Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 4 (2015) 529-537 doi:10.17265/2162-5263/2015.10.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING

Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy

Magdalena Piotrowska Department of History, Institute of Prahistory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland

Abstract: The eponymous site is located in the territory of Poland—the northern part of the central section of the Słupia river, about 30 km from the coast of the Baltic sea. The site of Łosino 15 revealed some traces of a settlement of the Pomeranian and the Wielbark cultures. The most interesting features discovered at the study site are the remains of bloomery furnaces. The site of Łosino 15 yielded 10 features interpreted as relics of the bloomery shaft furnace with a pit. They were characterized by a high degree of deterioration—due to the agronomic activities and slope processes, only the bottom part of the slag-pit have been preserved. These are the remains of shaft furnaces with a pit called slag-pit furnace, whose relics are slag-pits filled with slag. The site of Łosino 15 yielded slag with a total weight of about 100 kg. Two alternative and temporarily equivalent hypotheses can be proposed here. According to the former one, the creators of the bloomery were representatives of the Pomeranian culture, and in the latter version—they represented the Wielbark culture.

Key words: Poland, Pomerania, Iron Age, ancient metallurgy, bloomer furnaces.

1. Introduction Hallstatt D periods [2-4], whilst its decline phase is synchronized with the end of the older Pre-Roman The eponymous site is located in the territory of Iron Age and maybe with the beginning of the Poland—the northern part of the central section of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age [5]. The Wielbark Słupia river, about 30 km from the coast of the Baltic culture, tied with the Goths—known from the primary sea (Fig. 1). Full elaboration of this settlement, as well antique sources, occupied the areas of Pomerania in as other sites in this area, is presented in the book, the first centuries AD, from where it further spread which is a published doctoral dissertation—“the Iron across the south-east. Age in the basin of the middle section of the Słupia In the case of both these cultures, the settlements river” [1]. still remain poorly defined compared to the well In the meso-regional perspective—the areas of elaborated cemeteries, which places the study site as a Pomerania, the Iron Age is a period of rapid cultural valuable source of knowledge on the settlements and transformations, in which the Pomeranian, Oksywie their economy, particularly the metallurgical and Wielbark culture communities participated. production. The most interesting features discovered The Lusatian culture community, which also at the study site are the remains of bloomery furnaces. developed at the dawn of that age, was partly coeval It should be emphasized that exploration of with the aforementioned culture communities. The site potentiality of metallurgical processing of bog iron of Łosino 15 revealed some traces of a settlement of ores, which took place at the turn of the early Iron Age both the Pomeranian and the Wielbark cultures. and the late Pre-Roman Iron Age, played a great role Consequently, the beginnings of the Pomeranian in the development of civilization [6]. Iron gained culture were associated with the Hallstatt C or much significance largely due to the ease with which this raw material can be obtained. It was the time of Coressponding author: Magdalena Piotrowska, Ph.D., main research field: roman period. gaining independence from the imported raw materials

530 Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy

here. According to the former one, the creators of the bloomery were representatives of the Pomeranian culture, and in the latter version, they represented the Wielbark culture. The discussion of the issue of iron production will begin from a short presentation of views on the origins of metallurgy in Poland, with a particular emphasis put on the areas of Pomerania. It is worth a brief note here in the Bronze Age, which preceded the eponymous Iron Age, trade connected with the location of tin deposits was of great importance. Tin deposits occurred only in some parts of Europe. It is significant in that in the Iron Age the new Fig. 1 The location of the research area, in relation to the metal could be produced locally due to the widely map of Poland. available bog ores [11, 12]. Availability of the ores and a rudiment of the local iron smelting industry. As made a local metallurgical production possible, which a result, iron became one of the basic raw materials resulted in the gradual replacement of bronze by iron. characteristic of the material culture of those times [6, It must be emphasized, though, that it was a complex 7]. and lengthy process. At the turn of the seventh and This article aims to present the views and status of eighth centuries BC, a knowledge of smelting ore into the research on the ancient metallurgy, especially in new metal become the basis for the new economic Pomerania. The possibilities for interpreting the system in central Europe [11]. remains of bloomery furnaces will be discussed in the Archaeological sources from the Hallstatt period light of other finds of relics of the ancient metallurgy. evidence the knowledge of iron-working but show no This is all the more compelling as very few traces of traces of its local production. This allowed to put that production type were noted throughout the areas forward a hypothesis that, at the beginning, the iron of Pomerania—as opposed to the well researched processing was based on the imported raw material. It metallurgical production in the Holy Cross and should be noted that the literature presents a view that Mazovia regions [8-10]. Only some bottom parts of the domestic production of that new material took bloomery furnaces are identified nowadays at the site place not later than at the end of the Hallstatt period. of Łosino 15, due to the poor state of preservation of However, there is no sufficient evidence to support the sources. this supposition [13]. Jerzy Piaskowski, a researcher As indicated above, the study site yielded some who gives his assent to an assumption that early remains of settlement representing the Pomeranian domestic metallurgy existed, accepts the possibility of culture community and the majority of the acquired iron making centred in the Holy Cross mountains materials are associated with it. The second settlement during the Hallstatt and La Tene periods [14-16]. horizons are the sources associated with the early Unfortunately, though the more recent studies do not period of Roman influence. Currently, an explicit support the thesis of such early origins of the domestic assessment of chronology of the discoveries in Łosino metallurgy [8]. Piaskowski, defending his hypothesis, cannot be formulated yet. Two alternative and points out that the first slag-pit furnaces utilized for temporarily equivalent hypotheses can be proposed smelting iron represent the poorest identifiable

Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy 531 sources—being in the far poorer state of preservation possessed the knowlegde of working iron—probably than slug-pits, which makes their correct interpretation imported from the region of eastern Alps. difficult [14]. Additionally, there are no confirmed 2. Materials metallurgical sites from the Hallstatt period in the Holy Cross mountains region. Also, no unambiguous Bloomery slag, the most frequent find at the relics of ancient metallurgy were discovered at the archaeological sites evidencing metallurgical sites of the Cloche-Pomeranian cultures. Although the production, has been preserved because it is a waste surface research revealed an occurrence of slag at product and due to its structure it is also fairly these sites, it was always accompanied with some resistant to soil and weather conditions [17]. The finds materials associated with the Przeworsk culture [8]. A of slags indicate interim or multi-season type of similar situation was observed at the site of Łosino 15, metallurgical activities. The site of Łosino 15 yielded where, apart from slag and pottery associated with the slag with a total weight of about 100 kg. It occurred Pomeranian culture, some artefacts dated to the early both in features and in the “layer”. The layers Roman period were noted. primarily yielded small and friable lumps of the Now, it is advisable to refer back to the northern “slag-like material”, which is, in fact, a sintered regions of Poland, where the first products made from mixture of sand and clay. In the features, in turn, the new metal began to reach Pomerania at the end of reducing slag coming from the bloomery furnaces was the Bronze Age. At the beginning, iron had not discovered. Also, some minor fragments of blocks, immediately gained advantage over the previously porous slag and icicle slag were recorded. known bronze. It was the time when the finished In contrast to the smelting process itself, no activity products crafted from the “new” metal appeared in connected with an acquisition of bog iron ores was Pomerania. With time, shrinking of natural resources recorded. The potential traces of iron ore mining have necessary for bronze-making caused that it was been obliterated by the erosion processes and were not gradually replaced by iron [12]. recorded in the course of excavations. Most likely, The area of Pomerania reveals no signs of local iron some primitive iron ore mining method relying on industry which could be clearly attributed to the digging a small pit—dook was in use there [18]. In the population of the Pomeranian culture in the Hallstatt case of bog iron ores, the mining process was even D period. During this period, local blacksmiths simpler, as on the wetlands, this raw material occurs at probably were still based on the imported raw material a depth of 0.3 meters below the surface or sometimes [13]. Interestingly, inventories of the Cloche-Grave even shallower, therefore, it is enough to remove turf culture, dated to the late Pre-Roman Iron Age, contain to reach the deck with a thickness of about 0.15 considerable number of features made of iron. meters to 0.5 meters [19]. The picks made from Metallographic analyses for the artefacts of that antlers which were found at the site in Stroszki, Nekla culture from the region of Mazovia indicate a commune, might support the assumptive system of ore utilization of low-phosphorus iron in addition to metal mining [20]. Ore, after extraction, was dried and derived from the local bog iron ores characterized by a calcined with the aim to get rid of impurities. The high content of phosphorus, which might indicate an deposits of bog iron ore in Pomerania are insignificant, existence of the local metallurgy [16]. It was only an just like throughout the remaining part of northern assumption requiring a further research necessary to Poland. Apparently, the bog ore in the central section validate it. As explained by Orzechowski S. [8], it can of the Słupia river sufficed the needs of the local be presumed that the Cloche-Pomeranian population metallurgists. Iron smelting probably took place on a

