of hidden slavery: legal responses to forced labor in the United State." By Free the Slaves, Washington, DC and Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006.

"Child labour, education and child rights among cocoa producers in Ghana." By Amanda Berlan. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

"Child labour in Latin America: issues and policies in Honduras." By Rachel Nizan. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

Combating Modern Slavery: Reauthorization of the Anti-Trafficking Programs: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, October 31, 2007. By United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary.

"A Conducive context: trafficking of persons in Central Asia." By Liz Kelly. Chapter In: Human Trafficking. Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

623 "Conflicts and interests: trafficking in Filipino women and the Philippine government policies on migration and trafficking." By Carolina S. Ruiz-Austria. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

"Contemporary slavery, global justice and globalization." By Christien van den Anker. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

A Crime So Monstrous: Face-to-Face with Modern-Day Slavery. http://worldcat.org/oclc/144329782By E. Benjamin Skinner. New York, NY: Free Press, 2008. " "Criminalizing the use of trafficked prostitutes: some philosophical issues." By David Archard. Chapter In: Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulation of Prostitution. Edited by Vanessa Munro and Marina Della Giusta. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.

"Doing the impossible?: collecting data on the extent of trafficking." By Gillian Wylie. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

Examining U.S. Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery: Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Second Session, July 7, 2004. By United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O. : U.S. G.P.O., 2004. Other Titles: Examining US Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery. "Serial no. J-108-86." Series: S. Hrg.; 108-639

624 "Exploring exploitation: trafficking in sex, work, and sex work." By Vanessa E. Munro. Chapter In: Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulation of Prostitution. Edited by Vanessa Munro and Marina Della Giusta. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.

"Fighting against trafficking in women in the north of Israel." By Rita Chaikin. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

Forced Labor: Coercion and Exploitation in the Private Economy. Edited by Beate Andrees and Patrick Belser. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009.

"From home to hell : the telling story of an African woman's journey and stay in Europe." By William A. E. Ejalu. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

Global Trafficking in Women and Children.

Globalization, Prostitution and Sex-Trafficking; Corporeal Politics. By Elina Penttinen. London, UK; New York, NY: Routledge, 2008. Series: Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics;

"Historical approaches to the trade in human beings." By John T. Picarelli. Chapter In: Human Trafficking. Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

Hollow Bodies: Institutional Responses to Sex Trafficking in Armenia, Bosnia, and India. http://worldcat.org/oclc/191809553By Susan Dewey. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2008.

"Human rights and human trafficking in Thailand: a shadow TIP report." By Anne Gallagher. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

"Human Rights Education and Contemporary Child Slavery: Creating Child- Friendly Villages When States, Communities, and Families Fail to Protect." http://worldcat.org/oclc/145732893By Lynette Shultz. Chapter In: Educating for human rights and global citizenship. Edited by Ali A. Abdi and Lynette Shultz. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, ©2008.

"Human rights or wrongs? the struggle for a rights-based response to trafficking in human beings." By Ann D. Jordan. Chapter In: Gender, Trafficking, and Slavery. Edited by Rachel Masika. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, ©2002. Series: Oxfam Focus on Gender.

"Human smuggling and irregular population migration." By Sheldon X. Zhang. Chapter In: Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All Roads Lead to America. By Sheldon X. Zhang.

626 Westport, CN: Praeger Publishers, 2007.

Human Trafficking. http://worldcat.org/oclc/85691833Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

"Human trafficking and democratic transition in Albania." By Vasilika Hysi. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007. Series: Security Continuum.

"Human trafficking and human security." By H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007. Series: Security Continuum.

"Human trafficking and slavery: are the world's nations doing enough to stamp it out?." By CQ Researcher. Chapter In: International Issues in Social Work and Social Welfare: Selections from CQ Researcher. By CQ Researcher. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, ©2010.

"Human trafficking and the Balkans." By H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007. Series: Security Continuum.

"Human trafficking as a form of transnational crime." By Louise Shelley. Chapter In: Human Trafficking. Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

"Insecurity and opportunity in Colombia: linking civil war and human trafficking." By Abbey Steele. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

"International migration and trafficking of Mexican women to the United States." By Arun Kumar Acharya. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

Invisible Chains: Canada's Underground World of Human Trafficking. By Benjamin Perrin. Toronto, Canada; New York, NY: Viking Canada: Penguin Group, 2010.

"Migrant domestic workers and slavery." By Bridget Anderson. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

"Migration and trafficking of women and girls: a brief review of some effective models in India and Thailand." By Upala Devi Banerjee. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

"Modern slavery and fair trade products: buy one and set someone free." By Ivan Manokha. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Editor:Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

"The Nature and scope of trafficking in women and children." By Obi N. I. Ebbe. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children.

