Crearea Schemelor Cognitive Asociate Prin Intermediul Software Educaţional

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Crearea Schemelor Cognitive Asociate Prin Intermediul Software Educaţional Crearea schemelor cognitive asociate prin intermediul software educaţional Elena Railean – şef CTICE, Moldova, [email protected] Abstract Lucrarea descrie tehnologia instrucţională de creare a schemelor cognitive asociate prin intermediul software–ului educaţional. Punctul de referinţă a lucrării sunt teorile de creare a schemelor, exemplificate prin modelul tridimensional al competenţelor şi strategia educaţională dinamică şi flexibilă. Tehnologia este validată la nivel de aplicabilitate în învăţământul preşcolar (“Povestea gogoaşei moderne”), şcolar (“Matematica”) şi universitar (“Manual electronic în portofoliu electronic”). 1. Introducere Crearea schemelor cognitive ca scheme de acţiune cognitivă, afectivă şi psihomotorie constituie o problemă din domeniul psihopedagogiei. În opinia lui F.Bartlett memoria ia forma de schemă care pune la dispoziţie contextul mental pentru comprehensiunea şi memorarea informaţiilor. Conceptul de schemă ca construct mental este deyvoltat de R. Schank (structura cunoştinţelor în memoria epizodică)[1]; J. Anderson (procesele memoriei)[2]; A. Newell (arhitectura cogniţiei umane)[3]; D. Rumelhart şi D. Norman (trei moduri de învăţare: extindere, structurare şi proceduri de învăţare)[4]. Teoriile de învăţare care accentuează aplicarea schemelor cognitive sunt dezvoltate de J. Bruner (învăţarea este un proces activ în care sunt implicate structuri cognitive: scheme, modele mentale)[5]; C. Reigeluth (învăţarea optimală este axată pe sporirea complexităţii) [6]; D. Ausubel (învăţarea este axată pe procese superordonate, reprezentaţionale şi combinatorii ale recepţionării informaţiilor)[7]; R. Spiro, P. Feltovitch şi R. Coulson (flexibilitate cogntivă în reprezentarea informaţiei)[8] şi J. Sweller (structurile cognitive ca fundament al cunoştinţelor funcţionale) [9]. J. Piaget considerată schema reprezentarea mentală a unui set asociativ de percepţii, idei şi /sau acţiuni care pot fi generale sau/ şi specifice (categoriale) [10]. Schemele care reprezintă atît categoriile, căt şi procesele de obţinere a cunoştinţelor, se formează prin asociere (acomodare) sau modificare (acomodare) a schemei cognitive [11]. Astfel de scheme cognitive asociate sunt efectiv create prin diverse tehnici ale software educaţional: hărţile conceptelor, hărţile memoriei, graful cunoştinţelor ş.a. Eficacitatea hărţilor conceptelor /memoriei este constatată de D. Novak. Hărţile conceptelor /memoriei reprezintă utilitare pentru organizarea şi reprezentarea cunoştinţelor în grafuri. Utilitarele permit încorporarea conceptele în boxe de diferite tipuri şi dimensiuni şi elucidarea interdependenţelor dintre concepte prin / fără cuvinte de legătură. Ierarhia structurală a hărţilor conceptelor depinde de conţinut. 2. Utilitarele software de creare a hărţilor conceptelor / memoriei Crearea schemelor cognitive associate ca hărţi ale conceptelor este posibilă prin metoda Post – its sau prin aplicarea unui program software computerizat. Metoda post – its oferă posibilitatea unui grup de educaţi de a reprezenta structura ierahică a cunoştinţelor pe tabla interactivă. Aplicarea programului software este mai utilă în cazul activităţilor individuale. Utilitarele aplicate Conferinţa Naţională de Învăţământ Virtual, ediţia a VII-a, 2009 113 în acest context permit elaborarea hărţii conceptelor în bază de prototip, gruparea unor concepte, deplasarea grupurilor, conexiunea cu alte hărţi ale conceptelor, printarea şi transmiterea prin e- mail. Diversitatea utilitarelor software de creare a hărţilor conceptelor/ memoriei este enormă: MindDomo, Smart Draw, Axon Idea Processor, 3D Topicscape, Inspiration, MindGenius, MindManager, SmartDraw, MindView, Semantica ş.a. Unele utilitare sunt de tipul free software, de exemplu: FreeMind, Visual Understanding Environment, Xmind, Compendium ş.a. Programele software pun la dispoziţie medii vizuale care permit utilizatorilor de a structura / reactualiza ideile, conceptele, procesele cognitive şi metacognitive. 3. Corelaţia dintre tipul hărţilor conceptelor / memoriei şi vîrstă Crearea hărţilor conceptelor /memoriei este în strînsă interdependenţă cu vîrsta educatului. În corespundere cu teoria lui Piaget şi recomandările lui W.Huitt (1997) recomandările practice pentru elaborarea conţinuturilor diferă la stadiul preoperaţional, stadiul operaţiilor concrete şi stadiul formal operaţional [12]. 