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Les Deux Questions Irlandaises Du Quebec, 1898-1921: Des Considerations Canadiennes-Francaises Et Irlando-Catholiques

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Les Deux Questions Irlandaises Du Quebec, 1898-1921: Des Considerations Canadiennes-Francaises Et Irlando-Catholiques Les deux questions irlandaises du Quebec, 1898-1921 : des considerations canadiennes-francaises et irlando-catholiques Simon Jolivet These presentee au Departement d'histoire comme exigence partielle au grade de philosophae doctor (Ph.D.) Universite Concordia Montreal, Quebec, Canada Octobre 2008 © Simon Jolivet, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45665-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45665-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada iii Resume Les deux questions irlandaises du Quebec, 1898-1921: des considerations canadiennes-francaises et irlando-catholiques Simon Jolivet, Ph.D. Universite Concordia, 2008 II sera question de deux questions irlandaises dans cette these : celle concernant la persistance du sentiment ethnique d'irishness (ou d'irlandicite) dans le Quebec du debut du XXeme siecle; et celle abordant l'impact, au Quebec, de la question de l'autonomie politique d'Irlande entre 1898 et 1921. Les bouleversements politiques, culturels et sociaux en Irlande entre 1898 et 1921 -qui meneront a la partition de l'ile et a la creation de XIrish Free State et de l'lrlande du Nord-, etaient connus des deux communautes a l'etude. Tant les Canadiens francais que les Irlando-catholiques de Montreal et de Quebec connaissaient bien les enjeux irlandais du debut du XXeme siecle. Ce n'est pas un hasard si la question politique d'Irlande resonnait au coeur de ces deux communautes. Pour de nombreux descendants irlando-catholiques du Quebec, le fait de se «sentir Irlandais)), et done de se percevoir comme membres a part entiere de la communaute irlando-catholique de la province, les encouragera a demeurer au fait des evenements ayant cours dans la mere-patrie. Cette resistance de l'irlandicite en amenera plusieurs a s'activer concretement et a dormer de leur temps et de leur argent pour la cause de l'autonomie irlandaise. Pour de nombreux Canadiens francais, l'ascension des nationalismes —home ruler ou sinn feiner- en Irlande fera echo a l'ascension des nationalismes politique et culturel iv proprement canadiens-fran9ais. Des membres de ces deux groupes ethniques, bien actifs dans la Vieille Capitale et dans la metropole canadienne d'alors, vont ainsi travailler -parfois de fa9on independante, parfois de facon conjointe- pour la cause du vague concept de la «liberte irlandaise». Par ailleurs, les constantes difficultes relationnelles entre Irlando-catholiques et Canadiens fran9ais, dans la province et au Canada, vont militer en defaveur de la reconciliation de ces deux plus importantes communautes catholiques de la province. La question d'Irlande offrira certaines occasions de s'entendre, mais les divergences internes concernant differentes questions (comme celles des destinees politiques du Canada; celles de l'usage de la langue anglaise dans les paroisses ou les ecoles du pays), vont continuer a susciter des animosites entre ces coreligionnaires du Quebec. v Abstract Les deux questions irlandaises du Quebec, 1898-1921 : des considerations canadiennes-francaises et irlando-catholiques Simon Jolivet, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2008 This thesis explores two Quebec's Irish questions : the first pertains to the survival of the ethnic sentiment of Irishness in the province of Quebec at the beginning of the XXth century; the second looks at the impact of the political question of Ireland in Quebec, between 1898 and 1921. The social, political and cultural upheavals that occurred in Ireland between 1898 and 1921 -leading to the partition of the island and to the creation of the Irish Free State and of Northern Ireland-, were of concern to both French-Canadians and Irish-Catholics of Montreal and Quebec City. It is no coincidence that the political question of Ireland had some impact in those communities. For numerous Irish-Catholic descendants of Quebec, «feeling Irish» and identifying themselves as full-members of the provincial Irish-Catholic community, encouraged them to stay in touch with the events occurring in Ireland. The survival of Irishness would lead many of them to actively support the struggle for Irish autonomy by investing both their time and money into the cause. For numerous French-Canadians, the rise of Home Ruler or Sinn Feiner nationalism in Ireland would also echo the rise of French-Canadian political and cultural nationalism. Members of these two communities, active in the Vieille Capitale and in the Canadian metropolis of the time, then worked -sometimes jointly, sometimes independently-, for the ambiguous cause of the «liberty of Ireland». vi However, various tensions between Irish-Catholics and French-Canadians, in the province of Quebec as well as in Canada, prevented the reconciliation of these important Catholic communities of Quebec. While the Irish question helped to foster a better understanding of each other, the internal divisions concerning different questions (such as the political future of Canada, or the use of the English language in Canada's parishes and schools) would continue to create animosities between these two Quebec coreligionists. Vll Remerciements Completer des etudes doctorales demande du temps, beaucoup de temps; mais cela demande aussi de constants encouragements. Ainsi, parmi les personnes qu'il faut absolument mentionner dans ces remerciements, Ronald Rudin, mon superviseur et grand lecteur de mes nombreux courriels (parfois tres enthousiastes, parfois moins), arrive en tout premier lieu. Ses conseils judicieux et son sens critique m'ont force a continuellement me poser des questions et raeme parfois a me remettre en question; chose quelquefois penible mais pourtant essentielle. Je lui serai aussi toujours reconnaissant pour la tonne de lettres de reference qu'il a redigees en quatre ans. Andrew Barros, mon ancien directeur de maitrise a l'UQAM, merite egalement d'etre mentionne ici; meme quatre ans apres mon depart de l'UQAM, Andrew Barros a continue de croire en moi et de m'encourager. C'est a la fois impressionnant et touchant. De nombreux autres professeurs et collegues m'ont encourage pendant ces quatre annees et la liste suivante ne fait malheureusement que souligner de facon bien maladroite leur support primordial. Du reste, Mary Vipond, Shannon McSheffrey, Graham Carr, tous de l'Universite Concordia, ont ete tout a fait essentiels dans la reussite de ce projet. David Wilson de St. Michael's College, University of Toronto, m'a demontre qu'il etait possible d'etre professeur, intellectuel, bon vivant et surtout humain; son aide et son support ont ete grandement apprecies. Keith Jeffery de Queen's University Belfast m'a aussi offert de son aide et de son erudition; je me souviendrai toujours de son appui lors de la conference Empires and their contested pasts, tenue a Belfast en mai 2007. Roy Foster de Hertford College, University of Oxford, m'a aussi soutenu, meme de loin. Les discussions importantes et les enrichissantes correspondances avec d'autres professeurs m'ont aussi aide a preciser certaines idees. Je pense surtout a celles que j'ai eues avec Liam Kennedy et Marie Coleman, tous deux de Queen's University Belfast; avec David Fitzpatrick de Trinity College Dublin; avec Karen Fricker, mon amie, de Royal Holloway, University of London; avec Cormac 6 Grada de University College Dublin; avec Guy Beiner de Ben-Gurion University; avec Danine Farquharson de Memorial University Newfoundland; avec Vincent Carey, Plattsburgh, State University of New York; avec Cecil Houston de University of Windsor; avec William Smyth de la NUI, Maynooth; avec Mary Haslam; avec Marianna O'Gallagher; avec Jerry White de University of Alberta; avec Sean Farrell de Northern Illinois University; avec Linda Cardinal de l'Universite d'Ottawa; avec Jason King de l'Universite Concordia; avec Mark McGowan de
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