532 Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy small scale and for their own uses. This is evidenced slag, were recorded at the site in Stroszki [20] and at by some minor slag pit furnace clusters occurring in the site of Leśno 3. an irregular arrangement, and blocks of slag from Slag blocks with dimensions corresponding to the small slag pits. slag-pit, discovered at the eponymous site, were The site of Łosino 15 yielded 10 features obtained from the feature F194, vicinal to the slag pit interpreted as relics of the bloomery shaft furnace with furnace cluster. The total weight of the slag obtained a pit. They were characterized by a high degree of from the feature is about 60 kg. Predominantly, it was deterioration—due to the agronomic activities and slag from bloomery furnacies characterized by its slope processes, only the bottom part of the slag-pit perforated and partially molten structure and also, have been preserved. These are the remains of shaft some lumps of expanded “slag-like material”, which furnaces with a pit called slag-pit furnace, whose were results of the direct contact with the surface of relics are slag-pits filled with slag [21, 22]. Furnaces the molten slag with the ground or the outer body of of this type were common in the period of the Roman the shaft furnace. Some fragments of slag blocks had influence in the territory of the Barbaricum as charcoal impressions. Also, numerous small, disposable, low volume objects [23]. The furnace type perforated amorphous slags, probably connected with which raises presented research interest consists of the reduction phase were noted. Occurrences of icicle two parts: the shaft and the bottom—slag-pit (Fig. 2). slag belonged to rarer finds. Most of the slags derived Slag was discharged from the reduction zone down from the study feature represent a perforated type with to a special cavity called slag-pit. In this way, slag was a spongy structure, while the well liquefied fractions separated from metallic iron shale [21, 24]. To remove the shell from the furnace, the upper-shaft part of it was tipped over. Fragments of the walls that might come from its bottom part occurred at the study site in the feature F194 located in the vicinity of the features which are relics of the slag-pits. Six of them (F15, F16, F17, F18, F19 and F20) interpreted as the remains of slag-pit furnaces clustered in the eastern part of section F, the others (F3, F5, F8 and G146) occurred in the vicinity or were adjacent to the feature F194. The study features were found in a non-ordered arrangement similarly to the remains of the furnaces at Fig. 2 Reconstruction of look of the slag-pit furnaces from the site in Goślinów, Gniezno district [23]. The the site of Łosino 15, Brudzew commune (drawn by preserved bottom parts of the furnaces indicate that Wiechno M. [1]). the study site reveals a small or medium-sized slag-pit [21]. The size and number of bloomery funaces was dependent upon local demand for iron and the skills of the ancient metallurgists [8]. The slag-pits recorded at the analysed site do not contain slag blocks but only icicle slag, which accumulates on the bottom of a bloomery furnace (Fig Fig. 3 Slag from the features F8 and F15, the site of 3). Similar features, without the preserved blocks of Łosino 15, Brudzew commune.

Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy 533

Their sizes roughly corresponded to the sizes obtained for the slag blocks. The function of feature F194, because of its location, formal characteristics and content of the fill, is a problematic issue. This feature is characterized by a significant size, which indicates that, originally, it could serve as a semi-recessed residential building or a waste pit. Pottery obtained from this fills are