3.1 Etapa preoperaţională La etapa preoperaţională conţinuturile sunt ilustrate astfel, încît copilul să poată asocia obiectele de învăţare după formă, culoare, dimensiune ş.a. Lecţiile, bogate în acţiuni cognitive, afective şi psihomotorii sunt axate pe egocentrism. Copilul interacţionează cu obiectele de învăţare interactive, modificîndu-le şi / sau experimentîndu-le. Un rol important revine analizei sarcinilor prin feedback imediat. Figura 1 prezintă un fragment din povestea „Gogoaşa modernă”. Scopul elaborării acestei poveşti este crearea schemelor cognitive asociate prin software educaţional. În acest scop iniţial este derulată povestea unei gogoaşe moderne, care nimereşte în diverse perepeţii. La etapa finală copilului i se propun sarcini reproductive de asociere cu scopul formării “deprinderilor acţionale şi comportamentale”[13, p.5]. Copilul trebuie să clasifice, să găseacă, să-şi imagineze, să analizeze, să experimenteze, să compună situaţii noi în corespundere cu cele relatate în poveste. Formarea acestor deprinderi este direct corelată cu procesele de formare a deprinderilor reproductive şi cognitive, fiind realizate creativ prin manipulare directă cu personajele din poveste. Figura 1. Formarea schemelor cognitiver asociate la stadiul preoperaţional 3.2 Etapa operaţiilor concrete La etapa operaţiilor concrete, conform recomandărilor lui Huitt (1997), este necesară exersarea cu conţinuturile interactive, aplicarea exemplelor reale şi a sarcinilor de clasificare a obiectelor cu 114 Universitatea din Bucureşti şi Universitatea Tehnică “Gh. Asachi” Iaşi nivel de complexitate. Etapa se caracterizează prin prezenţa a 7 tipuri de conservări: număr, dimensiune, lichid, masă, greutate, arie şi volum. Inteligenţa este demonstrată prin manipulare logică şi sistematică cu obiecte de învăţare concrete şi cu dezvoltarea acţiunilor mentale reversibile. La această etapă egocentrismul este în diminuare. Din aceste considerente formarea schemelor cognitive asociate este realizată prin formula 2 în 1. Acest fapt semnifică că educatul necesită utilizarea diferitor tipuri de feedback orientate spre “reprofilarea” conţinuturilor ME de la cadre informaţionale la operaţionale (acţionale) şi invers, educatul independent sau ghidat de profesor selectează conţinuturile sau sarcinile de evaluare Spre exemplu, în învăţarea matematicii, în corespundere cu standardul EQF, se pune accent pe formarea competenţei matematice. Competenţa matematică este demonstrată prin cunoştinţe şi abilităţi de a aduna, scădea, înmulţi, împărţi şi calcula procentajul în mintal şi/sau scris cu scopul de a soluţiona o varietate de probleme zilnice. O posibilă soluţie este algoritmizarea după prototip. În acest scop prototipul este inclus în conţinutul cadrelor informaţionale sub formă de obiect de învăţare. Fixarea prototipului este posibilă prin exersarea conţinuturilor cadrelor operaţionale prin feedback imediat (figura 2). Figura 2. Formula 2 în 1 în manualul electronic “Matematica” O altă variantă este formarea deprinderilor acţionale şi comportamentale ca rezultat al deprinderilor cognitive. Astfel, odată ce este automatizată abilitatea de a realiza rapid calculul mental cu unele operaţii se trece la extindere prin noţiuni dintr-un nou capitol. În acest context în conţinuturile cadrelor operaţionale sunt înmagazinate sarcini care necesită înmulţirea, împărţirea, scăderea, dar şi ordonarea, schiţarea, desenarea. Joncţiunea dintre cadrele de informare şi operaţionale este realizată prin tehnica hărţilor conceptelor / memoriei care poate fi accesată on- line. 3.3 Etapa operaţiilor formale La etapa operaţiilor formale, conform studiului lui Huitt (2003), inteligenţa este demonstrată prin aplicarea logică a simbolurilor relatate la conceptele abstracte. Specificul etapei este returnarea la egocentrism şi faptul că numai 35% din absolvenţii licenţiaţi demonstrează operaţiuni formale. Din aceste considerente în formarea schemelor cognitive asociate este necesar de a stabil accentul pe acţiune ca exemplificare şi operaţionalizare cu conceptele şi prototipurile. O posibilă soluţie este crearea hărţilor conceptelor / memoriei la etapa finală a învăţării capitolului. Hărţile conceptelor sunt materializate în schema de reper a capitolului elaborată de educat. În elaborarea schemei de reper se şine cont de gradul de comprehensiune a conţinutului. Spre exemplu, în manualul electronic la informatică sarcina finală a fiecărui capitol este elaborarea concluziilor şi generalizărilor şi construcţia schemei de reper. Conţinutul şi dimensiunea construcţiei schemei de reper diferă în raport cu preferinţele educatului (figura 3). Conferinţa Naţională de Învăţământ Virtual, ediţia a VII-a, 2009 115 5 generaţii: 1946‐1958; Hardware Software tastatura imprimanta hard disk sistemul de operare Figura 3. Schema de reper a capitolului “Părţile componente ale calculatorului ” Tehnologia de construire a schemelor cognitive asociate la etapa formal operaţională se reduce la identificarea independentă a conceptelor constituente ale capitolului; stabilirea corelaţiei dintre concepte şi procese; identificarea tipologiei boxelor şi a formei de reprezentare a conceptelor; stabilirea
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