"No one shall be held in slavery or servitude: a critical analysis of international slavery agreements." By Kevin Bales. Chapter In: Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader. By Kevin Bales. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, ©2005.

Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: Harper SanFrancisco, ©2007. Other Titles: Return of the global slave trade -- and how we can fight it.

"Operational perspective on trafficking in women and children in the United Kingdom." By William Hughes. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008. Conference Name: International Police Executive Symposium.

"Philosophical assumptions and presumptions about trafficking for prostitution." By Donna Dickenson. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

"Plight of trafficked women in Nepal." By Govind Prasas Thapa. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das.

"Policy responses to human trafficking in the Balkans." By Gabriela Konevska. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007. Series: Security Continuum.

"Putting trafficking on the map: the geography of feminist complicity." By Sharron A. FitzGerald. Chapter In: Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulation of Prostitution. Edited by Vanessa Munro and Marina Della Giusta. Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2008.

"Rescuing the child soldiers: Uganda." By David B. Batstone. Chapter In: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: HarperSanFrancisco, ©2007. Other Titles: Return of the global slave trade -- and how we can fight it.

"Researching into human trafficking: issues and problems." By Andrea Di Nicola. Chapter In: Human Trafficking. Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

"Responses to sexual slavery: from the Balkans to Afghanistan." By Victoria Firmo-Fontan. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

"Sex trafficking: facts and fictions." By Ronald Weitzer and Melissa Ditmore. Chapter In: Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry, 2nd edition.Edited by Ronald Weitzer. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.

Sexual Enslavement of Girls and Women Worldwide. http://worldcat.org/oclc/221154010 By Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings. Westport, CN: Praeger, 2008.

630 "Sexual slavery: the immigrant's gilded cage." By Anthony M. DeStefano. Chapter In: The War on Human Trafficking: U.S. Policy Assessed. By Anthony M. DeStefano. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, ©2007.

"Sheltering the lost children: Peru." By David B. Batstone. Chapter In: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: Harper SanFrancisco, ©2007. Other Titles: Return of the global slave trade -- and how we can fight it.

"Shining light into the sexual darkness: Cambodia and Thailand." By David B. Batstone. Chapter in: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: Harper SanFrancisco, 2007.

"Slavery as piracy: the legal case for reparations for the slave trade." By Geraldine Van Bueren. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

To Plead Our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today's Slaves. Edited by Kevin Bales and Zoe Trodd. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008.

"Trafficking and international law." By David Ould. Chapter In: The Political Economy of New Slavery. Edited by Christien van den Anker. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Series: Palgrave Texts in International Political Economy.

631 Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

Trafficking and Women's Rights. http://worldcat.org/oclc/65341329Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

"Trafficking children for child labor and prostitution in Nigeria." By Olakunle Michael Folami. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton:CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008.

"Trafficking exchanges and economic responses: reflections from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia." By Lynellyn D. Long. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007. Series: Security Continuum.

"Trafficking for exploitation outside the sex industry." By Heleen de Jonge van Ellemeet and Monika Smit. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

"Trafficking, Human." By Linda M. Williams and Jennifer M. Ngo. Chapter In: Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence. Edited by Claire M. Renzetti and Jeffrey L. Edleson Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, ©2008.

"Trafficking in Buddhist Girls: Empowerment through Prevention." By Khandu Lama. Chapter In: Buddhist Women and Social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and Achievements. Edited by Karma Lekshe Tsomo. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004. Series: SUNY Series, Feminist Philosophy.

632 "Trafficking in children in west and central Africa." By Mike Dottridge. Chapter In: Gender, Trafficking, and Slavery. Edited by Rachel Masika. Oxford, UK: Oxfam, ©2002. Series: Oxfam Focus on Gender.

"Trafficking in human beings: a comparative account of legal provisions in Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States." By Helga Konrad. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

Trafficking in Human Beings: Modern Slavery. http://worldcat.org/oclc/226280315By Silvia Scarpa. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Trafficking in Humans: Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions. http://worldcat.org/oclc/156811177Edited by Sally Cameron and Edward Newman. Tokyo, Japan; New York, NY: United Nations University Press, ©2008.

"Trafficking in human beings: training and services in American law enforcement agencies." By Deborah G. Wilson, William F. Walsh, and Sherilyn Kleuber. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008. Conference Name: International Police Executive Symposium.

"Trafficking in women." http://worldcat.org/oclc/63116867By Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings. Chapter In: Forsaken Females: The Global Brutalization of Women. By Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ©2006.