Fig. 4 Fragments of walls of the shaft type furnaces and fragments of numerous vessels associated with the slag blocks derived from the feature F194, the site of Łosino Pomeranian culture. 15, Brudzew commune. 3. Results and Discussion occurred sporadically. Two small lumps of slag, which seem particularly noteworthy, presumably If it can be assumed that the traces of black come from the upper layer of the slag blocks and metallurgy are associated with the activity of the possess a characteristic widening in the upper part Pomeranian culture community, the feature F194 with the well-preserved the surface of free should be treated as a waste pit. This might seem even solidification. more likely because of the late chronology of pottery Thankfully, it was possible to measure the derived from the discussed feature. A fragment approximate diameter of the lumps. It amounted to representing the features of the Jastorf culture allows about 30 cm and therefore, it can be concluded that to assume conservatively its association with the these lumps come from small bloomery furnaces (Fig. decline phase of that culture. Consequently, it might 4). Among the slag pieces obtained from the feature seem advisable to search for a relationship between F194, there were also fragments of walls of an the process of gaining knowledge of iron smelting and unspecified metallurgical feature, possessing a layer the influences reaching from the west. Considering the of slug on its inner side and on the outer context of cultural background of the study relics of side—sintered clay was noted. Probably, they are the ancient metallurgy, the issue of metallurgy in the parts of walls of the shaft type furnaces or an Jastorf culture seems particularly compelling. Iron unspecified hearth. One of the wall fragments artefacts, associated with the earliest phase of that contained a layer of vitrification-glazing, which culture—the Marianowo phase, prevailed among the suggests proximity of the tuyeres. Additionally, daub ones acquired from the sites in Troszyn, Marianowo with some traces of vitrification occurred in slag-pit and Lubieszewo [26]. Their occurrence is connected furnaces at the site of Leśno 3. Thickness of the with the spread of iron throughout the area of western preserved fragments of walls was measured and it Pomerania in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age. Previously, amounted to between 3 cm and 4.5 cm. With high iron artefacts were rather sporadic occurrences. Their probability, it can be stated that, originally, the wall of presence is connected with an origin of the local the furnace shaft was about 3 cm to 6 cm thick. Daub production of this raw material and, therefore, a obtained from the aboveground parts of the bloomery potential Jastorf impact on their knowledge of the furnaces at the site in Rumia represented similar black metallurgy cannot be ruled out, as it seems to be thickness [25]. Small pits with slag recorded in the evidenced by the finds of its elements in pottery. vicinity of this feature, in the Łosino settlement, were Moreover, the small amount of pottery with elements interpreted as bottom parts of bloomery furnaces. of Jastorf culture was discovered in Łosino 15.

534 Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy

Yet another interesting fact—the first products As already mentioned, there are numerous made from bimetal and iron occur in the early Iron references in the literature to the artefacts associated Age in Central Pomerania, in the district of Słupsk with iron smelting found in the deposits from the [27]. During the period of HaC, iron in Pomerania was Roman period. They occurred at the sites in Głuszyna rather infrequent. In the case of eastern Pomerania, far and Wygoda [30, 31]. Some artefacts interpreted as more iron artefacts dating back to the HaC period bottom parts of slag-pits similar to the artefacts were fund in the graves of the Pomeranian culture. obtained from the study site, were also recorded at the The clusters of graves which contained iron artefacts site in Rumia [25] and in Leśno. were found in two zones in Pomerania—in the The most convincing evidence of the black Gdańsk area and near Słupsk. Probably, the local metallurgy in the study area comes from the site of production was based on the imported raw material Widzino 8. Five features, connected with the period of [27]. Roman impact, are associated with this settlement, In this point, it is advisable to mention the sites including two probable but strongly damaged slag-pit associated with the Pomeranian culture, from where furnaces. Unfortunately, a very poor state of the materials connected with the process of iron preservation of the features preclude any unambiguous smelting were derived. The settlement in Koników functional interpretation of the find. Only the bottom reveals this type finds where, apart from a large part of features measuring about 1 m in diameter and number of pits and hearths, also furnaces for smelting having a depth of about 0.12 m were preserved [32]. iron were recorded [28]. Iron smelting in the study As in the case of Łosino 15, also here—the slag pits, area, just like in the other part of Pomerania, was initially, were probably smaller. Their fills contained based on the exploitation of bog iron ores. It is small pieces of slag, charcoal and daub, which became possible that mining of the raw material needed in sufficient grounds to treat the study features as metallurgical production was already initiated by the remains of the bottom parts of the furnaces used for representatives of the Pomeranian culture [19, 29]. smelting iron. The fragments of daub are considered Unfortunately, the context of the discovery of some remains of the capping dome. At the site of Widzino 8, occurrences of slag recorded on the riverside of the the process of smelting iron is also associated with the Słupia precludes the possibility to determine their stone paving, within which pottery and slag were cultural background [29]. discovered. It seems likely that the feature in question On the other hand, in the light of the rather was related to the process of iron pre-treatment [32]. numerous analogies with the “Roman” sites, the relics Similar pavings, triangular in shape, were noted in of the ancient metallurgy point to the Wielbark culture. Kleszczewko, Pszczółki commune [33]. In this situation, the occurrence of pottery associated Some features which contained fragments of slag with the Pomeranian culture, along with the finds of were recorded at the site of Płaszewko 5 as well. slag in the feature F194, need explaining. It seems that, These sources are tied with the period of Roman here, it can be a partially sunken residential building influence [34]. connected with the Pomeranian culture community, It seems advisable to approach the sources which was then re-used during the Roman times as a connected with iron smelting present at the pit for the waste from smelting processes. Quite likely, aforementioned site of Leśno 3, which—with high the object representing the Wielbark culture could probability—are associated with the Wielbark culture. disturb the pit of the Pomeranian culture but it is not Ten relics of bloomery furnaces belong to some of clearly distinguishable in stratigraphy. more interesting discoveries at this site. The slag pit

Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy 535 furnace cluster excavated there, alike the one Unfortunately, the sites located in the Słupia river discovered in Łosino 15, was characterized by an basin, as well as in Leśno 3, revealed no presence of “irregular” bloomery furnace clusters. Similarly to the “slag-like” material or scale. The “slag-like” material site of Łosino 15, these features had an oval shape in is relatively frequently recorded in the form of iron plan view and their thickness ranged from 40 cm to 60 spatter generated during removing it from the furnace cm. Their infills contained relatively small icicle slag. or splinters produced in its further The materials from these features, analysed by J. processing—reforging [37]. The scale, which is an Piaskowski [35], were characterized by a low iron oxidation layer that forms on the surface of the hot content. In addition to the slag in features and their metal, constitutes the other evidence of an existence of vicinity, also some fragments of daub were the forging processes. It has a form of thin flakes with recorded—probably derived from the above ground a diameter of a few millimetres, which are produced parts of the furnaces. Some fractions of daub possess under the blows of the hammer [38] and they can be traces of vitrification on the inside-glazing, as well as collected using a magnet [21]. remains of shafts from Łosiono 15. This proves a high The traces of the black metallurgy discovered at the temperature causing glazing on the inner side of the sites dated to the times of influence of the Roman shaft, due to proximity of the air supply holes [21]. period, located within the central basin of the Słupia, Unfortunately, neither the site Łosino 15 nor Leśno 3 may indicate that the slag-pit furnaces from Łosino 15 yielded any materials related to the “spirit” of the probably should be treated as associated with the furnace, which means the above-ground part of the Wielbark culture settlement rather than with the furnace with traces of a round hole. In addition to the Pomeranian culture—maybe influences from Jastorf slag and daub, also some strongly fragmented pottery, culture. whose chronology is difficult to establish, as well as 4. Conclusions some fragments of vessels dated to the Roman period were recorded in slug-pits. This allows to connect Finally, it is advisable to briefly reiterate the these features with the Wielbark culture settlement. location of the analysed slag pits. The study furnace The research on slag from Leśno 3 indicated their cluster was located on the outskirts of the association with the bloomery furnace with a pit. “Pomeranian” settlement, in the near vicinity of the Icicle slag prevailed in the derived material [36]. The other features from this settlement horizon. results of the analyses were compared with the tests Interestingly, the sources from the early Roman period, performed for the samples obtained from the site of discovered in Łosino 15, cluster predominantly just Łosino 15. A substantial degree of morphological around the relics of the ancient metallurgy. The similarity was noted in slag obtained from both the question can be posed: was it an iron smelting zone sites. The chemical composition of the samples was located at a large distance from the settlement? also alike [36]. Additionally, some fragments of daub Unfortunately, at the present stage of the research, the with a visible layer of vitrification, analogous to those issue of cultural background of the remains of of the Łosino settlement, were recorded in Leśno 3. It bloomeries remains open. Hopefully, the new research can therefore be presumed that the remains of in Pomerania can help solve this problem in the metallurgical production from the site of Łosino 15 future. date back to the Roman period. This is evidenced by In the vicinity of the cluster of slug-pits, there numerous similarities between the sources obtained occurred a charcoal kiln, which could supply charcoal from both these settlements. used as fuel for the metallurgical process.

536 Traces of Metallurgy at the Site of Łosino 15, Compared with Other Finds Related to Ancient Metallurgy

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