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Extractive Resource Development in a Changing Climate Learning the Lessons from Extreme Weather Events in Queensland, Australia

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Extractive Resource Development in a Changing Climate Learning the Lessons from Extreme Weather Events in Queensland, Australia Synthesis and Integrative Research Final report Extractive resource development in a changing climate Learning the lessons from extreme weather events in Queensland, Australia Vigya Sharma, Shashi van de Graaff, Barton Loechel, Daniel Franks Extractive resource development in a changing climate Learning the lessons from extreme weather events in Queensland, Australia FINAL REPORT Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining Sustainable Minerals Institute The University of Queensland Authors Dr. Vigya Sharma (University of Queensland) Shashi van de Graaff (University of Queensland) Dr. Barton Loechel (CSIRO) Dr. Daniel M. Franks (University of Queensland) Published by the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility ISBN: 978-1-921609-74-9 NCCARF Publication 04/13 © 2013 National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Please cite this report as: Sharma, V, van de Graaff, S, Loechel, B. and Franks, DM, 2013 Extractive resource development in a changing climate: learning the lessons from extreme weather events in Queensland, Australia, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp.110. Acknowledgement This work was carried out with financial support from the Australian Government (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) and the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. The role of NCCARF is to lead the research community in a national interdisciplinary effort to generate the information needed by decision makers in government, business and in vulnerable sectors and communities to manage the risk of climate change impacts. Disclaimer The views expressed herein are not necessarily the views of the Commonwealth or NCCARF, and neither the Commonwealth nor NCCARF accept responsibility for information or advice contained herein. Cover image January 21, 2008: Emerald, QLD. Aerial view of flooding in the town of Emerald, showing a submerged drag line at a coal mine (photo by James Laws/Newspix.) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 2 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 6 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ..................................................................... 8 3. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND METHODS ......................................................... 10 4. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 15 4.1 Characterising Australia’s (and Queensland’s) climatic variability and changes . 15 4.2 Prior research on climate adaptation and mining ............................................... 16 4.3 Challenges to climate adaptation – barriers and enablers .................................. 17 4.4 Lessons for mining from adaptation research in other natural resource-based industries .................................................................................................................... 19 4.5 Climate change adaptation findings from agriculture, forestry and fishing .......... 20 4.6 Water ................................................................................................................. 20 4.7 Extreme weather events .................................................................................... 21 4.8 Risk management and decision-making under uncertainty ................................ 22 4.9 The study region: socio-economic role of mining and the environment in Central Queensland ................................................................................................................ 23 5. RESULTS AND OUTPUTS ................................................................................. 29 5.1 Climate-mining nexus in Central Queensland: identifying the nature and scale of impacts and responses ............................................................................................... 29 5.1.1 Events in the past decade ................................................................................................ 29 5.1.2 Impacts of extreme events on stakeholders in Central Queensland – implications for long term sustainability ....................................................................................................................... 30 5.1.3 Stakeholder responses to extreme events experienced in Central Queensland ............ 34 5.2 Learning from the past: a case study of Ensham’s experiences of flooding in 2008 ...................................................................................................................... 38 5.2.1 The event – 2008 Floods .................................................................................................. 38 5.2.2 The Response ................................................................................................................... 38 5.2.3 Learning the lessons ......................................................................................................... 39 5.2.4 Important findings from this case study ............................................................................ 40 5.3 Barriers to and opportunities for climate adaptation – a mining industry perspective ................................................................................................................. 41 5.4 Barriers to and opportunities for climate adaptation in the broader Central Queensland region – a multi-stakeholder perspective ................................................. 45 EXTRACTIVE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN A CHANGING CLIMATE 1 6. DISCUSSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................... 49 6.1 Implications for policy making ............................................................................ 52 7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 55 8. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ................................................................... 59 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX 1: Impact Typology ................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX 2: List of organisations interviewed in Phase 1 of the project .................. 72 APPENDIX 3: List of organisations who participated in Phase 2 of the project ............ 73 APPENDIX 4: Drought affected regions of the Bowen Basin since 2000 .................... 74 APPENDIX 5: Floods and cyclones timeline since 2000 ............................................. 76 APPENDIX 6: 2010–11 Flood impacts on key mining operations ................................ 83 APPENDIX 7: Inconsistencies in then DERM’s management of flooded mines ........... 86 APPENDIX 8: Invitation to industry workshop ............................................................. 88 APPENDIX 9: Invitation to regional workshop ............................................................ 90 APPENDIX 10: Presentation at NCCARF conference in June 2012 ........................... 92 APPENDIX 11: Factsheet 1 ...................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX 12: Factsheet 2 ..................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX 13: Factsheet 3 ..................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX 14: About CSRM .................................................................................... 108 APPENDIX 15: CSIRO’s contribution to the project .................................................. 109 APPENDIX 16: Proposed paper abstract .................................................................. 110 List of figures Figure 1: Australia’s Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), 2000 – 2012 .......................................... 16 Figure 2: Total coal production in the Bowen Basin of Central Queensland (since 1999)* ........ 24 Figure 3: Population increase in the Bowen Basin since 2000 ................................................... 24 Figure 4: Map of Queensland Coal Systems ............................................................................... 25 Figure 5: Map of Fitzroy Basin Catchment .................................................................................. 26 Figure 6: Fitzroy Catchment and River Systems ......................................................................... 28 Figure 7: Adaptation barriers, motivators and opportunities – a mining industry perspective ..... 44 Figure 8: Adaptation barriers, motivators and opportunities – a multi-stakeholder perspective . 48 List of tables Table 1: Key lessons for climate-change adaptation from the research ..................................... 58 Table 2: Key lessons for climate-adaptation, specific to the mining-industry .............................. 58 ABSTRACT Australia is not only a location of extreme climate variability but is one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to anthropogenic climatic changes. The dependence that national and regional economies have on mining-led export earnings, combined with the resource sector’s potential to impact
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