"Trafficking in women: a cosmopolitan approach to long-term prevention." By Christien L. van den Anker. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

633 "Trafficking in women and children in China." By Gu Mikang. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008. Conference Name: International Police Executive Symposium.

"Trafficking in women for the sex industry in Moldova." http://worldcat.org/oclc/145732831By D. Scharie Tavcer. Chapter In: Global Trafficking in Women and Children. Edited by Obi N. I. Ebbe and Dilip K. Das. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, ©2008. Conference Name: International Police Executive Symposium.

"Trafficking in women from the former Soviet Union for the purposes of sexual exploitation." By Saltanat Sulaimanova. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006. Series: Program in Migration and Refugee Studies.

"Trafficking into and from Eastern Europe." By Ewa Morawska. Chapter In: Human Trafficking. Edited by Maggy Lee. Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan, 2007.

"Trafficking of women and children." By Sheldon X. Zhang. Chapter In: Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All Roads Lead to America.By Sheldon X. Zhang. Westport, CN: Praeger Publishers, 2007.

"Trafficking of women and children in Vietnam: current issues and problems."By Vu Ngoc Binh. Chapter In: Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry.Edited by Karen Beeks and Delila Amir. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, ©2006.

634 "Trafficking victims." By Fiona Gallahue. Chapter In: Emergency Care of the Abused. Edited by Fiona E. Gallahue and Laura D. Melville. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

"Transnational responses to human trafficking: the politics of anti-trafficking in the Balkans." By Nicole Lindstrom. Chapter In: Human Trafficking, Human Security, and the Balkans. Edited by H. Richard Friman and Simon Reich. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2007.

"Triply exploited: female victims of trafficking networks strategies for pursuing protection and legal status in countries of destination." By Ann Marie Gallagher. Chapter In: Trafficking and Women's Rights. Edited by Christien L. van den Anker and Jeroen Doomernik. Basingstoke, England; New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Series: Women's Rights in Europe.

"Undermining the sex syndicate: Europe." By David B. Batstone. Chapter In: Not for Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade -- and How We can Fight It. By David B. Batstone. New York, NY: HarperSanFrancisco, ©2007.

635 "Using international human rights law to better protect victims of trafficking: the prohibitions on slavery, servitude, forced labor, and debt bondage." By Anne Gallagher. Chapter In: The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law: Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni. Edited by Leila Nadya Sadat and Michael P. Scharf. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ©2008.

636 C. AFFILIATE REPORTS

AURORA CHURCH OF THE NAZARENE and NORTHWEST NAZARENE UNIVERSITY both have hosted the S.O.L.D. Human Trafficking Experience this year. This is one of three ministry areas of “Mirror Ministries”. The information below was submitted to NCA-NW by Sueanne Skeen of Aurora Church of the Nazarene.

Mirror Ministries - reflecting the Grace of God to victims and survivors of human trafficking

Mirror Ministries' mission is to respond to domestic sex trafficking with the love of Christ through local intervention, restoration and aftercare while motivating many to respond to the global human trafficking crisis with justice and mercy.

We accomplish this mission through three ministry areas:

• SOLD: The Human Trafficking Experience

• SUDS Hotel Outreach (Stop Underage Domestic Sex-trafficking) and • Survivor Services

637 With our Survivor Services, we exist to serve the many and diverse needs of survivors of the sex trade. This starts with a specialized Human Trafficking Advocate to do case management specializing in the unique needs of trafficking survivors to coordinate with resources and agencies to meet those needs. (We just received the first portion of our funding for this Advocate with a grant from Women Helping Women!! Working on procuring the rest of the funding.) We are currently working to establish a residential Aftercare Restoration Home serving minor survivors of the sex trade. The program will coordinate a continuum of care, including therapy, education, and life skills classes, designed to foster holistic change in the life of each survivor: This care will provide trauma focused therapy and seek to meet the spiritual and emotional needs of each survivor as she works towards healing. The Lord led us to start with a home for minors, although there is much need for adults, too.

There are two wonderful organizations in Washington doing care for adult women who have escaped the sex trade: Engedi Refuge in Bellingham and REST in Seattle.

As we all work together as part of the Body of Christ we can bring His healing and restoration to those He sends us. And of course, as part of all of the above, we do teaching and training to help equip others to bring God's grace to victims and survivors of Human Trafficking. We partner with other ministries, our local Faith based groups, Local Trafficking Coalition and other local agencies. We are excited to see how God brings the people, opportunities and the funding to fulfill the visions He has given us to pursue!

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